wordLesson 28 No parking禁止停車 What is Jasper White's problem? Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!參考譯文賈斯珀.懷特是少有的相信古代神話的人之一。他剛在城里買下一所新房子，但自從搬進(jìn)去后，就和汽車與車主們發(fā)生了磨擦。當(dāng)他夜里回到家時(shí)，總是發(fā)現(xiàn)有人把車停在他家大門外。為此，他甚至一次也沒能把自己的車開進(jìn)車庫(kù)。賈斯珀曾把幾塊“禁止停車的牌子掛在大門外邊，但沒有任何效果?，F(xiàn)在他把一個(gè)丑陋的石雕頭像放在了大門上邊，這是我見過的最丑陋的頭像之一。我問他那是什么？他告訴我那是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎。賈斯珀希望她把汽車和車主們都變成石頭。但到目前為止還沒有一個(gè)變成石頭呢！【New words and expressions】71 rarere a.罕見的2 ancient'einnt a.古代的，古老的3 myth mi n.神話故事4 trouble'trbl n.麻煩5 effect i'fekt n.結(jié)果，效果6 Medusami'dju:z n.美杜莎(古希臘神話中3位蛇發(fā)女怪之一)7 Gorgon'g:gn n.(古希臘神話中的)3位蛇發(fā)女怪之一一單詞講解：rare1) adj. 稀有的，罕見的，不尋常的rarer, rarestnot often happening or seen, unusualeg. He is a rare person. 他是個(gè)少見的人。a rare book 珍本a rare plant 珍稀植物a rare butterfly 一只罕見的蝴蝶a rare visitor 稀客a rare edition 珍藏本It is rare + for (sb) + to do sth 某人很少做某事eg. It is rare for him to be absent. 他很少缺席。2) adj. 氣體等稀薄的，稀疏的 thinthe rare air of the mountains 山里的稀薄空氣3adj. 半熟的，煮得嫩的Id like my steak rare, please. 我要的牛排要三、四分熟。half-done 半熟  well-done 全熟rarity  'rerti: n. c 珍品，奇事 u 稀有rareness  n. u (空氣等)稀薄，稀有rarely adv. 不常否認(rèn)含義 not often, seldomI rarely eat in restaurants. I often cook myself. 我很少到飯店里吃。我一般都是自己做。ancient adj. 古代的，古老的old adj. 老的，舊的，先前的an old lady 一個(gè)老太太an old church 一個(gè)古老的教堂an old friend 老朋友my old job 我以前的工作senior 'si:nj adj. 較年長(zhǎng)的，資深的junior 'du:nj adj.年少的, 較年幼的；資歷較淺的, 地位較低的senior citizen 老人，退休的人the senior partner 大股東aged adj. 正式年老的，體衰的人an aged gentleman 一位老人ancient adj. 僅物遠(yuǎn)古的，古代的an ancient civilization 古代文明an ancient history 古代歷史antique  æn'ti:k adj. 僅物古舊的，珍貴的antique furniture 古董家具an antique coin 古錢幣myth n. 神話尤指與某一民族早期歷史或信仰有關(guān)，或解釋自然現(xiàn)象的故事。the Greek myths 希臘神話the Roman myths 羅馬神話legend  'lednd  n. 傳奇，傳說(shuō)Legend in the Fall 秋天的傳說(shuō)story n. 故事  / talenovel 小說(shuō)  folk-tale  fukteil 民間傳說(shuō)  fable n. 寓言  Aesops 'i:sp Fables 伊索寓言mystery 'mistri n. 神秘的事物，謎，秘密the mysteries of nature 神秘感an air of mystery 神秘的氣氛mythical 'mkl  adj. 神話的，神話式的，虛構(gòu)的mythical heroes 神話中的英雄trouble1) n. 麻煩have trouble with sb / sth  與有摩擦eg. Yesterday I had some trouble with a traffic policeman. 昨天我和一個(gè)交警有點(diǎn)摩擦。eg. Jasper White had trouble with cars and their owners.   賈斯伯懷特和一些車以與車主有點(diǎn)摩擦。eg. Thank you for your trouble. 謝謝你費(fèi)神。eg. No trouble at all. 哪兒的話，不麻煩。2) n. 困難，苦惱，苦惱的原因，麻煩的人eg. Whats the trouble? 怎么了？family troubles 家庭糾紛 political troubles 政治糾紛eg. Her heart was full of troubles. 她非常苦惱。have trouble in doing sth 做某事有困難，有麻煩have some trouble in doing sth 做某事有一定的難度have great trouble in doing sth 做某事有很大的難度have a little trouble in doing sth 做某事有一點(diǎn)困難原講課內(nèi)容為：have little trouble in doing sth 有誤，現(xiàn)已改正have no trouble in doing sth 做某事沒有困難have difficulty in doing stheg. With my help, you wont have trouble in driving. 有我?guī)椭汩_車不會(huì)有困難的。ask for trouble 自討苦吃  look for troublebe in trouble 有麻煩make trouble 惹麻煩The trouble is  糟糕的是，問題在于3) v. 使某人苦惱，麻煩，煩勞eg. That student sometimes troubles the teacher with hard questions.那個(gè)學(xué)生有時(shí)會(huì)用一些很難的問題麻煩教師。eg. She was troubled by the news of her mothers illness.她對(duì)媽媽生病的事感到很苦惱。eg. Sorry to trouble you. 不好意思，打擾你了。trouble about 為某人擔(dān)心  trouble overeg. Dont trouble about that. 別為那件事?lián)?。trouble to do sth 特意做某事eg. Dont trouble to see me off at the station. 你不用特意去車站送我了。troubled adj. 混亂的eg. Fish in troubled water 趁火打劫，渾水摸魚繞口令：Dont trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.         直到麻煩來(lái)惹你之前，不要去惹麻煩。effect  i'fekt1) n. 效果，效應(yīng)，影響have effect on sb / sth 對(duì)某人/某事產(chǎn)生影響eg. Did the medicine have any effect on patients? 這藥對(duì)病人有效果嗎？eg. The teachers words had a great effect on him. 教師的話對(duì)他產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。2 n. 結(jié)果cause 原因cause and effect 因果eg. His stomachache is an effect of overeating. 他胃疼是吃多了的結(jié)果。stomachache stmk,ek 胃痛;腹痛personal effects 私人財(cái)產(chǎn)，隨身攜帶的物品put sth into effect 使某物產(chǎn)生效果 bring sth into effectin effect 實(shí)際上eg. The vice-president is, in effect, the leader of the pany. 實(shí)際上，副總裁是公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。affect 'fekt  v. 對(duì)影響，發(fā)生作用affect sb 影響某人 affect sth 影響某事eg. Their opinion will not affect my decision. 他們的觀點(diǎn)不會(huì)影響我的決定。eg. The No Parking sign didnt affect those drivers.禁止停車的標(biāo)志并沒有影響到那些司機(jī)。eg. The possible gossip of the others couldnt affect her. 別人的流言蜚語(yǔ)不會(huì)影響到她。eg. Smoking affects health. 吸煙影響健康。affect v. 假裝affect sickness 假裝生病affect indifference 假裝不關(guān)心eg. She affects not to hear me. 她假裝沒聽到我。Medusa, GorgonGorgon是希臘神話傳說(shuō)中的蛇發(fā)女怪，其中之一的Medusa原本是一位有著一頭美麗頭發(fā)的美少女，深得天神宙斯的兄弟海神的寵愛，但卻因此遭到海神正妃的嫉妒，被變成一位有著一頭蛇發(fā)、豬牙般的牙齒、青銅色的手臂以與可飛行的黃金翅膀的丑陋少女，所有的人只要看她一眼就會(huì)嚇得立刻變成石頭。古希臘人將Medusa的頭像繪制在盤子上，以達(dá)到趨吉避兇的效果。國(guó)際著名的意大利時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)大師X思哲以他自己的名字命名了他的服裝品牌，而他的品牌標(biāo)志就是Medusa，代表著致命的吸引力。二、Key structures現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+過去分詞，表示過去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在存在影響。仔細(xì)閱讀如下句子，注意與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的表示時(shí)間的詞或詞組：I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. 我剛收到我弟弟蒂姆的來(lái)信。just 剛剛I have not seen Tim since last January. 自從去年一月我就沒再見過蒂姆。since+某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)I have not seen Tim for three years. 我已經(jīng)三年沒有見過蒂姆了。for+一段時(shí)間Up till now he has won five prizes. 到現(xiàn)在為止他已經(jīng)贏得五項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng)了。up till now 到現(xiàn)在為止I have been to New York three times so far. 迄今為止我已經(jīng)去過紐約三次了。so far 到現(xiàn)在為止Have you seen this film? 你看過這部電影嗎？通常搭配的adv.與短語(yǔ)有：just; already; ever; never; recently; lately; yet; so far; for six months2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以它可以和包括“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：now; today; this week; this month; this yearThe rain has stopped now. 雨終于停了。now 相當(dāng)于at lastI have lived here for five years now. 到現(xiàn)在為止我住在這兒已經(jīng)五年了。now 相當(dāng)于so farHave you seen John today? 今天你見過約翰嗎？today相當(dāng)于到現(xiàn)在為止It has rained every day this week. 這星期每天都下雨。3.have been與have gone含義不同。I have been to the library. 我去過圖書館。He has gone to the library. 他去圖書館了。4.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)中，但不能加一段時(shí)間。但是，在否認(rèn)句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)并加一段時(shí)間。因?yàn)椤胺裾J(rèn)本身是可以延續(xù)的。I have bought a car. 我買了一輛車。I have had the car for 3 weeks. 我買這輛車已經(jīng)3周了。I havent bought anything for three months. 我已經(jīng)三個(gè)月沒有買任何東西了。I havent touched beer for a whole week. 我已經(jīng)一周沒沾過啤酒了。5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有時(shí)帶有感情色彩。What have you done ! 你干了些什么！Now you have done! 這下你可闖禍了！定語(yǔ)從句一、在主從復(fù)合句中，充當(dāng)主句某一成分主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)叫定語(yǔ)從句。二、定語(yǔ)從句一般是由關(guān)系代詞who, that, which, whose, whom或關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)的。Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning?你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)今早來(lái)找小楊的人嗎？At the time when I saw him, he was well. 我看見他的時(shí)候，他很好。三、定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。1. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞代表一個(gè)或一類特定的人或東西，如果拿掉了定語(yǔ)從句，剩下的局部就會(huì)失去意義，不能成立或意思不清或不能說(shuō)明問題。Those who want to go please sign their names here. 那些想去的人請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@里簽名。The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important.昨天我收到的那封他寄來(lái)的信非常重要。The students who went to see the film were very disappointed.那些去看了電影的學(xué)生非常失望。2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，只對(duì)所修飾的詞作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，拿掉之后其他局部仍可成立。She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.她非常喜歡說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，而且她說(shuō)得非常好。I have many friends, some of whom are painters.我有許多朋友，其中一些是畫家。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句通常用逗號(hào)隔開。3.限定性定語(yǔ)從句1如果修飾人，一般用關(guān)系代詞who或用that，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較多，且不可省略，如果這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，用賓格whom或that，在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替，但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略。The people _ you were talking to were Swedes.  (who/that/whom/空)賓語(yǔ)He is a man _ you can safely depend on. (who/that/whom/空)賓語(yǔ)Here is the man _ youve been looking for. (who/that/whom/空)賓語(yǔ)2在表示“的這個(gè)所有關(guān)系的時(shí)候，可以用它的所有格whose。Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?你們班有家在東北的人嗎？3限定性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾“物，用關(guān)系代詞that或which但在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略。The parcel that/which came just now was for Tom. 剛剛到的包裹是給湯姆的。The train that/which has just left is for Xian. 剛開走的火車是去某某的。當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，大多數(shù)情況下可省略，尤其在口語(yǔ)中。Is there anything you need? 有你需要的東西嗎？Anything I can do for you?我能為你做些什么？在介詞后只能用which。The tool with which he is working is called a wrench./the tool that he is working with is called a wrench.他用來(lái)工作的工具叫做扳手。5當(dāng)限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)時(shí)間的時(shí)候，常用關(guān)系副詞when來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在很多情況下還可以不用或用that來(lái)表達(dá)。There are moments when I forget all about it. 總有一天我會(huì)忘了的。e any time that you like. 你喜歡的話隨時(shí)都可以來(lái)。She made me feel at home the moment I arrived.我一到她就讓我感覺好似到了自己家一樣。6限定性定語(yǔ)從句在修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞前，用關(guān)系副詞where，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)成分。I know a place where we can swim. 我知道一個(gè)可以游泳的地方。Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有沒有能買水果的商店？7在reason后的的定語(yǔ)從句可由why來(lái)引導(dǎo)，也可常省略。This is the reason (why) I did it. 這就是我為什么做這件事的原因。8在way后也可跟定語(yǔ)從句，不需要關(guān)系代詞或副詞。Thats the way I look at it. 那就是我看它的方式。That was the way she looked after us. 那就是她照顧我們的方式。Exercise 1: 用正確的動(dòng)詞填空1. Up till now we _ (plant) over 24,000 fruit trees.  (have planted)到目前為出我們己經(jīng)種了24000棵果樹了。2. I _ just _ (receive) an invitation to the party.  (have, received)我剛剛收到一份去晚會(huì)的邀請(qǐng)。3. So far we _ (discuss) the first five chapters.  (have discussed)到現(xiàn)在為止我們已經(jīng)討論了前五章。4. I _ (not hear) much of him recently.  (havent heard)我最近沒聽到多少關(guān)于他的消息。5. _ you ever _ (see) each other before?  (Have, seen)你們兩個(gè)以前見過面嗎？Exercise 2: 在需要的地方填上who，which，whose，that，when，where或why。1. The only games _ I play are football and tennis. (that/which)  2. Thats the way _ I look at it.    (that/in which) 3. He is the only student _ understands English well.  (that/who) 4. He is a writer _ books are seldom read.  (whose) 5. This is the hotel at _ we are staying.   (which) 6. This is the hour _ the place is full of children.  (when) 7. Lets think of a situation _ this idiom can be used. (where)8. Thats the horse _ won the race. (that/which)9. This is the reason _ I did it.  (why)10. Is she the girl _ sells flowers? (that/who) 三、課文講解 Text Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.定語(yǔ)從句修飾Jasper Whitebelieve in 信仰，信奉She believes in ancient myths. 她相信古代神話。I believe in God. 我信奉上帝。I believe in Jesus 'di:zs. 我信耶穌。/I believe in Jesus Christ kraist.believe 相信I believe you forever. 我永遠(yuǎn)相信你。I dont believe this story. 我不相信這個(gè)故事One of+ n. 復(fù)數(shù)One of my friends 我的一個(gè)朋友He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。have trouble with sb/sth與產(chǎn)生摩擦When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.because of +n. / pron. /doing由于because+ 從句Because it was raining, I had to stay at home./Because of the rain, I had to stay at home.even once 甚至一次否認(rèn)句中Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.put up X貼；搭起put up a notice X貼通知put up a tent 搭起帳篷have not had any effect/have had no effect 沒有任何效果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.This is the best film I have ever seen. 這是我所看過的最好看的電影。He is the noisiest person I have ever met. 他是我所見過的最吵鬧的人。It is the most expensive car I have ever driven. 這是我所開過的最貴的車。This is the worst photo I have ever taken. 這是我所拍過的最難看的照片。What a pretty girl! I have never met such a pretty girl before!多漂亮的女孩啊！我以前從沒見過這么漂亮的女孩What a good meal! I have never had such a good meal before!多好吃的一頓飯??！我從來(lái)沒吃過這么好吃的飯。What a silly story! I have never read such a silly story before!多傻的故事??！我從來(lái)沒有聽過這么傻的故事。What bad luck! I have never had such bad luck before!多糟糕的運(yùn)氣啊！我從來(lái)都沒有這么壞的運(yùn)氣。It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.I asked him what it was 賓語(yǔ)從句He told me that 賓語(yǔ)從句Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.turn sth into/to sth 把變成The witch turned the prince into a fog. 女巫把王子變成了青蛙。turn to 翻到Please turn to page 20.turn to sb 向某人求助，依賴I turned to him for advice. 我向他求助意見。But none of them has been turned to stone yet!none of 沒有none of之后的名詞前一定要接the，this，my，your，等修飾限定成分。None of the students could answer the question. 沒有學(xué)生能夠回答這個(gè)問題。He did none of his task. 他沒有完成任務(wù)。接名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常視為復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)使用，但作較正式的表達(dá)時(shí)，如此視為單數(shù)。None of us have/has ever been abroad. 我們中沒有人出過國(guó)。假如名詞為不可數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如此視為單數(shù)形式來(lái)使用。None of the money was paid to me. 一分錢都沒有付給我。所接名詞假如為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，指三者中間沒有任何一個(gè)。neither of 指兩者中沒有一個(gè)none other than 不外是，就是none the less 然而，盡管如此四、練習(xí)Exercises1. There is always a car outside his gate. _ he cant get his own car into his garage.A. For this   B.Because   C. Thats why   D. Because of分析：C. 那就是為什么，表示原因或理由，表示前面提到的事情是原因，而后面是結(jié)果：A. 這個(gè)搭配是錯(cuò)誤的，通常說(shuō)for this reason;B. 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而題干前面是原因后面是結(jié)果：D. Because of也引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)，后面加名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)。 答案：C2. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. Ive never seen _ .A. an ugly one   B. an ugliest one   C. the ugliest one   D. an uglier one分析：A. B和C. 都與前面句子矛盾。D用比擬級(jí)表達(dá)了最高級(jí)的概念。3._ of them has been turned to stone.A. no one   B. not one   C. no   D. even one沒有一個(gè)人被變成石頭。分析：B. 最符合語(yǔ)法；A. 獨(dú)立作主語(yǔ)，后面不跟of短語(yǔ)：C. 不符合語(yǔ)法，應(yīng)該是none of them; D. 不符合題意。答案：B4. Once out of the earths gravity, the astronaut is _ by the problem of weightlessness.A. affected   B. effected   C. inclined   D. related一旦脫離了地球的引力，宇航員就會(huì)受失重問題的影響。分析：A. 影響；B. 多用做名詞，have an effect on表示“對(duì)影響：作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意為“引起，產(chǎn)生C. 傾斜，彎腰，點(diǎn)頭；D. 與相關(guān)。答案：A六、補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容諺語(yǔ)：1. A rose by any name would smell as sweet.人或物不在乎其叫什么，而在于其實(shí)質(zhì)；玫瑰花換一個(gè)名字仍然一樣香。2. A stitch in time saves nine.一出過失就采取行動(dòng)可省卻以后很多工作；小洞不補(bǔ)，大洞吃苦；即時(shí)一針省九針。10 / 10