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1、基礎(chǔ)英語(上） ??? 必背語句：(Chinese Translations For Reference) 第一課： An economist is someone who knows a lot about how goods and wealth are produced and used. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對如何生產(chǎn)和使用商品及財(cái)富十分了解 Economists try to understand how all the parts of the long story are related 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家就要弄明白這個(gè)長故事的各部分是如何了解在一起。 An econom

2、ist learns how to guess what will happen in the future，as far as good and prices are concerned. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還學(xué)會(huì)了猜測商品和價(jià)格將來的變化趨勢 If bank charge higher interest on loans to builders ,how will that affect the cost of a new home. 如果銀行提高了給制造商的貸款利息，新建住房的造價(jià)有會(huì)受到什么怎樣的影響？ 第二課 ? If you bought a car or a cooke

3、r, it was a once_in_a_lifttime investment. 如果你買一輛汽車或一副灶具,那將是管一輩子的投資 Our industrial society has turned us into spoilt children.It is this terrible wastefulness that has got us into the mess we are in now.When there are on resources left,we will start to look after what we have, Butwhy cannot we a

4、ct before this happens?Why cannot we go back to a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue? 當(dāng)今的工業(yè)社會(huì)把我們都變成了慣壞了的孩子，正是這種可怕的浪費(fèi)使我們陷入了目前的困境。當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏系馁Y源耗盡時(shí)， 我們就會(huì)珍惜所擁有的東西。但是為什么在這一切發(fā)生之前，我們就不能有所作為呢？為什么我們不能回到制止浪費(fèi)就是美德的社會(huì)去呢？ Monder mass-production methods lower the cost of makeing goods,and thus gi

5、ve us better values,At the same time ,American ingenuity and science are constanly at work improving the quality of producets . 現(xiàn)代成批生產(chǎn)方法降低了商品的生產(chǎn)成本，使我們的錢花得更值。同時(shí)美國的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和科學(xué)也在不斷地提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。 When people are free to compete-when they are free to make more things and make them better-everyone benefits. 當(dāng)

6、人們可以自由競爭時(shí)——當(dāng)人們能自由地產(chǎn)生更多更好的產(chǎn)品時(shí)——人人都能受益。 第三課 ??? Every word on a label describing a find ,a durg ,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and you family from buying an inferior product,from misusing a good one ,from being tricked by dangerous quackery,or from unkonwingly poss

7、essing an item harmful health 標(biāo)簽上描述一種食品、一種藥品、一種化妝或一種醫(yī)療器械的每個(gè)字都很重要，因?yàn)樗Ｗo(hù)你和你的家庭，使你們避免購買劣質(zhì)商品， 比避免不正確地使用好的產(chǎn)品，避免受危險(xiǎn)的庸醫(yī)之騙，避免不知不覺地?fù)碛袑】涤泻Φ臇|西。 It is the law,too ,that manufacturers must list their name and places of business on their labels. 法律規(guī)定廠家必須在標(biāo)簽上注明他們的廠名和廠址。 Foods composed of tow or more ing

8、redients must bear labels listing all ingredinets in the order of predominance 對于由兩種或兩種以上配料構(gòu)成的食品，其標(biāo)簽必須以各配料多寡為序一一列舉。 第四課 ? Britain was the first highly industrialized country and for a long time led the worlds manufactured goods From about1870,however ,she began to lose her lead .Today Britain

9、produces 11% of the worlds exported manufactured goods 英國是第一個(gè)高度工業(yè)化的國家 ，它的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)曾長期在世界上占領(lǐng)先地位，1870年世界上1/3的制成品是英國制造的，然而大約從1870年起，英國開始失去其領(lǐng)先的地位。如今世界上出口的制成品英國生產(chǎn)只占11%。 These just is not enough room to grow food for all these people even though British agriculture is the most mechanized in the world 盡管在

10、世界上英國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化程度最高，但是它沒有足夠的土地種植莊稼來養(yǎng)活那么多的人。 For a very long time London has been one of the great financial centres of the world ,It deals with vast sums of money in international insurance and British banks still finance international trade.Britain has the worlds third larguest active merchant fleet a

11、nd tourism is increaing 長期以來，倫敦一直是世界上幾個(gè)大的金融中心之一，它經(jīng)手的國際保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中的大筆款項(xiàng)。英國的銀行仍給國際貿(mào)易融資，英國的船隊(duì)規(guī)模是在世界上排第三位，其旅游業(yè)也在不斷發(fā)展。 第五課 ? These black and white stripes can be read by an optical scanner,or computer,The "scanner",Which reads the lines of code ,is a small laser beam of light.When the light ray is broken

12、 by the black stripe,the computer"reads"the information about the prouduct 光學(xué)掃描器，也就是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)可以閱讀這些黑白的條紋。辨認(rèn)條形碼的掃描器發(fā)出的一束細(xì)小的激光束。當(dāng)光束被黑色的條紋擋住時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)就可以讀出產(chǎn)品的信息。 This code is called the universal product code(UPC),It is designed to add speed and efficiency to stores by using computers . 這種條形碼叫做產(chǎn)品的統(tǒng)一條形碼（UP

13、C），它的目的是通過使用計(jì)算機(jī)提高商店的營業(yè)速度和效率。 The computer then find the infornation about this prodouct(price,inventory data)and sends it instandtly backe to the terminal at the checkout counter.At the same time,it keeps an inventory for the store manager.Many products have labels with these stripes. 計(jì)算機(jī)就能找出有關(guān)的

14、商品的信息（價(jià)格、存貨等資料）并立即把信息送回到受款臺(tái)的終端，同時(shí)它也是為商店經(jīng)理留一份存貨清單，許多產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)簽已標(biāo)有這種條紋。 第六課 ? In warmer regions of the world,the people dressed themselves in clothing made from leaves ,tree bark,and woven grasses ,Some people scraped the hair from animal skins to make soft leather for their clothes 在暖和的地區(qū)，人們穿的衣服是用樹葉

15、、樹皮和編織的草而做成的。 Linen was the first woven material from which colthes were made,since very early time ,men have known how to make flax into fine linen. 最早用來做衣服的織物是亞麻，很久以前，人們就知道怎樣把亞麻織成細(xì)亞麻布。 In fact,over four thousand years agao,Egyptians grew flax along the banks of the Nile River. 事實(shí)上，4000多年前，

16、埃及人就沿著尼羅河兩岸種植了亞麻。 Despite the wisdespread early use of wool and linen ,cotton is the most important source of mans clothing. Today, about three out of every four people in the world wear clothing made of cotton. 盡管很早就普遍使用了羊毛和亞麻，但棉花仍是人類最重要的服裝原料，如今，世界上每四個(gè)人中大約有三人穿的就是用棉花作成的衣服 第七課 ? Though everyo

17、ne konws that taxation is necessary,different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged . 盡管大家都知道稅收是必要的，但應(yīng)該如何安排稅收，不同的人有不同的看法。 In most countries a direct tax on person ,called an income tax. 在大多數(shù)的國家，實(shí)行的是對人們的直接稅，稱為所得稅。 Of course, it is the people who buy these imported

18、things who really have to pay the duties,in the form of hingher prices. 當(dāng)然實(shí)際上是這些進(jìn)口的物品的購買者在以較高的價(jià)格的形式來負(fù)擔(dān)這些關(guān)稅。 Probably this kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax is on income which is low for the poor and hingh for rich is the best arrangment 也許將這種間接稅與窮人少付所得稅，富人多付所得稅的直接稅結(jié)合是最好的安排了。 第

19、八課 ? Have you every thought about how important transportation is to the world?Without tranportation modern lift could no exist,We would have to get or make our own food, our own clothes,ecen our books,newspaper,and mail. 你曾經(jīng)想過交通運(yùn)輸對我們有多么的重要嗎？沒有交通運(yùn)輸，現(xiàn)代的生活就無法存在，我們將不得不自己去取食品或做食品，自己做衣服,甚至?xí)瑘?bào)子和郵件也是自

20、己操勞. Automobiles,railroad,trucks, and pipelines are the principal means of land transportation ,ship, barges,and submarines form the chief means of water transportation. 汽車鐵路、卡車和管道是陸路運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕绞?，船只、駁船和潛水艇構(gòu)成了水路運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕绞剑? Like many people,of course you may come to the conclusion that the most inexpens

21、ive and reliable form of transportation will be your own two legs! 當(dāng)然和許多人一樣，你會(huì)得出下面的結(jié)論，最廉價(jià)最可靠的交通運(yùn)輸工具就是你自己的雙腳。 Mans konwledage of metals has been a very important aid to mastering his environment.Very early in histroy, man learned how to work the precious metals, gold and silver, But they are too

22、soft to be made into tools. 第九課 ? 人類對金屬的了解大大地有助于對環(huán)境的控制，很久以前，人們就學(xué)會(huì)了錘煉貴重的金屬——金與銀。 Steel is made from iron which contanins a certain amount of carbon, It is superior to iron in strength, hardness,and elasticity. 鋼是有含有一定的數(shù)量的碳的鐵提煉成的，鋼在強(qiáng)度、硬度和彈性上勝于鐵 Iron in its natural state is combined with rock

23、 or other impurtiy,and it is then called iron ore steel-railroads,autmobiles,typewriters,sewing machines,the thousands of machies that are used in factories. 自然狀態(tài)的鐵是巖石或其他雜質(zhì)混合在一起的，被稱為鐵礦石。 But on matter how frightening it may be to visit a steel mill, we see steel in use all around us. Almost all

24、of our machines are made of 不管參觀軋鋼廠會(huì)有多么可怕，我們周圍總有用鋼制造的東西，幾乎所有的機(jī)器都是用鋼制造的，鐵路、汽車、打字機(jī)、縫紉機(jī)以及工廠使用的成千上萬的機(jī)器也都是用鋼制成的。 第十課 ? The most obvious purpose of advertising is to infrom the consumer of available or servces. 廣告最顯而易見的目的是要使消費(fèi)者了解可得的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。 They also try to persuade customers to buy the product by

25、 creating a desire for it.Because of advertisiment,consumers think that they want something that they do not need.After buying something ,the purchaser cannot always explain why it was bought 他們還試圖通過激起消費(fèi)者購買產(chǎn)品的欲望來勸說消費(fèi)者購買他們的產(chǎn)品，由于廣告的作用，消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為他們想要他們并不需要的東西，在購買者并非總能解釋為什么要買。 By the time the customer is

26、 ready to pay for a purchase,he or she has already made national, thought-out decisions on what he or she needs and wants to buy 當(dāng)顧客準(zhǔn)備付款時(shí)，他們對需要買什么，想要買什么早就做出了理智的、經(jīng)過考慮的決定。 A person becomes a more intelligent and rational consumer,one who spends money wisely 只有花錢明智的人才能成為一個(gè)更精明的更理智的消費(fèi)者。 基礎(chǔ)英語（下）

27、必背語句：(Chinese Translations For Reference) 第一課 Science is the never-ending struggle to find truth. 科學(xué)是為尋求真理而進(jìn)行的永無止境的奮斗 第二課 A commerical bank is a financial institution that has the privilege of holding checking accounts and saving accouvnts, as well as performing a number of other functions

28、 releted to money. 商業(yè)銀行是個(gè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)，它不但辦理活期存款與定期存款業(yè)務(wù)，而且也是從事與貨幣有關(guān)的各種業(yè)務(wù) The demand desposits placed in banks, coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to alter the supply of money in the economy. 銀行中的存款,加上部分儲(chǔ)備金,使銀行家有權(quán)改變經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中的資金投入量 Athuogh a bank may choose to keep more th

29、an $200 as a precaution against withdrawls, it will seldom,if ever,keep all the original deposti on hand. 即使銀行留存多于200美元備用金,也不會(huì)把全部存款放在手頭 第三課 Many nations have port where ships from other countries can unload goods for trade,storage,proceesing,or transfer to anther ship. 許多國家都有一些港口,供外國船只卸貨以進(jìn)行貿(mào)

30、易、儲(chǔ)存、加工或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) Nations have tariffs to proect their own merchants and manufacturers from foreign competition . 國家設(shè)置關(guān)稅是為了保護(hù)本國商人與制造商避免與外國競爭 第四課 A marker economy is ones in which crucial economic decisions and choices are made in a decentralized fashion by private individuals,operating through a pi

31、rce-and-marker mechanism 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)是由私人獨(dú)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體以分散的方式作出關(guān)鍵經(jīng)濟(jì)抉擇，并通過市場價(jià)格機(jī)制運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式 第五課 In freeing people from the soil the Industrial Revolution bound them to machines ,and the machines have become so complicated that one person general ly learns to oprate only one or two of them 工業(yè)革命把人們從土地中解放出來，束縛在機(jī)器上

32、，而機(jī)器變得如此復(fù)雜，以至于一般情況下，一個(gè)人只會(huì)操作一兩臺(tái) The law of comparative advantage states that if one person can perfrom seven jobs better than his neighbor,he shuold select the one in which he enjoys the greatest advantage. 比較優(yōu)勢法則認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人如果比起他的鄰居來能夠做好幾件工作，他就應(yīng)該選擇一項(xiàng)能給他帶來最大利益的工作 Comparative advantage fefers to the s

33、uperior productive capacity of ine producer(laber)compared to all others. 比較優(yōu)勢是指與他人相比，生產(chǎn)者最占優(yōu)勢的生產(chǎn)能力。 Specialization increases output, but it also makes people dependent on one another. 專業(yè)化增加生產(chǎn)，但同時(shí)使人們相互依存 第六課 Under a system of peferctly free commerce each country naturlly devotes its capital

34、 and labor to such employments as are most eneficial to each. 在完全的自由貿(mào)易體制下，各國自然都會(huì)將資金和勞動(dòng)力投入到對自己最有利的行業(yè)中。 This pursuit of individual advantage is admirably connected with the universal good of the whose,By stimulating industry ,by rewarding ingenutiy,and by using most efficciously the peculiar power

35、s ,bestowed by nature,it distributes laber most effectively and most economiclly 這種個(gè)人利益與整個(gè)社會(huì)的普遍利益完善地結(jié)合在了一起，通過激勵(lì)勤奮、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)創(chuàng)造和最有效地利用大自然所賦予人的獨(dú)特魅力，這種追求能夠最有效、最經(jīng)濟(jì)地分配勞動(dòng)力資源。 while by increasing the general mass of productions ,it diffuses general benefit and binds together by one common tie of interset and i

36、ntercourse,the univeral society of nations throughout the civilized wrold. 與此同時(shí)，通過擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，這種追求使利益分散，通過利益互補(bǔ)和互通有無的共同紐帶，把文明世界的各國緊密地了解在一起。 第七課 The cost of physically moving a product is the highset cost faced by many manufactures 制造商所面對的最昂貴的費(fèi)用是產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)， The difference in cost among trucks,railroa

37、ds,planse,ship,and pipelines is directly relted to the speed of delivery 汽車、火車、飛機(jī)、輪船和管道等運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的差異與運(yùn)輸速度有著直接的關(guān)系。 The advantage of trucks include flexibility ,fast service and depedability. 汽車貨運(yùn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是靈活、快捷可靠。 Tucks can ,however,be delayed by bad weather. 汽車特別適合短途間與貴重物品的運(yùn)輸 Air is the fastest ava

38、ilable transportation made.Other advantages include greatly reduced costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations nesessaty for sale to the consumer 空運(yùn)是目前最快的運(yùn)輸方式，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于減少了包裝、搬運(yùn)開箱和最后出售給消費(fèi)的環(huán)節(jié)費(fèi)用。 To regain markert share,railroads have expanded their services to include faster delivery ti

39、mes,piggy-back service ,which places semitruck trailers on trailers railcars 為了重新占領(lǐng)市場。鐵路運(yùn)輸已擴(kuò)展了服務(wù)范圍,包括快速貨運(yùn)、背負(fù)式服務(wù)（使用火車平板車裝運(yùn)大車掛車或集裝箱的一種）運(yùn)輸方式和其他的服務(wù) 第八課 In developing advertising strategies,markers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message. 在開展廣告策略的過程中，營銷商也必須考慮到選擇最佳的廣告媒介來登載

40、他們的廣告詞. Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages 每一種廣告媒介都有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn) Newspapers are the most widely used advertising medium. 報(bào)子是最為廣泛運(yùn)用的廣告媒介。 Televsion is the most dramtic medium for advertising,It allows advertisings to combine sight,sound,and motion,thus appealing to a

41、lmost all the viewers senses 電視是最生動(dòng)的廣告媒介，它集視、聽、動(dòng)為一體，因此幾乎對觀眾的所有感官都產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的感染力 Information on viewer demographics for a particular program allows sdvertisers to promote to their target audiences 對一特別的節(jié)目收視觀眾的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)可以使廣告商向其目標(biāo)觀眾進(jìn)行促銷 One disadvantage of television is that there are too many commereials

42、 causing viewers to confuse products 電視的一個(gè)缺陷是它的商業(yè)廣告太多，使觀眾眼花繚亂 Brevity also makers television a poor medium in which to educate viewers about complex products, Finally , television is the most wxpensive medium. 時(shí)間短促使電視具有局限性不能向觀眾宣傳復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品，最后一點(diǎn)，電視是廣告費(fèi)用中最高的媒介 As the name implies ,directmial often

43、involves fliers mailed directly to consumers home or places of business. 盡管郵寄廣告品經(jīng)濟(jì)被當(dāng)作垃圾郵件來扔掉，廣告商仍能預(yù)算有多少收件的人會(huì)真對待這些東西 Like television,however, radio ads are over quickly,And radio permits only an audio presentation Also ,people tend to use the radio as a "backgtound"while they are doing other thin

44、gs,paying little attention to advertisment. 和電視一樣，廣播廣告的時(shí)間也過于短暫，而且它只有聲音一種表現(xiàn)形式，很多人往往把聽廣播當(dāng)作做其它事情一種陪襯，不太留意它的廣告 Magazine advaertising accounts rougly 5 percent of all advertising.The many different ,magazines on the market provide a high level of consumer selectivity. 雜志廣告約占所有廣告的5%，市場上很多不同種類的雜志為不同的

45、讀者提供不同的選擇 Magazine advertision also allows for excellnet reproduction of photogrphs and artwork that not only grabs buyers attention,but mayalso cinvince them of the products value. 雜志廣告也考慮到用印刷精美的照片和插圖來吸引購買者的注意力，并且使他們信服產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值 Outdooradvertising-billboards, signs,and advertisements on buses,taxi

46、s,and subways-makes up a little more than one percent of all advertising. 戶外廣告，包括路牌廣告、標(biāo)志關(guān)高及公交汽車上、出租車上和地鐵里的廣告，約占據(jù)全部廣告的1%多一點(diǎn) 第九課 The reason why companies often find insurance appea;ing is clear:in returu for a sum of money ,they are productted aganist certain potentially devantasing losses ,but

47、why are insurance companies willing to accept these risks for other compansies? 很多公司感到保險(xiǎn)具有吸引力的原因非常清楚：為了一筆賠償，以保障它們不遭受一些潛在的災(zāi)難性損失，但是保險(xiǎn)公司為什么會(huì)樂意替其它公司冒這些險(xiǎn)呢？ Like all firms,insurance companies are in business to marke a profit. 同其它公司一樣，經(jīng)營保險(xiǎn)公司是了掙錢 In order to earn a profit ,insurance companines must

48、 konw the likelihoodof a particurlar loss. 為了獲利，保險(xiǎn)公司必須了解某一種損失發(fā)生的可能性。 Insurance compaines also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers.That is as the number of people who seek insurance rise,so does the chance that the actual loss rate will be the same as the statitci

49、ally calculated rate. 保險(xiǎn)公司也得益于一個(gè)叫做‘大數(shù)定律’的統(tǒng)計(jì)原則，也就是說，當(dāng)投保的人數(shù)增加時(shí)，實(shí)際損失率和統(tǒng)計(jì)方法計(jì)算出的損失率相同的機(jī)會(huì)也隨之增大 The ultimate purpose of insurance is to indemnify policcyholders. 保險(xiǎn)的最終目的的是補(bǔ)償投保人 To remain financially viable, an insurance company must be sure never to pay for losses not covered by the policy nor to p

50、ay too much for each loss. 為了經(jīng)濟(jì)上保持正常運(yùn)行，保險(xiǎn)公司必須確保不陪付保單外的損失，也不能向每一個(gè)損失陪付地過多 The insured loss must be outside the ci=ontrol of the policyholder,It must result from an accident,not from an intentional act by the policyholder. 投保的損失必須分散于較大的地域范圍，這樣可以避免同時(shí)性的破壞或?yàn)?zāi)難性損失帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Insurance companies will only

51、insure specify risk where the cause of loss is verifiable . 保險(xiǎn)公司只承保具體的而且造成其損失的原因可核的險(xiǎn)種 While most property insurance policies specity a maximum dollar limit,whether they pay replacement costs or actual cash value depends on the terms of the policy 盡管絕大多數(shù)財(cái)產(chǎn)險(xiǎn)種的保單都有一具體的最大數(shù)量的賠償額，它們是否賠償重置費(fèi)用或?qū)嶋H的現(xiàn)金價(jià)值取

52、決于保險(xiǎn)單的條款。 第十課 Capitals are increased by parsimony,and dininshed by prodigality and missconduct 節(jié)儉使資本增長，揮霍和運(yùn)用不當(dāng)使資本減少， Whatevery a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either emplovs it himself on maintaining an additional number of productive hands ,or enables some other

53、 person to do so,by lending it to him for an interest,that is ,for a share of the profits. 正如個(gè)體資本積累的唯一途徑是靠其收入或年盈利的節(jié)余來增加，社會(huì)和組成它的所有個(gè)體一樣，其資本的增加也必須通過同樣的途徑 Great nations are never impoverished by private,though they sometimes are by public prodigality and misconduct 個(gè)人揮霍浪費(fèi)和管理不善不會(huì)使大國貧窮，但整個(gè)國家的揮霍和管理不善

54、有時(shí)是造成其貧窮的原因 This frugality and good conduct,however,is upon most occasions,it appears from experience,sufficient to compensate not the private prodigality and misconduct of individuals,but the public extravagance of gvoernment 然而，從經(jīng)驗(yàn)看來，這種節(jié)儉和品行在大多數(shù)的情況下，不足以補(bǔ)償個(gè)人的浪費(fèi)和行為不當(dāng)，卻能足以補(bǔ)償政府的揮霍 第十一課 What fa

55、ctors will determine the level of investment spending in our hypothetical economy? 在我們假定的經(jīng)濟(jì)中什么樣的因素會(huì)決定投資開銷的水平呢？ Now the determiants of investment demand are ,if anything ,even more complicated than those that influence comsumer de mand Indeed while economsits often stree the telative dependabilit

56、y of consumer spending at a given level of national incoem they usually point out the great variability of business investment spending For this reason ,changes in investment spending are often seen to be pivotal in causing upswings or downswings in a modern economy. 目前決定投資需求的因素要比那些影響消費(fèi)需求的因素可能更為復(fù)雜

57、，確實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們經(jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)在國民收入的一定水平上，消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)具有相對穩(wěn)定性的同時(shí)，也常指出企業(yè)投資支出的可變性 鑒于這種原，投資開銷的變化常常在現(xiàn)在時(shí)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的高漲或跌落方面起著關(guān)鍵作用 It explains why increasing capital investment is the very first symptom of the coming boom ,why industries producing means of production are the first to show supernormal stimulation above all why the c

58、onsumption of iron increse. 這種現(xiàn)象解釋了增長的資本投資成了即將到來的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的第一個(gè)征兆的原因，也解釋在生產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)資料的工業(yè)中最先顯露出超常的刺激作用的原因，而且最為重要的是解釋了鋼鐵的消耗量增長的原因 Even if you are aware of the future state of demand and also the full range of technological possibilities open to you,you would not have solved the problem of whether or not to in

59、tivest in particular factory or piece of machinery 即使你了解未來的需求狀況和可以利用的全部技術(shù)狀況，你還是不能決定是否在某一個(gè)工廠或某一種設(shè)備上的投資 If intest rate are high ,this will mean that you will have to pay more to borrow money and,consequently that you will be more reluctant to undertake any vast expansion schemes 如果利率很高，這將意味著你要為借

60、錢而付出更多的錢，而且其結(jié)果也就意味著進(jìn)行任何擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃時(shí)你將會(huì)更猶豫不決 第十二課 Economists frequently use the concept of aggregate production function, which states that the arowth rate of output related to the growth rates of the conventional inputs labor and capital. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家經(jīng)常使用總生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的概念，它說明產(chǎn)出的增長率和常規(guī)的投入即勞動(dòng)力投入和資本投入的增長率相關(guān) What m

61、ade it possible for such a large share of GNP to be invested in an essentially free-market economy ? 是什么促使國民生產(chǎn)總值如此大的份額投資于本質(zhì)上是自由市場的經(jīng)濟(jì)中？ Capital -output ratios,especially in those industries which improted technology,tended to decline. 資本與產(chǎn)出的比率，尤其是在引進(jìn)技術(shù)的企業(yè)中呈下降趨勢！ Business and government worked

62、 hand in hand toward the common objective of rapid economic growth,sometimes it was hard to know where one entity began and the other left off. 企業(yè)和政府為了經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速增長這一共同目標(biāo)而攜手前進(jìn).有時(shí)很難分清在何處一個(gè)實(shí)體開始而另一個(gè)實(shí)體結(jié)束. Obviously the government has also had a lot to do with building up these strong and increasingly compe

63、titive export industries through its explicit methods of preferenatial cridit rationing ,tax exemptions,extraordinary deprecition allowances,readier permission to improt know-how and, at times,tight protection against foreign improts.顯然政府也在建立這些強(qiáng)大的具有持續(xù)競爭性的出口企業(yè)上功不可抹，政府通過采取明確的辦法給予企業(yè)優(yōu)惠的貸款配額，免稅，特別折舊補(bǔ)貼，

64、放寬技術(shù)進(jìn)口的許可，以及有時(shí)采用保護(hù)措施限制進(jìn)口。 第十三課 A general class of product is differentiated if any significant basis exists for distinguishing the goods (or service)of one seller from those of another. 如果存在著把一個(gè)賣主的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)與另一個(gè)賣主的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)分別開來的有效基礎(chǔ)，就可以對一批產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行鑒別。 Differentiation may be based upon certain characterist

65、ics of the product itseft, such as exclusive patented features;trade-marker;tarde name peculiarities of the package or container,if any;or singularity in quality,design,color or style. 產(chǎn)品的鑒別以其自身所具有的特征為基礎(chǔ)，如專利、商標(biāo)、品名、包裝，以及設(shè)計(jì)、色彩和風(fēng)格等。 Monopoly and competition are very generally regarded,not simply

66、as antithetical. 人們普遍認(rèn)為壟斷和競爭不是相對的，而且互補(bǔ)相容。 Monopolistic compition is evidently a different thing from either pure monopoly or pure competition.As far monopoly,as ordinarily conceived and defined ,monopolisti competiton embraces it and takes it as a starting point. 壟斷性的競爭不同于純粹的壟斷，也不同于純粹的競爭，正如人們所認(rèn)為壟斷性競爭包括壟斷在內(nèi)，并把它當(dāng)作出發(fā)點(diǎn)。 Although such a theory may be useful in cases where substitutes are fairly remote,in general the competitive interrelationships of groups of and defined ,monopolisti competit