Unit 8Literary WorksPreview Nobody grows old by merely living a number of years. They must have undergone disappointment and despair. For them, life is truly a box of chocolates except that it is black and bitter: years wrinkle their skin, loneliness is taking away the dim light, and the reality is a horrible truth of vanity. A clean and well-lighted place thus is the only refuge from the darkness of the world outside. It is best to be a home, a bar, or a cafe with brandy and coffee served by the young generation.Part IText ReadingWarm-upI.Aging issueA trend towards an ever older population is sweeping the world. But far prior to this, some proverbs or sayings have showed their attitudes toward the aged. Guess the meanings of the following proverbs or sayings, and tell whether they are positive, negative or neutral with regard to the aged.1. You cant teach an old dog new tricks.上年紀(jì)的人學(xué)不了新玩意。2. Old birds are not to be caught with chaff. 老謀是不會(huì)失算的。3. A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams. 只要一個(gè)人還有追求，他就沒(méi)有老。直到后悔取代了夢(mèng)想，一個(gè)人才算老。4. Old foxes want no tutors. 老狐貍不需要教師。5. If the old dog barks, he gives counsel. 不聽(tīng)老人言，吃虧在眼前。6. An old man is treasure of a family. 家有一老，如有一寶。7. Old bees yield no honey. 老蜂不釀蜜。8. The devil knows many things because he is old. 姜是老的辣。Negative：1,7 Positive: 2, 4, 5, 6Neutral：3II. How are the aged and the young different?We need to be aware of the differences between the aged and the young so as to respect the differences and bridge the gap. Listed below are descriptions or statements on the aged and the young. Decide which age group each of these belongs to.1. Dreaming with passion about the future.2. Looking back on the best days.3. Psychically and mentally fragile.4. Nostalgic.5. Longing for home as a shelter.6. Retaining grace under pressure.7. Being overwhelmed by vain sorrows.8. Feeling lonely.9. Getting ready to start over.10. Acting on impulse.11. Thinking twice before taking a step.12. Getting bored with life.III. Your attitude toward the aged.Show your responses on the following occasions:When you come across a homeless person over 60 years old.When your grandparents keep nagging at you.When an old man in rags approaches you for help.When you find an old man alone at the restaurant or in the bar.TextA Clean, Well-Lighted Place1Ernest Hemingway211 It was late and everyone had left the caf except an old man who sat in the shadow get some shade (樹(shù)蔭) under a tree the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the daytime (<->nighttime) the street was dusty, but at night the dew (露珠) settled ( an argument平息糾紛或爭(zhēng)吵) the dust and the old man liked to sit late (=stay up late) because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. The two waiters (<->waitress) inside the caf knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while (=though) he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him.2 "Last week he tried to commit suicide," one waiter said.3 "Why?"4 "He was in despair (=desperate)."5 "What about? (Why)"6 "Nothing."7 "How do you know it was nothing?"8 "He has plenty of money."9 They sat together at a table that was close against (靠墻) the wall near the door of the caf and looked at the terrace (a flat, hard area, especially outside a house or restaurant, where you can sit, eat and enjoy the sun) where the tables were all empty (vacant->vacancy) except (table) where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind.310 The old man sitting in the shadow rapped (to hit a hard object or surface several times quickly, making a noise) on his saucer (a small shallow round dish that a cup stands on; an object that is shaped like this cups and saucers) with his glass. The younger waiter went over to him.11 "What do you want?"12 The old man looked at him. Another (glass of) brandy, he said.13 "Youll be drunk," the waiter said. The old man looked at him. The waiter went away.14 "Hell stay all night," he said to his colleague. "Im sleepy now I never get into bed before three oclock. He should have killed himself last week."15 The waiter took the brandy bottle and another saucer from the counter counter-attack自衛(wèi)反擊戰(zhàn)->encounter遭遇 inside the cafe and marched out the Long March長(zhǎng)征, stride to the old mans table. He put down the saucer and poured Its not raining, its pouring! the glass full of brandy. The waiter took the bottle back inside the caf. He sat down at the table with his colleague again.16 "I wish he would go home I wish I could jump as high as the tall!. I never get to bed before three oclock. What kind of hour (time) is that to go to bed?"17 "He stays up because he likes it."18 "Hes alone獨(dú)處；along: (1)pre.沿著, the street/ the road；（2）adv. Shes waiting the right man come along.等著意中人的處出現(xiàn) lonely (孤獨(dú)). Im not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me."19 "He had a wife once too."20 "A wife would be no good (=no use) to him now"21 "You cant tell4 (Nobody knows天知道). He might be better (happier) with a wife."22 "I wouldnt want to be that (=so) old. An old man is a nasty (very bad or unpleasant) thing (nuisance. Noise is a nuisance)."23 "Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling (潑灑). Even now, drunk. Look at him."24 "I dont want to look at (=attend to伺候) him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard (concern關(guān)心) for pay no attention to sb./ be considerate to sb.; (1) handsome/ beautiful; (2) intelligent; (3) considerate體貼周到=moral those who must work."25 The old man looked from his glass across the square (terrace), then over at the waiters.26 "Another brandy," he said, pointing to his glass. The waiter who was in a hurry came over.27 "(I have) Finished," he said, speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ (use) when talking to drunken people or foreigners. "No more tonight. Close now."28"Another," said the old man.29 "No. Finished." The waiter wiped the edge of the table with a towel and shook his head. Gods Must Be Crazy上帝也瘋狂30 The old man stood up, slowly counted the saucers (glassses), took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a peseta5 tip (消費(fèi)).31 The waiter watched him go (<->going# to go) down go up north朝北走<->go down south朝南走; go up the hill上山<->go down the hill下山. Go to down town下城里去<->go up to the countryside下鄉(xiāng) the street, a very old man walking unsteadily (蹣跚) but with dignity (不失尊嚴(yán)).32 "Why didnt you let (have/ make) him stay and drink?" the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutter. "It is not half past two."33 "I want to go home to bed."34 "What is (the difference of) an hour?多耽誤一小時(shí)又怎樣？"35 "More (important) to me than to him."36 "An hour is the same (to anybody)."37 "You talk like (pre.) an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home."38 "Its not the same."39 "No, it is not," agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust (=unfair). He was only in a hurry.40 "And you? You have no fear (擔(dān)心) of going home before your usual hour (time)?"41 "Are you trying to insult me?"42 "No, hombre (guy/ fellow; a man, especially one of a particular type), only to make a joke."43 "No," the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising (standing up) from pulling down the metal shutters (金屬卷簾門(mén)). "I have confidence. I am all confidence (->confident)."44 "You have youth (n. You are young), confidence, and a job," the older waiter said. "You have everything."45 "And what do you lack (vt./ n.)?"46 "(I lack) Everything but (=except) work."47 "You have everything I have."48 "No. I have never had confidence and I am not young."49 "Come on (得了吧). Stop talking nonsense (廢話) and lock up."50 "I am (one) of those (people) who like to stay late at the caf," the older waiter said.51 "With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night."52 "I want to go home to bed."53 "We are of two different kinds (of people)," the old waiter said. He was now dressed to go home. "It is not only a question of youth and confidence although those things are very beautiful. Each night I am reluctant (=unwilling) to close up because there may be someone who needs the cafe"54 "Hombre, there are bodegas (storehouses for maturing wine) open all night long (=all the night)."55 "You do not understand. This is a clean and pleasant caf? It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, now, there are shadows of the leaves."56 "Good night," said the younger waiter.57 "Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself. It (The difference between this caf and others) is the light of course, but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You (Customers) do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not fear (n./ vt.) or dread (n./ vt.). It was a nothing that he knew too well (不甚明了). It was all a nothing and a man was nothing (useless) too. It (Reason) was only that the light was all it (cafe) needed and a certain cleanness (清潔) and order (井然有序). Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada (=nothing) y pues nada y nada y pues nada.6 (竹籃打水一場(chǎng)空). Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy (=your) name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver (save) us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee (you).8 與上帝同行->與零同行58 He smiled and stood before a bar with a shining steam pressure coffee machine9 (a coffee machine with drive from steam pressure).59 "What is yours (What do you want)?" asked the barman.60 "Nada."61 "Otro loco mas10 (Another crazy person又一個(gè)瘋狂的人)" said the barman and turned away.62 "A little cup," said the waiter.63 The barman poured it for him.64 "The light is very bright and pleasant but the bar is unpolished (not clean)," the waiter said.65 The barman looked at him but did not answer. It was too late at night for (verse->conversate->) conversation.66 "You want another copita11 (a traditional Spanish tulip-shaped sherry glass)?" the barman asked.67 "No, thank you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas (酒館). A clean, well-lighted cafe was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight (Day dawn), he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it was probably only insomnia (失眠癥). Many (people) must have it (disease).Notes1. A Clean, (ill) Well-Lighted (照明充足的) Place is a short story by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1926. It was later included in his 1933 collection (小說(shuō)集), Winner Take Nothing (勝者無(wú)所得). The main focus of this short story is on the pain of old age suffered by a man that we meet in a cafe late one night. Light and dark are contrasted (極端事物的對(duì)比) to show the difference between the aged (the old老年人) and the young people. This story throughout pictures (描繪) the desperation (絕望) of the aged when he has realizes the (futile無(wú)用的->) futility (=uselessness) of life.2. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 -July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist (專(zhuān)欄作家/ 新聞工作者->journalism新聞學(xué)). He was one of the veterans (老兵) of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation"(迷茫的一代). He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingways distinctive (different/ typical) writing style is characterized by economy (語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練) and (overstatement言過(guò)其實(shí)<->) understatement (含蓄). His heroes exhibit (=show) an (idea想法<->) ideal (理想的) described as "grace (優(yōu)雅) under pressure". Win without pride and lose without disgrace勝不驕，敗不餒3. They sat together at a table that . moved slightly (輕微地) in the wind.This long complicated (復(fù)雜的) sentence consists of three attributive clauses which are listed below:Attributive clause (1) .that was close against the wall near the door of the caf? Attributive clause (2) .where the tables were all empty.Attributive clause (3) .that moved slightly in the wind.4. You cant tell (= You dont know): (slang) You never can tell. It could be interpreted as "Nobody knows" or "Nobody can be certain about it".5. peseta: /peseta/ A basic unit of current: (1)n.洋流潮流; (2) 當(dāng)前的； affairs時(shí)事; extra affairs婚外情 currency (貨幣) in Andorra (安哥拉) and Spain (西班牙) between 1869 and 2002.6. .it all was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada: it all was nothing and as nothing. Nada, y and pues are all from Spanish and Portuguese; nada is for "nothing", y is for "and", and pues is for "as".7. Our nada who art in nada, . but deliver us from nada; pues nada.Here the old waiter said the Lords Prayer (向上帝禱告; pray: vi. 禱告; prayer: n. 祈禱詞) by replacing (=substituting) words with nada, with which he implied (indicate暗示) that religion (宗教) was a poor therapy (藥方/ 療法->therapist醫(yī)生) for people in despair and nothingness (因一無(wú)所有而絕望的時(shí)候). The Lords Prayer, also known as the Our Father Prayer, is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity (基督教); which takes the following form: Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed (holly) be Thy (=your) Name. Thy Kingdom (王國(guó)) come, Thy will be done, on Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses (sins罪孽), as we forgive those who trespass (得罪) against us. And lead us not into temptation (誘惑), but deliver us from evil (邪惡). For thine (yours) is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory (光榮), forever and ever. Amen.8. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee.Here the old waiter said the first line from the Hail Mary Prayer, replacing words with nothing, showing how desperate he was when he was stuck (cornered) in nothingness. 老而無(wú)功The Hail Mary is a traditional Catholic (天主教) prayer asking for the blessing (保佑) of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus (Christ-> Christmas圣誕節(jié)). This prayer takes (呈現(xiàn)) the following form: Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord (God) is with thee (you); blessed art thou (you) among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb (子宮), Jesus. Holy Mary; Mother of God, pray for us sinners (罪人), now and at the hour of our death. Amen.9. the shine: (1)n. 陽(yáng)光(2)vi.->普照大地/ 照耀 shining (閃閃發(fā)亮的) steam pressure coffee machine: a coffee machine with drive from steam pressure.10. Otro loco mas: Another crazy person (from Spanish).11. copita: a traditional Spanish tulip (郁金香/ 馬蹄蓮)-shaped sherry (雪利酒, 葡萄酒) glass.Word Bankbodega: n. a small Spanish grocer雜貨店老板->grocers (shop) grocery (日雜用品) store, sometimes combined with a wineshop酒店，酒窖; spirit 精神/靈魂/烈性酒brandy: n.an alcoholic liquor distilled (分餾) from wine or fermented (發(fā)酵的) fruit juice白蘭地; brand new嶄新的(coffee<->) cafe (=cafeteria): n. (US) a place to buy drinks, simple meals, and snacks (快餐) in咖啡館，小餐館 client: n. a customer or patron顧客->patriot-> patrioticcommit: v.to do or perform sth. illegal做，實(shí)行或犯（罪）(confident: adj. ->) confidence: n. trust or faith in sb. or sth.信心，信賴(lài)despair (n./ vi. ->desperate: adj.): n. complete loss of hope絕望dew: n. water droplets (小水滴) condensed (凝結(jié)) from the air, usually at night露珠; -let: adj. small/ tinydignity (n. ->dignify: vt.): n. poise (n. / vt. 平衡) and self-respect尊嚴(yán)(drink->drank->) drunk: adj. intoxicated with alcoholic liquor喝醉的; drunk driving酒后駕車(chē); drunkard醉鬼(dust->) dusty: adj. covered or filled with dust布滿(mǎn)塵埃的employ (->employer<-> employee): v. to make use of使用hombre: n. (slang俚語(yǔ)/ 方言) a man from Spain男人，西班牙系的人insomnia: n.chronic (慢性的/長(zhǎng)期的) inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate (=enough) length of time失眠(癥)insult: v.to treat with rudeness侮辱nasty: adj. dirty and smelly emission (散發(fā)): n.the act or an instance of emitting骯臟，邋遢的(omit->) omission省略, 刪除rap: (1)n. 說(shuō)唱文學(xué)作品; (2)vt. to hit sharply and swiftly敲擊regard: (1) n. careful thought or attention留意，關(guān)心; (2)vt. consider認(rèn)為reluctant (->reluctance): adj. be unwilling (to do sth.); (be) disinclined不愿意的<->be inclined to do sth.想做某事(sauce調(diào)味汁->) saucer: n. a small shallow dish having a slight circular (圓形的/ 環(huán)形的) depression (凹槽) in the center for holding a cup茶托shutter: n. a hinged cover or screen for a window, usually fitted with louvers (天窗,) 百葉窗spill: v. to cause or allow to run or fall out of a container (容器) 溢出，濺出square: n.an open, usually four-sided area廣場(chǎng); meter平方米/ cubic meter立方米(commit) suicide: n. the act or an instance of intentionally killing oneself自殺; pesticide殺蟲(chóng)劑syntax: n.the pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language句式，句型, 句法terrace: n. a platform extending outdoors (adv.戶(hù)外) from a floor of a house or an apartment building平臺(tái), balcony陽(yáng)臺(tái)/ 樓廳unjust: (1) adj. unfair不公平的; (2)adv. What did you say just now?unpolished: adj.lacking in good manners, culture, or refinement粗魯?shù)?；polish (=flatter)：vt. 阿諛?lè)畛蠵hrases and Expressionsclose up: to cause to cease operation or being used打烊 in a hurry (vi./ n.): hurriedly匆忙地; Hurry up, or well be late!keep watch:to keep an careful observation盯梢; night watch守夜人; watch TV; see a film; listen to the news over the radio.put up (=lift):to construct or erect (豎立) sth.舉起，抬起stay up (late) (=sit up late):not go to bed熬夜(turn on<->) turn off: to stop the operation or flow of sth. by means of a tap (水龍頭), switch (1)n.開(kāi)關(guān); (2)vi.轉(zhuǎn)換 or button關(guān)掉(<->bottom)；code switch轉(zhuǎn)碼Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. Why did the two waiters of the caf keep a close watch on the old man?A. Because the old man never showed up before.B. Because the old man tended to forget to pay the bill.C. Because the old man once committed suicide in the cafeD. Because the old man was getting drunk.2. In Para. 27, ". speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners." Here the "omission of syntax" implies thatA. the younger waiter had a poor knowledge of grammar and sentence structureB. the younger waiter in a hurry forgot to employ a right sentence structureC. the younger waiter saved some unnecessary sentence structureD. the younger waiter was too hurried and impatient to justify himself3. In what way were the younger waiter and the older waiter of two different kinds?A. The older waiter was sympathetic toward the old man, while the younger waiter was indifferent.B. The older waiter was seeking a clean and well lighted place, while the younger waiter enjoyed darkness because he was satisfied with the current life.C. The older waiter wanted to escape from nothingness, while the younger waiter hadnt yet lost passion for life.D. All of the above.4. Whats the real purpose of the repeated employment of nada in this story?A. To indicate that life is unending emptiness without companionship of man or God.B. To suggest that life would yield no fruit at all if we dont try hard.C. To imply that we should not believe in any religion.D. To show that the life with nothing at all is not worth living.5. According to the story, what is a clean, well-lighted place?A. It is a spacious room with clean environment and good lights.B. It is an escape from the darkness and nothingness of the life.C. It is the paradise where people can get the bliss from the Lord.D. It is a bar or caf, where people can seek the realization of their own values.II. Complete the foll