Part 2 Of 29. be situated on / in, be located in / on與lie in 以上三個(gè)短語都表示“某物位于位置”。 Guangdong is situated in the south of China. Guangdong is located in the south of China. Guangdong lies in the south of China. 關(guān)于地理位置的表達(dá),不同的方位用不同的介詞,以下就常用介詞進(jìn)行講解：介詞 in, on, to都可以用來表示某個(gè)位置的方向,它們的意義不同,故表示的方向及范圍也不同： in表示方位,含義是“在之內(nèi)”,即一個(gè)小地方處在一個(gè)大地方的范圍(疆域)之內(nèi)。Inner Mongolia lies in the north of China. 內(nèi)蒙古在中國的北部。(內(nèi)蒙古是中國北部的一個(gè)省份,是中國的領(lǐng)土,在中國的疆域之內(nèi)。)on表示方位,含義是“在端/邊”,即一個(gè)地方在另一個(gè)地方的某一端或某一邊,兩個(gè)地方只是相鄰或接壤,互不管轄。Canada is on the north of America. 加拿大在美國的北邊。(加拿大與美國在地理位置上是連在一起的,即兩者相鄰,卻互不管轄) 表示某個(gè)地方的地理位置時(shí),be situated, lie 以及 be located 的意義是一樣的,可以互換使用。 to表示方位,含義是“在面”,即一個(gè)地方在另一個(gè)地方的范圍之外,互不管轄。尤其當(dāng)兩個(gè)地方相隔較遠(yuǎn),且有湖泊、大海等區(qū)域相隔時(shí),通常用 to。Greenland is to the northeast of Canada. 格陵蘭島在加拿大的東北面。(格陵蘭島在加拿大范圍之外,且有戴維斯海峽分隔。) 10. settle vt.& vi.定居,殖民 After years of travel, we decided to settle here. 旅行多年后, 我們決定在此定居。 The Saxon once settled in England in early times. 撒克遜人早期曾定居英格蘭。短暫停留 Dust has settled on the furniture. 家具上已積滿灰塵。解決問題, 處理爭端 settle a dispute / an argument / an issue 解決爭端/爭論/問題 The two companies settled out of court. 兩家公司在法院外解決了爭端。11. protest vi. 抗議 常用搭配為protest against / about / at sth. 抗議, 反對(某事物),(對某事)提出異議 She protested strongly at being described as ugly. 她極力反對別人說她丑。 They protested to the mayor that the taxes were too high. 他們向市長提出抗議說稅款過高。 固定短語：protest too much 過猶不及12. average, general與commonaverage作名詞時(shí)有“平均、平均數(shù)”的意思。 The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen. 這班男生的平均年齡是15歲。 常見的用法是an average of The newspaper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day. 那個(gè)報(bào)社一天平均要收到近100篇來稿。作形容詞,意思是“一般的,普通的,中等的,平均的”,所以average person意思就是“普通人、老百姓”。children of average intelligence 智力一般的孩子。on average 平均來講400 people a year die of this disease on average.平均每年有400人死于這種病。general指“整體的,總體的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)共性,與 individual相對。 generally speaking 總的來說common指“共同的”。 common sense 常識(shí)13. establish vt. set up 建立,設(shè)立(組織、機(jī)構(gòu)) Our company was established in 1994. 我們的公司成立于1994年。 His second novel established his fame as a writer. 他的第二部小說確立了他的作家之名。 establish a close relationship with sb. 與某人建立密切的關(guān)系 It is very important to establish a close relationship with your neighbor when you move to a new place. 當(dāng)你搬到一個(gè)新的地方居住時(shí)，和鄰居建立 緊密的關(guān)系是非常重要的。1.2004-The Day after Tomorrow is a movie about global warming and how it will destroy cities and change the world in the future. 2004后天是一部關(guān)于全球變暖及其將 來如何毀壞城市和改變世界的電影。 how it willin the future為疑問詞how引導(dǎo)的賓 語從句, 與global warming并列, 作about的賓語。所有的賓語從句，必須使用陳述語序。Can you tell me what she is reading？(正)Can you tell me what is she reading？(誤)完成句子1. Dick asked Lucy _ . 迪克問露西多大年紀(jì)了。2. Do you remember _ ? Yes, I do. He came by car. 你還記得他是怎樣來的嗎？ 是的, 我記得他是坐汽車來的。how old she washow he came2. How do you think technology will change our lives？ 你認(rèn)為科技對我們的生活會(huì)有怎樣的影響？ 在“特殊疑問詞 + do you think + 陳述句 語序的內(nèi)容”構(gòu)成的特殊疑問句中，do you think/know/suppose/expect為插入語，其之前 為特殊疑問詞how/ what/ when/where等，其后 的內(nèi)容用陳述句語序。你認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該去哪里找這個(gè)謀殺者？_Where do you think we should go to find the murderer？3. It is+adj.+that+從句 “It is+adj.+that+從句”是一個(gè)常用句型。經(jīng)常在這個(gè)句型中出現(xiàn)的形容詞有necessary, possible, impossible, clear, obvious, certain, hard, difficult, easy, important, strange, natural等,其中形容詞是用來描述從句的內(nèi)容。Its very important that we teach the children about road safety. 把交通安全常識(shí)教給孩子們是非常重要的。It is possible that he left his keys in the office.很可能他把鑰匙忘在辦公室了。 通過以上的例句,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：it在此句中作形式主語, 句子真正的主語是后面的that從句,為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)形式主語呢？那是為了避免句子的頭重腳輕。 關(guān)于it作為形式主語,還有下列常用句型：Itbeadj.(for sb.) to do sth.，此句型中的 形容詞是對to do sth.加以說明,所以此句一般可 以改成：To do sth. isadj. 經(jīng)常用于此句型中作表語的形容詞有： difficult, hard, easy, common, possible, necessary, important等。 It is not difficult to work out the problem. To work out the problem is not difficult. 要解決這個(gè)問題并不太難。Itbeadj.ofsb.to do sth.，此句型的形 容詞對sb.進(jìn)行說明,所以該句型可以改為： Sb.beadj.to do sth. 常用于此句型中的形容詞有g(shù)ood, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, impolite 等描述人物的形容詞。 Its very kind of you to lend me your pen. You are very kind to lend me your pen. 你借給我筆真是太好了。Itbe名詞詞組to do sth.，此句型中的名 詞詞組是對to do sth.的判斷或說明,所以此句 型可改為To do sth. is名詞詞組,常用此句型 的名詞詞組有：a pity, a pleasure, good advice, the custom, good / bad manners等。 Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your shoes. 在某些亞洲國家,進(jìn)屋子之前脫下鞋子是禮貌的。Itbe過去分詞that從句,此句型可以改為： Sb.+ be過去分詞to do sth.,常用于此句型 的動(dòng)詞有：report, know, say, believe, tell, prove, hope, expect, think等(此句型已在第三單元講過)。 It is known that the Chinese people is a industrious people. 眾所周知，中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞的民族。Itbenon.doing sth.，用于此句型的名 詞有g(shù)ood, use, point等。 It is no good reading under the sun. 在太陽底下讀書是沒有好處的。It動(dòng)詞that (as if)從句，用于此句型的動(dòng)詞 有l(wèi)ook, seem, appear, happen等。 It looks as if it will rain before long. 看起來一會(huì)兒就要下雨了。1. 犯這樣一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤你太愚蠢了。 _ _2. 據(jù)說他在這次英語競賽中獲得了第一名。 _ _ _ _It was foolish of you to make such a mistake. / You were foolish to make such a mistake. It was said that he had won the first prize in the English competition. / He was said to have won the first prize in the English competition.3. 抱怨是沒用的。 _It is no point complaining.4. We would not only be able to travel around the world, but also go to study in any world famous universities we wanted to. 我們不僅可以環(huán)游世界，而且可以在我們想 去的任何一所世界著名學(xué)府學(xué)習(xí)。 not onlybut (also) 意為“不但而且”,常用來連接兩個(gè) 對等的成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng) 與最近的主語一致。 Not only you but (also) I am a teacher. 不僅你而且我也是一名老師。當(dāng)not onlybut (also)連接兩個(gè)并列分句且 not only置于句首時(shí),not only分句常采用部分 倒裝語序。 Not only does he work hard, but he is (also) very clever. 他不僅學(xué)習(xí)刻苦,而且還很聰明。5. But I still find it hard to imagine. 但我仍然覺得這很難想象。 find it hard (for sb.) to do sth. 這是“動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞/名詞+動(dòng)詞不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu),其中it是形式賓語,真正的賓語是后面的 動(dòng)詞不定式短語。其后可接形式賓語it的動(dòng)詞 主要有：make, think, believe, find, consider, feel等。I find it very difficult to write letters in Chinese. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)用漢語寫信很困難。在這句話中,句子的形式賓語為it,真正的賓語為to write letters in Chinese,可以理解為：I find to write letters in Chinese very difficult, 由于賓語過長，通常把它放在后面。I find it very easy to finish the job.我發(fā)現(xiàn)完成這項(xiàng)工作很容易。I think it expensive to buy a set of crystal wine cups. 我認(rèn)為買一套水晶玻璃酒杯很貴。This made it hard for me to control it.這讓我很難控制住它。I consider it a great honor to be invited to a dinner.我認(rèn)為被邀請參加宴會(huì)是很大的榮幸。1. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)研究外國文化很有意思。 _ _2. 他覺得幫助有需要的人是他的責(zé)任。 _ I found it very interesting to study foreign culture.He feels it his duty to help the people in need.簡單句合并成并列句或復(fù)合句簡單句合并成并列句或復(fù)合句 有時(shí)為了增強(qiáng)意義，使句子更加連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊，語言更加生動(dòng)，信息更加準(zhǔn)確，我們要對簡單句進(jìn)行整合。如果我們把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句由并列連詞and, but, or等連在一起，我們就得到并列句。如： Last year I met Kate. We became friends. Last year I met Kate and we became friends. 去年我和凱特相遇，我們成了朋友。 The future is bright. The road is tortuous. The future is bright but the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，但是道路是曲折的。 Put on more clothes. Youll catch a cold. Put on more clothes or youll catch a cold. 多穿點(diǎn)衣服，否則你會(huì)感冒。 School is over. All the teachers are still working. School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. 學(xué)校放學(xué)了，可是老師們?nèi)匀辉诠ぷ鳌?若在兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡單句之間加上when, after, because, which, who, where, why等從屬連詞，我們就可以使簡單句變成復(fù)合句，從而擴(kuò)展成高級(jí)句子。【例【例1】 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures. They were at the Great Wall. (改為含狀語從句的復(fù)合句) The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 外國游客在長城上拍了很多照片。 【例【例2】 a. The weather turned out to be very good. It was more than we could expect.(改為含定語從句的復(fù)合句) The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect. 天氣轉(zhuǎn)晴了，這是我們沒有想到的。 b. The weather turned out to be very good. It was more than we could expect.(改為含名詞性從句的復(fù)合句) It was more than we could expect that the weather turned out to be very good.按要求完成句子 1. You can have a rest. You can go to the cinema.(合并成一個(gè)并列句) _You can have a rest or you can go to the cinema. 2. We can send e-mails anywhere at any time. We can get the latest information from the Internet. (合并成一個(gè)并列句)_ 3. You must tell the truth. You will be punished. (合并成一個(gè)并列句)_ We can send e-mails anywhere at any time and we can get the latest information from the Internet. You must tell the truth，or you will be punished. 4. She has difficulty in learning English. She works hard. She is making rapid progress. (合并成一個(gè)并列句)_ She has difficulty in learning English, but she works hard and is making rapid progress. 5. The news encouraged us all greatly. Our women volleyball team had won the championship. (改為含名詞性從句的復(fù)合句)_ The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 6. A man doesnt learn from others. A man cant achieve much. (改為含定語從句的復(fù)合句)_ A man who doesnt learn from others cant achieve much. 7. The film had begun. We got to the cinema. (改為含狀語從句的復(fù)合句)_ The film had begun when we got to the cinema.