第22講 詞義猜測(cè)題 (2011湖南卷C篇) The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. 67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_”. A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination 思路點(diǎn)撥：C文中divergence of the two species指代前文the African Savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species, divergence與distinct同義替換，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C。 猜詞是英語閱讀的重要技巧，也是高考中?？嫉念}型。考生要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對(duì)比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索(各種已知信息)確定詞義。要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞(動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞等)。就方法來說，主要根據(jù)上下文線索和構(gòu)詞法。高考閱讀文章中更側(cè)重前者。 通過定義、定語從句/詞組或同位語從句/詞組等來確定詞義。 1. 直接定義：如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是 “困境”。 定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義 2. 同位語：構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, ie. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。 3. 定語從句：定語從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說明的作用，據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。如： The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人”。 (2010年四川師大附中高三模擬題) You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.()What does a “swab” mostly probably mean?A. something soft, small and used in clinicsB. something hard, long and used at homeC. something thin, wet and like an elbowD. something safe, big and like a toy 【答案及解析】A根據(jù)But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. 可判斷or后面的名詞cloth與swab是同位關(guān)系，據(jù)此可以判斷swab是一種用來清洗耳朵等部位的棉制或布制的醫(yī)藥用品，即“棉簽”。 1. 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有時(shí)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞來猜測(cè)其詞義。英語中表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。 如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語in contrast(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 2. 根據(jù)類比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 表示類比關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。 3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。如： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。 4. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知jeopardize詞義為“使陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。 1. 我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語境的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。例如： You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. 根據(jù)下文舉出的英語雜志名稱可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義 2. 有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如： The snake slithered through the grass. 根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行”。 (2010年湖南省六校聯(lián)考) But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.()The underlined word “l(fā)oath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to _.A. unwilling B. eagerC. pleased D. hurt 【答案及解析】A根據(jù)后面的語境“我寧愿安靜地獨(dú)處，不愿意去聽這些閑言碎語”，可見作者“不愿意”與這些人說話。故loath是“不愿意”之意。 英語單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有： 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測(cè)詞義 super(超), inter(在之間), able(能的), mini(極少的，微型的)，micro(極微小的), re(再，反復(fù)), sub(分支的，底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越；轉(zhuǎn)換), under(在之下；低于；不足), hood(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時(shí)期), ish(如的；有點(diǎn)兒的); proof(防的；不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)), some(易于的), wards(向), mis(誤；惡), un(不；非), in(不；非), im(不； 非), dis(不), non (不；非)，less(不；無), anti(反；防), sino(中國)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes. 根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的，有意識(shí)的)，結(jié)合前綴semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。 (2010年廣東華南師大附中高三綜合測(cè)試)Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life. ()The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means _. A. save B. protectC. lengthen D. improve 【答案及解析】C可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來判斷詞義。prolong 是個(gè)派生詞，前綴pro是“支持，親”之意，long是“長(zhǎng)”之意，故可判斷prolong是“延長(zhǎng)(壽命)”的意思。 代詞that/it/they/them所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句)，或者前幾個(gè)句子中，找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個(gè)代詞的位置上，看看這句話是否合理，與前面的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判斷它是否為正確答案。判斷代詞的確指對(duì)象