GrammarEllipsis1.省略主語省略主語:祈使句中的主語通常被省略祈使句中的主語通常被省略;其他其他省略的主語的情況多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法省略的主語的情況多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法.(1) (You) Come in, please.(2) (I) See you tomorrow.(3) (I) Thank you for your help.(4) (I) Beg your pardon.簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略2.省略主語或謂語的一部分省略主語或謂語的一部分簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略(1) (There is) No smoking.(2) (Will you) Have a smoke?(3) Why (do you) not say hello to him?(4) How (do you think) about a cup of tea?(5) (You come) this way, please.簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略 3.省略賓語省略賓語:可省略賓語的全部；可省略作賓可省略賓語的全部；可省略作賓語的動(dòng)詞不定式語的動(dòng)詞不定式,只保留只保留to,但如果該賓語是動(dòng)但如果該賓語是動(dòng)詞詞be或完成時(shí)態(tài)或完成時(shí)態(tài),則須在則須在to后加上后加上be或或have(1) -Do you know Miss Hu? -I dont know (her).(2) Dont touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (touch).(3) -Are you a teacher? -No, but I want to be (a teacher).(4) -He hasnt finished the task. -Well, he ought to have (finish it).簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略 4.省略表語省略表語(1) -Are you thirsty? -Yes, I am (thirsty).(2) His brother is lazy? Nor is his sister (lazy).5.同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)句子成分同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)句子成分(1) -Are you fell better now? - (Im feeling) better (now).(2) (I wish) Good luck (to you)!(3) Lets meet at the school gate as the same as (we met) yesterday.并列句中的省略并列句中的省略兩兩個(gè)并列分句中，后一分句常省略與前一分句個(gè)并列分句中，后一分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分中相同的部分(1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.(2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school(3) Lins father was not at home, but his mother was (at home).主從復(fù)合句中的省略主從復(fù)合句中的省略1.主句中有一些主謂被省略主句中有一些主謂被省略(1) (Im) Sorry to heat that you are ill.(2) (Its) a pity that you missed such a good chance.2.省略從句中與主句相同的部分省略從句中與主句相同的部分They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).3.主句與從句各有一些成分被省略主句與從句各有一些成分被省略The sooner (you do it) , the better (it will be ).其他省略其他省略1.1.連詞的連詞的thatthat省略省略(1)賓語從句中常省略賓語從句中常省略that,但多個(gè)賓語從句并列時(shí)但多個(gè)賓語從句并列時(shí), 通常只省略第一個(gè)通常只省略第一個(gè)thatHe said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.(2)在定語從句中在定語從句中that在作賓語時(shí)才能省略在作賓語時(shí)才能省略The book (that) I borrowed yesterday was hers.2.2.在某些狀語從句中在某些狀語從句中, ,當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語一致或者從句主語為一致或者從句主語為itit，且從句謂語部分有，且從句謂語部分有bebe動(dòng)動(dòng)詞時(shí)詞時(shí), ,可省去可省去“主語主語+be+be”部分部分其他省略其他省略(1) When (he was) still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night.(2) As (he was) a child, he lived in India.(3) If (you are) asked you may come in.(4) If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.(5) Though (he is) young, he knows a lot.(6) He opened his lips as if (he were) to say something.其他省略其他省略3.不定式符號(hào)不定式符號(hào)to的省略的省略(1)(1)并列的不定式可省去后面的并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.to. I told him to sit down I told him to sit down and and wait forwait for a moment. a moment. (2) (2) help help 當(dāng)當(dāng)“幫助幫助”講時(shí)，后面的賓語或賓補(bǔ)的不定式符講時(shí)，后面的賓語或賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)號(hào)toto可帶可不帶可帶可不帶. . I will help I will help (to)(to) do it for you. do it for you. I will help you I will help you (to)(to) do it. do it.（ （3 3） ）介詞介詞butbut前若有動(dòng)詞前若有動(dòng)詞do,do,后面的不定式不帶后面的不定式不帶 to.to. The boy did nothing The boy did nothing but playbut play. .其他省略其他省略(4) (4) 某些使役某些使役動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞（ （let, make, havelet, make, have） ）及感官及感官動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞（ （see, watch, see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen tohear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to等）等）后面作后面作賓語賓語補(bǔ)補(bǔ)足足語語的不定式一定要省去的不定式一定要省去 to, to, 但在被但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)語態(tài)中中須須將將to to 復(fù)復(fù)原。原。 I I saw the boy fallsaw the boy fall from the tree.from the tree. The boyThe boy was seen to fallwas seen to fall from the tree.from the tree. The bossThe boss made us workmade us work 12 hours a day.12 hours a day. We wereWe were made to workmade to work 12 hours a day12 hours a day.(5) (5) 主主語語從句中有從句中有動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞dodo, ,后面作表后面作表語語的不定式的的不定式的 toto可可帶帶可可不不帶帶。 。 What we can do now is What we can do now is (to) wait.(to) wait.(6) find (6) find 當(dāng)當(dāng)“ “發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)” ”講時(shí)講時(shí)，后面作，后面作賓語補(bǔ)賓語補(bǔ)足足語語的不定式符號(hào)的不定式符號(hào)toto可可帶帶可不可不帶帶。 。 We found him We found him (to) work(to) work very hard at the experiment. very hard at the experiment. 但如果是不定式但如果是不定式 to beto be， ，則則不能省略。不能省略。 She found him She found him to beto be dishonest. dishonest. 其他省略其他省略4.4.連詞連詞ifif在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但要將后面的在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但要將后面的shouldshould，werewere，hadhad提到主語的前面提到主語的前面. .其他省略其他省略(1)(1) Had they timeHad they time, they would certainly come and , they would certainly come and help us. help us. (2) (2) Were I youWere I you, I would do the work better., I would do the work better.(3(3） ）Should there beShould there be a flooda flood, what should we do?, what should we do?替代替代( (一一) )soso和和notnot作替代作替代詞詞, ,代替被省略的某個(gè)代替被省略的某個(gè)詞詞( (組組) )或句子，或句子，一般同表示個(gè)人看法或想法的一般同表示個(gè)人看法或想法的動(dòng)詞連動(dòng)詞連用，作用，作be afraidbe afraid， ，believebelieve， ，becomebecome， ，allall， ，dodo， ，expectexpect， ，fearfear， ，hopehope， ，Imagine,Imagine, say, see, speak, suppose, think say, see, speak, suppose, think等的等的賓語賓語。 。NotNot代替否定的句子，代替否定的句子，還還可放在可放在perhapsperhaps， ，probablyprobably， ，absolutelyabsolutely等副等副詞詞后后 E.g.: She was not angry at first, but became so （=angry）after a while. Is he the best student in the class ?I think so(=He is best student in the class).I think not(=He is not the best student in the class).替代替代（二）替代的應(yīng)用（二）替代的應(yīng)用1.So可以放在句首或句尾，但若謂語動(dòng)詞是see, notice, hear等,則只能放在句首.如：I believe (say, think)so. =So I believe (say, think). I believe (say, think)so. =So I believe (say, think). He is absent today. He is absent today. So I see (hear, notice).So I see (hear, notice).2.2.在表示肯定或懷疑意義的句中不可用so。如：誤：誤：I doubt so. 正：正：I doubt it. 3 3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如：誤：誤：Why do you ask so ? ?正：正：Why do you ask that ? ?4.do so一般只用替代動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，不替代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。一般只用替代動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，不替代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：如：She said she would go with me, but she didnt do so. 替代替代-Alice feels better today.-I think she does.-So she does.而不能說而不能說I think she does so.