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1、Part 2 Of 28. individual, personal與private 這三個(gè)詞都有“個(gè)人的”的意思,但側(cè)重點(diǎn) 不一樣。individual強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體,意為“個(gè)別的、 獨(dú)特的、個(gè)體的”,與“普遍的、集體的”相對(duì); She has her own individual way of walking. 她有自己獨(dú)特的走路姿勢(shì)。personal意為“人身的、個(gè)人的、親自的、 直接的、本人的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“與他人無(wú)關(guān)的”; personal opinion 個(gè)人意見(jiàn) personal affairs 私事 personal letter 私人信件 personal attack 人身攻擊

2、 personal belief 個(gè)人信仰 personal interview 直接的談話private強(qiáng)調(diào)“私人的、私有的、私用的、不便 公開(kāi)的”,與“公共的、公有的、公開(kāi)的”相對(duì)。 private car 私人汽車 private talk 私底下的談話在強(qiáng)調(diào)“個(gè)人的”的時(shí)候,personal和private通?？梢曰Q。private / personal business個(gè)人事務(wù)personal / private letter 個(gè)人信件9. trick v.&n. 欺騙 She was tricked at the market and lost 300 yuan on the d

3、eal. 她在市場(chǎng)上被騙,交易中虧了300元。trick sb. into doing sth. 誘使/騙某人做某事The police tricked him into making a confession.警察哄騙他做了招認(rèn)。Her partner tried to trick her out of her share.她的合伙人企圖騙走她的股份。play a trick / joke on sb. 與某人開(kāi)玩笑These children loved playing tricks on their teacher.孩子們喜歡捉弄老師。10. as well, too, also與eit

4、her as well, too, also, either 這四個(gè)詞都有“也”的 意思。但用法不同,試看下面的句子作比較： I write my own songs and I play the guitar as well. They got the work done quickly, and well too. Tom has been to Japan, I have also been there. If you do not go, I shall not go either.從以上幾個(gè)例句當(dāng)中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：從意義上講,它們沒(méi)有太大的差別,關(guān)鍵是它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢貌幌嗤?。as we

5、ll一般用于句尾,常與and搭配使用。 Nursing is a vocation and a profession as well.too一般放在句尾,而且常用逗號(hào)與前面的句子 分開(kāi),一般用于肯定句中。 In this shop, you will find many interesting items, too.also與too詞義相同,但通常用于動(dòng)詞之前或者 系動(dòng)詞之后,且通常不置于句末。 She is fluent in French and German. She also speaks a little Italian. either與too的意義和用法基本相同,但是通常 只能用于

6、否定句中。 You dont like tea. I dont like it, either. 【溫馨提示】 as well as也可以表示“也,還,又”,但是它只用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列的成分。如果as well as連接的兩個(gè)并列成分在句中作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 It is valuable for you as well as for me.as well as在此連接for you和for me兩個(gè)并列成分。 He grows roses as well as tomatoes. 如果as well as 連接的兩個(gè)并列成分在句中作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Pe

7、ter as well as his parents is going to visit Beijing.Peter, with his parents, is going to visit Beijing.Peter and his parents are going to visit Beijing.注意以上三句話的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。用as well, either, too, also填空1. Is Tom coming _ ?2. Id like a piece of cake, and a glass of water _.3. He likes to listen to jazz, _

8、.4. He was _ asked to attend the meeting.5. If you dont come tomorrow, I wont do it, _.6. I knew that you took a part-time job _.as welltooalsoas welleitheras well1. It is said that句型小結(jié) 有一類漢語(yǔ)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ),在英語(yǔ)中一般使 用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),這類句型一般用在新聞報(bào)紙等公 文中,類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有： It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that有人相信 It is expecte

9、d that人們期望 It is hoped that人們希望It is supposed that據(jù)推測(cè)說(shuō)It is thought that人們認(rèn)為It must be admitted that必須承認(rèn)It must be pointed out that必須指出It is well known that眾所周知It is generally considered that大家認(rèn)為這些句型也有其變體：It is said that+從句=People say that+從句=Sth. / Sb.(從句中的主語(yǔ)) is said to be / doPeople believe that

10、an English duchess, Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford first introduced the idea of afternoon tea. (M1U1)It is believed that an English duchess, Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford first introduce the idea of afternoon tea. 如果報(bào)道的內(nèi)容中的動(dòng)作在報(bào)道之前就已經(jīng)存在,那么在句型轉(zhuǎn)換的時(shí)候時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該變成完成時(shí)態(tài)。 It is said that Robert has come today

11、, but I dont know where he is. People say Robert has come, but I dont know where he is. Robert is said to have come, but I dont know where he is.It is believed that=People believe that=Sth. / Sb. is believed to be / doIt is reported that=Someone reports that=Sth. / Sb. is reported to be / doIt is ex

12、pected that=People expect that=Sth. / Sb. is expected to be / doIt is hoped that=People hope that=Sth. / Sb. is hoped to be / doIt is supposed that=People suppose that=Sth. / Sb. is supposed to be / doIt is thought that=People think that=Sth. / Sb. is thought to be / do1. 據(jù)報(bào)道,大約100多人在這次事故中喪生。 _ _2.

13、眾所周知,他是我們學(xué)校一個(gè)非常負(fù)責(zé)任的老師。 _ _It is reported that more than 100 people lost their lives in this accident.It is well known that he is a very responsible teacher in our school.3. 大家認(rèn)為除非是走投無(wú)路,一般情況下動(dòng)物是不 會(huì)襲擊人的。 _ _It is generally considered that an animal will not attack human being unless it is cornered.2.

14、If a friend gets an invitation to a wedding, you can go with him / her, even if you dont receive an invitation yourself. 如果你的朋友收到一份參加婚禮的邀請(qǐng)， 就算你自己沒(méi)有收到邀請(qǐng)，你也可以跟他/她 一起去。 even if在句中引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“即 使”,相當(dāng)于even though。Even if / though I have to sell my house, Ill keepmy business going.即使要賣掉我的房子,我還是要繼續(xù)我的事業(yè)。3.

15、while用法小結(jié)while可作從屬連詞,表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”。 它只能表示一個(gè)時(shí)間段,不能表示時(shí)間點(diǎn),這時(shí), 在while引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)多用進(jìn)行時(shí)。 While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside. 當(dāng)Mary在寫信時(shí)，孩子們?cè)谕饷嫱?。狀語(yǔ)從句也可以以省略句的形式出現(xiàn),狀語(yǔ)一般是動(dòng)詞-ing形式或者介詞短語(yǔ)。While crossing the street, you must be careful.穿過(guò)街道時(shí)你必須小心。While in Rome, do as the Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。W

16、hile he was in Canada, he took a lot of pictures.當(dāng)他在加拿大時(shí)他拍了很多照片。while用作從屬連詞,還可以表示“盡管,雖然”, 通常位于句首,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于 although / though。 While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they can not be solved. 盡管我承認(rèn)有問(wèn)題存在,但我不同意說(shuō)這些問(wèn) 題不能解決。while用作并列連詞,連接兩個(gè)并列句,表示比較 或者對(duì)比,意為“然而,但是”。 I drink black coffee

17、 while he prefers it with cream. 我喜歡喝清咖啡而他喜歡加奶油的。 最后要注意的是：while還可以作為名詞使用, 其意思相當(dāng)于moment, 相關(guān)的短語(yǔ)有：for a while, in a while, after a while。 Please wait me for a while. 請(qǐng)等我一會(huì)。1. An old man _ (fall) while he _ (ride) his bicycle.2. 他出去散步了，而我卻待在家里。 _3我在看書(shū)時(shí)我的老師進(jìn)來(lái)了。_fellwas ridingHe went out for a walk, while

18、 I stayed at home.While I was reading, my teacher came in. 簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展 句子的擴(kuò)展，就是在名詞前后加上前置或后置定語(yǔ)，在動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞前后加上適當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z(yǔ)，或增加修飾整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)，等等。其目的是使結(jié)構(gòu)形式更飽滿、內(nèi)容表達(dá)更加清楚、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更生動(dòng)。練習(xí)句子的擴(kuò)展，有助于循序漸進(jìn)地實(shí)現(xiàn)由句到段的過(guò)渡。【例例1】對(duì)The boy cried.(主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ))一句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，可得到： a. The small boy in_red_sweater cried. (畫(huà)線部分為定語(yǔ)) b. Losing_sight_of_his_mot

19、her,_the small boy in red sweater cried in_the_crowded_street. (畫(huà)線部分為狀語(yǔ))【例例2】對(duì)We found the great hall full of students and teachers.(主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))一句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，可得到： a. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening_to_an_important_report. (畫(huà)線部分為定語(yǔ)) b. We found the great hall full of students a

20、nd teachers listening to an important report made_by_a_comrade_from_the_Peoples_Daily_on_current_affairs_in_East_Europe. (畫(huà)線部分為定語(yǔ))【例例3】對(duì)People are in favor of this phenomenon.(主語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ))一句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，可得到： a. A majority of the people (who are) Involvedin the discussion are in favor of this phenomenon. (畫(huà)線部分為定

21、語(yǔ)) b. A majority of the people (who are) involved in the discussion are in favor of this phenomenon saying that it can create a more comfortable study environment for students. (畫(huà)線部分為狀語(yǔ))簡(jiǎn)單句擴(kuò)展后，增加了可讀性，使讀者知道了更多的信息，增強(qiáng)了感染力。按要求對(duì)下列句子進(jìn)行拓展1. The woman handed me a magazine. (至少含有一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ))_ In order t

22、o help me kill the time, the old woman sitting beside me handed me a magazine to read during the long boring journey.2. Students buy books. (至少含有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ))_ The diligent students in our class often buy some books written in English on science, which are really well worth reading.3. Students work. (至少含有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句作狀語(yǔ))_ In order to improve their academic performance, students work hard in the classroom so they forget to go out after class.