第第 8 講講 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語氣 1. Hows your new babysitter? We _ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. (2011浙江卷) A. should B. might C. mustnt D. couldnt 【答案及解析答案及解析】1. D考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。句意為“你的新保姆怎么樣？”“找不到更好的了。我們的孩子們都很喜歡她?！眘hould應(yīng)該；might可能，可以；mustnt禁止；couldnt不可能。 2. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _.(2010浙江卷) A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 【答案及解析答案及解析】2. A考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷此處是省略了if的虛擬語氣，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _. 句意為：如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序，就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了。 3. “You _ have a wrong number，” she said. “Theres no one of that name here.”(2010浙江卷) A. need B. can C. must D. would【答案及解析答案及解析】3. C考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如果表示非?？隙ǖ耐茰y(cè)要用must。句意為：“你肯定打錯(cuò)電話了，”她說，“我們這里沒有一個(gè)叫那個(gè)名字的人?！?4. The doctor recommended that you _ swim after eating a large meal.(2009浙江卷) A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. neednt D. shouldnt【答案及解析答案及解析】4. D考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子中的recommended(推薦)可知，從句應(yīng)用“should 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示虛擬，且此句為否定句。1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語，其后接動(dòng)詞原形。2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般沒有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞原形表描述現(xiàn)在或?qū)戆l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb be / do, modal verb be doing)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表描述過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb have done)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1準(zhǔn)確把握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表允許、推測(cè)、判斷等用法。2準(zhǔn)確把握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在虛擬語氣句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的使用。3wish，as if/though，if only，would rather從句，Its time從句等句型中的虛擬語氣。4表示“堅(jiān)持、命令、建議、要求”的詞語后及各類從句中的虛擬語氣。5虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句中的倒裝。2012年高考將重點(diǎn)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表“推測(cè)和可能性、必要性、請(qǐng)求、允許、允諾”，非真實(shí)條件虛擬語氣和名詞性從句的虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。 1. can, could(1)表能力(be able to)。注意區(qū)別？(2)表許可may。請(qǐng)求允許時(shí)，用can或may,在給予別人許可時(shí)，常用can，但有時(shí)也用may。不能用might。May I play basketball this afternoon?No，you may/can not.(3)表客氣的請(qǐng)求，could比can更委婉。(4)表推測(cè)，僅用于否定句和問句?？隙ň渲杏檬裁?？How could you do such a silly thing?Whose hand could it be? (5)(表示可能、許可)能夠；?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(6)cant / couldnt v. too adj. / adv. cant/couldnt+v.+adj./adv+enough 再怎么也不過分You cant be too careful while driving .cant / couldnt but do. Cant help but do 只好，不得不,不能不 cant help doing禁不住做2. may, might(1)表允許，許可can如：You may go home now, Susan. 常考情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(2)表可能性，may比might可能性更大。(3)may / might as well v. 最好，滿可以，倒不如You may as well wait till Tuesday and go on a fast train.(4)表祝愿，祈求。May you succeed！ (5)(用于讓步狀語從句中)即使；無論。Whatever he may say，I dont believe him. ?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意：may作“可以”講時(shí)，其否定式常用“mustnt”表示“禁止”；must作“必須”講時(shí)，其否定式是“neednt”，表示“不必”。May I use your car?No，you mustnt.(委婉的拒絕可用：Sorry，but I am using it now.或Youd better not.等)Must I work out the problem tonight?No，you neednt.3. must(1)(表示義務(wù)、必要性、命令)必須，得，要。You must do as you are told. 你必須按照吩咐去做。(2)表強(qiáng)烈的勸告。(3)表把握性很大的推測(cè)。(4)must not表禁止，不允許。表示禁止(用于否定句)You must not speak ill of others.Cars mustnt be parked here. ?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(5)must的一般疑問句的否定回答用neednt或dont have to。(6)(表固執(zhí)，不滿等)偏偏，硬要，偏要表示與說話人愿望相反及不耐煩。Our threeyearold boy must do the opposite to what we ordered. Must you make so much noise?(7)(表必然性)必定。Everyone must die. 每個(gè)人都必定會(huì)死。?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞4. shall(1)用于第一、三人稱表征求意見，請(qǐng)求指示。Shall I get some chalk?Shall she go to the concert with us this evening?He has come. Shall he wait outside or come in?(2)用于第二、三人稱， 表示說話人的命令、強(qiáng)制、允諾、威脅或決心等， 多見于法律條文等文件中。Dont worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (允諾) He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. (警告)Every driver shall be punished if he drives after drinking.?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞5. should(1). should 作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常用來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼呢?zé)任或義務(wù)，譯作“應(yīng)該”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，這時(shí)它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互換使用。You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. You should （= ought to ） tell your mother about it at once. In sum， theory should be combined with practice (2)(表驚訝、遺憾)竟然；居然。Its a pity that he should resign. ?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法（4）表示可能性、推測(cè)、推論或期待)可能,該 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況、將來情況的推測(cè)。 They should be home by now. The book you need should be in our library. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack should be here at any moment. When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. They _ be ready by 12:00. A. may B. can C. should D. would?？记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法 6. will /would(1)表請(qǐng)求，would用疑問句多與you連用比will更委婉，客氣。Would you please tell me the way to Hongxing School?(2)表習(xí)慣性或反復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，will指現(xiàn)在，would指過去的習(xí)慣used to。When I was young, I d listen to the radio?(3)表意愿或固執(zhí)堅(jiān)持，事情作主語表固有的性質(zhì) I told him to come,but he wouldnt come. The door wont open. 7.used to ,need, dare 的用法 Who is knocking at the door? It _ be Tom.He said he would come at this time. It _ be him. He has gone abroad. It _ be John, but I am not sure. Who _ it be? Got it ? It is Mary.mustmaycan cant肯定句： must, may 否定句,疑問句：cant , couldnt, may not1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)：對(duì)肯定,把握性很大情況的推測(cè)： must be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)? must be doing(說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行) must have pp. (已發(fā)生的或狀態(tài))對(duì)否定情況的推測(cè)：can /could not be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?cant /couldnt be doing(正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)can /could not have pp. (過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法 對(duì)不太肯定,把握性不大情況的推測(cè)： may （not） be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?may （not） be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)may （not） have pp. (已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))might （not） be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?might （not） be doing(說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)might （not） have pp. (已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式：(1) could have done 本來能夠做而實(shí)際上未做(2) might have done 本來可以做而實(shí)際上未做(3) should / ought to have done 本來應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上未做(4) ought not to have done /shouldnt have done 本來不應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上做了 (5) neednt have done 本來不必要做而實(shí)際上做了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞if 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣if 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣注意：有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致(表示錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬語氣)，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如： If you had_listened_to the doctor, you would_be_all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽了醫(yī)生的話，身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動(dòng)作指過去，主句動(dòng)作指現(xiàn)在) 1. 省略連詞if，將were, had或should提至主語前。如： Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。2. 用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。如： Without_air,_there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣的話，就不會(huì)有生物了。But_for_your_help，I couldnt have done it. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事。if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣3. 假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)可以通過上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來。如：I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. 我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話，我就)I would_have_finished the work, but I have been ill. 我本來該完成這項(xiàng)工作的，但我生病了。(如果我沒生病的話，我就會(huì)完成)if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語氣虛擬語氣4. 省去條件從句成主句。如：You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自己洗衣服的。If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母與我在一起多好??！if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語氣虛擬語氣 1. can可以作“有時(shí)候會(huì)”解，意思是平時(shí)或大部分時(shí)間不是這樣子，只是偶爾發(fā)生的事情。如： The climates of East China can_be pretty cold in winter. 華東地區(qū)冬天的氣候有時(shí)會(huì)相當(dāng)冷。 2. 在“It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that”這類句型里，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用 “should動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意義。如： It is important that every member (should)_inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個(gè)成員知道這些規(guī)則。 5. 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中： (1)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(可惜不知道) (2)表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞常用“had過去分詞”。如： I wish (wished) I hadnt_spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢。 (3)表示對(duì)將來的主觀愿望：謂語動(dòng)詞形式為“would動(dòng)詞原形”。如： I wish it would_stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。 6. 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。如： I demand that he (should)_answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。 7. 在“It is time (that)”句型中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣表示將來，動(dòng)詞形式一般用過去式，意思是“是該干某事的時(shí)候了”。如： Its (high) time we did our homework. 是我們?cè)撟鲎鳂I(yè)的時(shí)候了。 8. if only 要是就好了。相當(dāng)于I wish(與wish 后的虛擬語氣類似)，如： If only you hadnt_told him the news.