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1、1第十講 代詞和介詞（短語）01010202代詞代詞1. 人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞 | 2. 指示代詞 3. 不定代詞 | 4. it的用法介詞（短語）介詞（短語）1. 常見介詞的用法 | 2. 固定搭配中的介詞I. 單句語法填空 | II. 單句改錯 | III. 翻譯句子 | IV. 語法填空 | V. 短文改錯0606針對訓(xùn)練針對訓(xùn)練2 代詞3代詞是代替名詞及起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。與漢語不同，在英語中代詞使用非常廣泛。雖然代詞的數(shù)量有限，但種類和變化卻非常繁多。代詞根據(jù)其用法特點可分為九類：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞

2、等。4一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞 類型詞義主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞我Imemyminemyself你youyouyouryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself我們weusouroursourselves你們youyouyouryoursyourselves他們theythemtheirtheirsthemselves5一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞1.人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。主格在句中通常作主語，賓格在句中作賓語、表語、同位語等成分。2形容詞性物主代詞通常在句中

3、作定語，修飾名詞。名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞名詞”，可以作主語、賓語和表語，只能單獨使用，不能用于名詞前。3反身代詞通常表示動作的承受者就是動作的執(zhí)行者，可以在句中作賓語、表語、同位語，有時候也可以作介詞的賓語。6一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞She was beautiful and could run faster than others.她(那時)很美并且比其他人跑得快。He invited some friends of his to his party.他邀請了他的一些朋友參加宴會。The child looked at himself in the mirror wi

4、th interest.那個孩子饒有興趣地看著鏡子里的自己。7一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞名師指津含有反身代詞的習(xí)慣用語by oneself 獨自地獨自地for oneself 親自親自of oneself 自動地自動地in oneself 本質(zhì)上，本身本質(zhì)上，本身help oneself to 隨便吃隨便吃/用用enjoy oneself 玩得開心玩得開心teach oneself 自學(xué)自學(xué)make yourself at home 別客氣別客氣say to oneself 自言自語自言自語think for oneself 獨立思考獨立思考seat oneself 就座就座come t

5、o oneself 蘇醒，恢復(fù)知覺蘇醒，恢復(fù)知覺be not oneself 身體不舒服身體不舒服behave oneself 舉止規(guī)矩舉止規(guī)矩8二、指示代詞指示代詞用 法this/these指在時間或空間上較近的人或事物；this可指下文將要談到的人或物that/those指在時間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或事物；that 可指上文提到過的人或物such指代前面所敘述的人或事物。作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面的名詞或代詞的數(shù)so代替一個句子或短語所表達(dá)的事情，意思是“如此，這樣”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等詞后用so代替前文提出的觀點

6、9二、指示代詞What I want to say is this：you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想說的是，你應(yīng)該抓住每一分鐘的時間完成你的工作。Such is the power of the Internet that it can make a person suddenly famous.這就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.這所規(guī)模很小的

7、學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量比有些規(guī)模較大的學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量還要好。Studying Wendys menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了溫迪的菜單，我發(fā)現(xiàn)其中很多東西和麥當(dāng)勞的相似。10三、不定代詞1不定代詞的基本用法不定代詞用 法each/both/alleach指“(兩者或兩者以上物或人中的)每個”；both表示“兩者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”either/neithereither表示“(兩者中的)任何一個”；neither表示“兩者都不”none/nothingn

8、one表示“(三者或三者以上)全無，沒有一點”；nothing表示“沒有任何東西，沒有事”anotheranother泛指“ (三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”other/othersother泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定語。other可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)othersthe other/the othersthe other特指“(兩者之中的)另一個”。the other可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)the others11三、不定代詞1不定代詞的基本用法As the two dictionaries are useful, Ill take both and either of them is very impor

9、tant to me.由于這兩本詞典都有用，我會把它們都帶走，每一本對我來說都非常重要。Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.拉里讓比爾和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他們兩個都不想去，因為他們都有工作要做。You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是隊里的明星！與別人一起工作的確是你的所愛。12三、不定代詞2復(fù)合不定代詞的用

10、法某任何每個沒有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing 13三、不定代詞2復(fù)合不定代詞的用法There is something in his words. We should have a try.他說的話不無道理，我們應(yīng)該試一試。Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.沒有人能持續(xù)四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他熱愛它。14三、不定代詞3. 表示數(shù)

11、量的不定代詞的用法代詞用法表示意義含義few修飾可數(shù)名詞否定含義幾乎沒有a few修飾可數(shù)名詞肯定含義幾個；一些little修飾不可數(shù)名詞否定含義幾乎沒有a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞肯定含義少量；一點點many修飾可數(shù)名詞肯定含義許多much修飾不可數(shù)名詞肯定含義許多15三、不定代詞3. 表示數(shù)量的不定代詞的用法Few of us can speak four foreign languages.我們當(dāng)中很少有人會說四種外語。She can speak a little French，but she knows little English.她能講點法語，但她幾乎不懂英語。16四、IT的用法

12、指時間、距離、天氣、日期、溫度等。Its early spring, but it is already hot.現(xiàn)在是初春，但是天氣已經(jīng)很熱了。117四、IT的用法指代前面提到過的事物、群體、想法等或代替指示代詞this，that。Although he didnt like it, I decided to see the movie anyway.盡管他不喜歡這部電影，我還是決定去看一看。218四、IT的用法當(dāng)說話者弄不清對方是誰，不清楚或沒必要知道說話對象的性別時，可以用it來指代。What will you call it if it is a boy?要是男孩的話，你會給他取個什么

13、名字？319四、IT的用法作形式主語或形式賓語，代替不定式、動名詞或名詞性從句。It is dangerous for you to swim in the river.你在這條河里游泳是危險的。(it作形式主語，to swim in the river是真正的主語)He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他沒說清楚何時何地舉行會議。(it作形式賓語，從句when and where.是真正的賓語)420 介詞（短語）21介詞在句中不能單獨作句子成分，介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從

14、句作它的賓語，表示與其他成分的關(guān)系。介詞可以分為時間介詞、地點介詞、方式介詞、原因介詞、數(shù)量介詞和其他介詞。介詞后面的名詞或代詞稱為介詞賓語(如果是人稱代詞，則要用賓格)，介詞和介詞賓語合在一起構(gòu)成介詞短語。22一、常見介詞的用法表示時間的介詞(1)at，on和in1意 義短 語at表示某個時間點、時刻等at midnight“在半夜”；at sunrise/sunset“在日出/日落”on表示在具體的日子或具體的某一天的上午、下午、晚上on a rainy night“在一個雨夜”；on Christmas Eve“在平安夜”in表示在某段較長的時間內(nèi)(如世紀(jì)、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午

15、、晚上等in December“在十二月”；in the morning“在上午”23一、常見介詞的用法表示時間的介詞(2)in和after1意 義比 較in表示“在時間之內(nèi)/之后”，所在的句中必須表示將來。He will be back in an hour. 他一小時后就回來。He came back after an hour.他一小時后回來了。after表示“在時間之后”，通?！癮fter時間段”與過去時連用，“after時間點”與將來時連用。24一、常見介詞的用法表示方位的介詞(1)above，below，over，under，on和beneath2意 義例 句above在某物的斜上

16、方The helicopter hovered above us.直升機(jī)在我們的上空盤旋。below在某物的下方(不接觸)They live below us.他們住我們樓下。over在某物的正上方There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座橋。25一、常見介詞的用法表示方位的介詞(1)above，below，over，under，on和beneath2意 義例 句under在某物的下方(可以接觸)She put the letter under the pillow.她把信放在枕頭下。on在某物的上面(兩者接觸)There is a book on the d

17、esk.桌子上有一本書。beneath在某物的下面(兩者接觸)The soil felt soft beneath our feet.我們腳下的土踩上去很松軟。26一、常見介詞的用法表示方位的介詞(2)through，across和over2意 義短 語through表示“從的內(nèi)部穿過”through the forest從森林穿過across表示“從表面穿過”across the desert穿過沙漠over表示“從的上面越過”jump over the fence跨過籬笆墻27一、常見介詞的用法表示方位的介詞(3)in，on和to2意 義比 較in表示“在范圍內(nèi)”Beijing lies

18、in the north of China.北京位于中國北部。(在范圍內(nèi))Mongolia，which lies on/to the north of China，is a beautiful country.位于中國北部的蒙古，是一個美麗的國家。(毗鄰，接壤/在范圍外)Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中國東部。(在范圍外)on表示“毗鄰，接壤”to表示“在范圍外”28一、常見介詞的用法表示交通方式的by，on和in3意 義短 語by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名詞，名詞前不加冠詞by sea，by air，by bike，by car，by tra

19、inon/in后跟交通工具時，名詞前應(yīng)有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語on ones bike，in ones car29一、常見介詞的用法表示“原因、理由”的介詞：for，at，with，from/of4意 義短 語for常與表示聞名、獎罰、害怕等意義的形容詞或動詞連用，如famous, known, praise, punish, tremble等Xian is famous for its long history. 西安因歷史悠久而著名。He trembled for fear.他嚇得發(fā)抖。at常與表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”等的形容詞或過去分詞(如happy, pleased, angr

20、y, delighted等)連用，表示產(chǎn)生這種情感的原因He was surprised at the news.聽到這個消息他大吃一驚。30一、常見介詞的用法表示“原因、理由”的介詞：for，at，with，from/of4意 義短 語with常與表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”等的抽象名詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)隨著心理變化而產(chǎn)生的感情變化He shouted loudly with anger.他氣得大喊大叫。from/of常與die連用，用of時通常指死于疾病、饑餓、衰老等，而用from則指由于受傷等外部原因而死He died from the traffic accident.他因車禍而死亡。He died

21、 of cancer.他死于癌癥。31一、常見介詞的用法其他常見介詞的用法(1)against的用法5含 義例 句反對；違背；與相反They got married against her parents wishes.他們是違背她父母的意愿結(jié)婚的。觸；碰；撞；緊靠；倚靠Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠一棵大樹便睡著了。與競爭We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我們要和歐洲的一些頂級公司競爭。32一、常見介詞的用法

22、其他常見介詞的用法(1)against的用法5含 義例 句防備，抵御They took measures against the fire.他們采取了防火措施。以為背景，襯托The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在藍(lán)天的映襯下，山峰更顯美麗。33一、常見介詞的用法其他常見介詞的用法(2)beyond的用法5含 義例 句超出；非可及The whole problem was quite beyond him.整個問題他根本無法理解。(在空間上)在的那一邊，遠(yuǎn)于The airport is 20 miles beyond the to

23、wn.機(jī)場在離城鎮(zhèn)二十英里外的地方。(時間)晚于；遲于The disco went on until beyond midnight.迪斯科舞會一直持續(xù)到午夜以后。34二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(1)atn.1at a loss 不知所措at peace 處于和平中at war 在戰(zhàn)爭中at work 在工作35二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(2)atthen.of1at the beginning of 在的開始at the cost of 以的代價at the risk of 冒的危險at the mercy of 在支配下；任由擺布36二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名

24、詞的常用搭配(3)onn.1on exhibition/show 在展出on fire 著火on sale 出售，打折on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在減少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假37二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(4)onn.of1on account of 因為on behalf of 代表38二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(5)byn.1by accident 偶然by air/plane 乘飛機(jī)by chance 偶然by coincidence 碰巧by hand 用手工by mistak

25、e 錯誤地by the day 按天算by nature 天生地39二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(6)inn.1in cash 用現(xiàn)金付款in depth 在深度上in detail 詳細(xì)地in height 在高度上in length 在長度上in English 用英語in return 作為回報 40二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(7)inn.of1in place of 代替in possession of 擁有，占有in charge of 掌管in support of 為支持in spite of 盡管in favor of 支持，贊成in case of

26、萬一；如果；假如in honour of 為向表示敬意in memory of 為了紀(jì)念41二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(8)ofn.(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞)1of benefit 有益處的of help 有幫助的of importance 重要的of significance 有意義的of use 有用的of value 有價值的42二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(9)out ofn.1out of balance 失去平衡out of breath 上氣不接下氣out of control 不受控制out of date 過期out of order 出故障out of

27、sight 看不到out of the question 不可能out of work 失業(yè)43二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(10)undern.(表示被動)1under attack 遭到襲擊under pressure 在壓力下under treatment 在治療中under control 處于控制之中44二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與名詞的常用搭配(11)withn.(表示方式)1with delight/joy 高興地with difficulty 困難地with ease 輕而易舉地with fear 害怕地with pleasure 樂意地45二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與

28、名詞的常用搭配(12)beyondn.1beyond compare 無與倫比beyond reach 夠不到beyond description 難以描述beyond expression/words 難以表達(dá)46二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(1)beadj.about2be anxious about 憂慮be curious about 對好奇be particular about 對講究/挑剔be worried/concerned about 對擔(dān)心47二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(2)beadj.at2be angry at 因生氣be good at

29、擅長be astonished at 對吃驚be present at 出席48二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(3)beadj.in2be absorbed in 專注于be active in 積極于be dressed in 穿著be engaged in 忙于be rich in 富含be occupied in 忙于49二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(4)beadj.for2be eager for 渴望be famous for 以著名be fit for 適合，勝任be ready for 準(zhǔn)備好be sorry for 對感到抱歉be prepared f

30、or 為做好準(zhǔn)備50二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(5)beadj.from2be absent from 缺席be different from 不同于be far from 遠(yuǎn)離be free from 不受影響51二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(6)beadj.to 2be close to 接近be devoted to 致力于be equal to 等于be familiar to 對來說熟悉be friendly to 對友好 be harmful to 對有危害be kind to 對友好be similar to 與相似be grateful to 對心

31、存感激52二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(7)beadj.of2be aware of 意識到be fond of 喜歡be proud of 因而自豪be short of 缺乏53二、固定搭配中的介詞介詞與形容詞的常用搭配(8)beadj.with2be busy with 忙于be familiar with 對熟悉be combined with 與結(jié)合be patient with 對有耐心be popular with 受的歡迎be pleased with 對感到滿意by angry with (sb) 對(某人)發(fā)怒54二、固定搭配中的介詞 名師指津(1)常用it作

32、形式主語或形式賓語的句式：It is a pity/shame that. 真可惜/丟人It is no wonder that. 難怪It seems/appears that. 似乎/看起來It looks/seems as if/though. 看起來好像It happens that. 碰巧It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that. 某人突然想起It is said/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggested that.據(jù)說/據(jù)報道/據(jù)宣布/人們認(rèn)為/人們希望/人們建議It is no use/go

33、od/a waste of time doing sth 做某事沒有用/好處/浪費(fèi)時間It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花費(fèi)某人多長時間It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind. 試圖說服他改變主意是在浪費(fèi)時間。55二、固定搭配中的介詞 名師指津主語表示情感傾向的動詞或動詞短語(enjoy，prefer，love，like，hate，dislike，appreciate，rely/count on等)itthat/if/when.I would appreciate it

34、if you take my suggestion into consideration.如果你考慮我的建議我將感激不盡。56. 單句語法填空1The railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using _ every day.(2017全國卷)2She plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree _ enginee

35、ring or architecture.(2017全國卷)3On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _ (it) mother.(2016全國卷)4My connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s.(2016全國卷)5Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the

36、 day.(2016全國卷) it in its to on 57. 單句語法填空6Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _ their hands.(2016全國卷)7The airplane flew _ the mountains and disappeared in the distance.8He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.9During

37、 the rush hour，I have been looking for a taxi but havent found _ yet.10Nowadays the universities are totally different from _ of the past. with over it one those 58. 單句語法填空11Feeling that I could not stand waiting in such a line any longer，I decided to join _ one.12So _ is no wonder that the building

38、 was named the UKs worst building.13When he came to life，he found _ (he)lying on the ground，bleeding in the head.14I feel interested in the report on middle school students using cell phones on campus. In fact，more students now come to school _ cell phones.15In the winter of 1891，a certain college w

39、as having some trouble with _ (it) boy students. another it himself with its 59. 單句語法填空16I hope my parents wont try to force me to do _ (they) favorite job.17Both teams were in hard training; _ was willing to lose the game.18While staying in the village，James unselfishly shared whatever he had with

40、the villagers without asking for anything _ return.19Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. _ the other hand，it could just put you in debt.20If we can change our attitude _ things in the world，we can certainly adjust our emotions. their neither in On to/toward

41、s 60. 單句改錯1Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.(2017全國卷)2They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017全國卷)3If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books. 4It does not cost many

42、, yet we can still learn a lot. 5I need to take some exercise every day and find ways to relax me. both或去掉或去掉allourmuchmyself61. 單句改錯6Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.7Global warming is having a great effect at hundreds of plant and animal species around the

43、 world，changing some living patterns.8The book Im reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain. It is said to have started in the early 1800s.9Im going to a conference in you town in May，from 16th to 20th.10Although he majored in art and literature in college，he had little interest in neither sub

44、ject. it on your either 62. 翻譯句子1隨著時間的流逝，他們都長成大小伙子和大姑娘了。2聽了她感人的故事后，每個人都被感動得無以言表。3獨居而不和他人來往沒有好處。4他能否來珍妮的生日聚會還不確定。With time going by，they have grown into adult boys and adult girls.Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.It is no good living alone without keeping in touch

45、with others.It is uncertain whether he can come to Jennys birthday party or not.63. 翻譯句子5在冬季，黑龍江的天氣比廣州的天氣冷得多。6我代表在場的所有人祝你回國旅途愉快。In winter，the weather of Heilongjiang is much colder than that of Guangzhou.On behalf of everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.64. 語法填空 Because 1

46、._ Chinas vast size and varied climate，the people historically developed different housing styles for each particular region and climate. Courtyard houses，also known as siheyuan buildings，are 2._ (common) found in North China，especially in Beijing. They are enclosed (圍住的) courtyards surrounded by fo

47、ur，onestory housing structures. The main entrance is usually at the southeastern corner. The south side 3._ (contain) rooms that traditionally serve as the kitchen and servants quarters. The main house is at the north end，while the other sides are for married children and their families.ofcommonlyco

48、ntains65. 語法填空 Among 4._ most interesting styles of Chinese houses is the socalled “cave dwelling” or yaodong. Despite the name，it is a manmade structure 5._ (dig) out of the sides of mountains or the ground. It is found in Northwest China，6._ has dry loess (黃土)The use of such earth helps provide th

49、ese homes with 7._ (comfort) temperatures to live in. Another famous style is the earthen house of Fujian Province. A group of Han Chinese built these houses more than a thousand years ago after they moved south 8._ (escape) wars and unrest. These structures are three or four 9._ (floor) high，and ar

50、e round or square in design，helping to protect 10._ (they) from enemies.thedugwhichcomfortable to escape floors them 66. 短文改錯 Last Friday，our class had invited a wellknown artist to teach us how to draw a lotus in traditional Chinese style. As soon as an artist came into the classroom，he was given a

51、 warm welcome，what made him so happy. All of us wore big smiles. First，he showed us some skillful ways of draw a lotus. We circled around him and watched him careful. Then we made an attempt to do it by us under his instructions. Finally，because my excellent performance，I was given the award of “Outstanding Young Artist”Looking at it，I feel very excited. Through this experience，we are all amazing at Chinese painting and proud of being Chinese. We hope we can have more activity of this kind in the future!theofwhichdrawingcarefullyourselvesfeltamazedactivities