電大幼兒游戲與玩具期末復習資料小抄一、名詞解釋1剩余精力說 剩余精力說的代表人物是德國思想家席勒（schiller）和英國社會學家、心理學家斯賓塞（spencer）。他們認為，生物有維護自己生存的能力，身體健康的兒童除了維持正常生活外，還有剩余精力，剩余精力需要發(fā)泄，游戲就是一種剩余精力的發(fā)泄方式。席勒是在研究美學時，發(fā)現愉悅是美學活動和游戲共有的特征而對游戲有所研究。他在審美教育書簡中首先提出人和動物有剩余精力，從游戲而得到快樂，并不在乎認識游戲的方法，只不過因為精力的使用和自由。斯賓塞從神經心理學的角度來解釋剩余精力：由于神經中心在使用一段時間后就疲勞，需要休息，休息一段時間后，精力就不穩(wěn)定，超過對各種刺激的反應，因而產生剩余精力。游戲是剩余精力的發(fā)泄。剩余精力說的主要觀點是：第一，生物體部有維護自己的生存能力，生物體進化得越高級，這種能力越強；第二，兒童除了一般生活活動（吃飯、洗手等）外，不需謀生，所以除了維護正常的生活外，還有剩余精力，同樣高等動物除了維持生存所必須消耗的精力之外，也還有剩余精力；第三，兒童和高等動物的剩余精力必須要找到出路消耗、發(fā)散出去，否則就像不透氣的蒸氣鍋要發(fā)生爆炸，于是就用自然的無目的的活動方式游戲以獲得快樂，所以就產生了游戲；第四，游戲就是兒童和高等動物對剩余精力的一種無目的的消耗。而低等動物的精力只能用于保護自己，無剩余精力，所以不存在游戲。因此，他們把人類的活動分成兩種：一種是有目的的活動，被稱為工作；一種是無目的的活動，被稱為游戲即精力發(fā)泄。2松弛說松弛說的代表人物是德國學者拉察魯斯（lazarus）和帕特里克（patrick）。他們認為，游戲不是為了剩余精力的發(fā)泄，而是為了精力的恢復，兒童需要用滑稽戲來恢復精力。3前練習說前練習說又稱生活預備說，代表人物是德國哲學家格魯斯（Gross）。他認為，在童年時代就要游戲，游戲提供了兒童準備參加嚴肅生活的途徑，游戲是兒童未來生活最好的預備。4復演說 復演說的代表人物是美國心理學家霍爾（Hall）。他認為，游戲重演了人類進化的過程，重現了人類進化過程中祖先的動作和活動，游戲是人類遺傳活動的表現。5自主性體驗 游戲之所以有磁鐵般的吸引力，源于游戲的自由，這種自由的享有者是幼兒。幼兒自己決定什么時候開始游戲，什么時候結束，玩什么游戲以及怎么玩，和誰玩，等等。談及游戲，幼兒的心理狀態(tài)總是放松的，因為他們是游戲的主人，持有這種“權利”所引起的體驗就是自主性體驗。自主性體驗是幼兒游戲性體驗的重要成分。6角色扮演 “角色扮演是一種特殊的游戲動作，是指幼兒以自身或他物為媒介對他人或他物的動作、行為、態(tài)度進行模仿的動作，也可以說是一種象征性動作?！?象征動作 幼兒在游戲中的動作和生活中的基本動作不同，盡管在表現上類似，但意義卻截然不同，比如游戲中幼兒模仿日?；顒又信那虻膭幼?，不是真要玩球，而是為了符合游戲的情景，配合游戲的需要。這種動作就是象征動作，即“在表象作用支配下的想象性虛構性動作”。8感覺運動游戲 感覺運動游戲即機能性游戲、練習性游戲、實踐性游戲，是兒童最早出現的一種形式，一般存在于從兒童出生到2歲這一階段。9象征性游戲 象征性游戲是2-7歲學前兒童最典型的游戲形式。象征即用具體的事物表現某種特殊意義，在這一時期，幼兒的象征游戲表現為運用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行動方式將現實生活和自己的愿望反映出來。幼兒在這種游戲中會把一種東西當做另一種東西來使用情景轉變， 以物代物、以人代人是象征性游戲的基本構成要素。通過象征性游戲 ，幼兒可以脫離當前對實物的知覺，以象征代替實物并學會用語言符號進行思維，體現著幼兒認知發(fā)展的水平。10表演游戲 表演游戲是根據故事、童話、舞蹈等文藝作品的內容，指導幼兒進行扮演的游戲。它需要背誦文學語言，在充分理解的基礎上，依據作品情節(jié)，分角色表達出人物性格。表演游戲屬于一種特殊的角色游戲，很多學者把它歸入角色游戲中。它是對童話或故事中成型角色的語言、動作、表情等進行創(chuàng)造性扮演的游戲。11軼事記錄法軼事記錄。軼事記錄是指簡短地記錄幼兒的游戲或游戲中的偶發(fā)事件。這些記錄可反映幼兒的游戲技能以及社會性、認知、情感和身體等方面發(fā)展的狀況。軼事記錄可以在觀察幼兒游戲的過程中進行；也可以在游戲結束之后進行通過回憶描述游戲過程中發(fā)生的事件，這樣做的不足之處是有可能遺漏游戲中的重要信息。12交叉式介入法 交叉式介入法是指當幼兒有教師參與的需要或教師認為有指導的必要時，由幼兒邀請教師作為游戲中的某一角色或教師自己扮演一個角色進入幼兒的游戲，通過教師與幼兒角色之間的互動，起到指導幼兒游戲的作用。當幼兒處于主動地位時，教師可扮演配角。13. 專門化玩具 專門化玩具亦稱成型玩具，是根據游戲的需要，專門設計制作的玩具，如各種交通工具、炊具、娃娃等。它們可直接充當游戲的成員或設備，有助于幼兒模仿成人的活動，激發(fā)幼兒游戲的興趣和愿望。14. 結構造型玩具 結構造型玩具，如各種積木、積塑、泥、沙、雪等。由于這種玩具的玩法沒有定型，幼兒根據自己的想象，可以利用這種玩具建造各種建筑物或者立體形象，對挖掘兒童智能，培養(yǎng)幼兒的創(chuàng)造力、想象力有著重要作用，此外還能提高幼兒動作的協調性和準確性，提高幼兒游戲的興趣。15. 智力玩具 智力玩具是指用以發(fā)展幼兒智力的玩具，包括各種圖片、卡片和各種拼、插、套、鑲嵌等材料。二、簡答題（答出要點即可，不必展開論述。） 1游戲的覺醒理論的主要觀點有哪些？游戲的覺醒理論又稱內驅力理論。它的代表人物是伯萊因，他認為，覺醒是中樞神經系統(tǒng)的機能狀態(tài)，環(huán)境刺激是覺醒的重要源泉，當機體缺乏刺激時，機體采取游戲的方式來增強刺激，提高覺醒水平，使機體感到舒適。2經典游戲理論有哪些貢獻？ 1. 強調游戲的發(fā)展是兒童與成人相互作用的結果2. 賦予游戲以更為積極的重要價值3. 對于學前教育實踐具有重要影響3簡述幼兒游戲的特征。 一、主動性二、虛構性三、興趣性四、形象性4幼兒游戲的外部條件游戲的外部條件主要指成人為幼兒營造的物質環(huán)境及游戲的心理氛圍。成人應認識到幼兒對游戲享有自由選擇的權利，游戲的難度應與幼兒的能力水平一致，游戲中不以最終結果為目的。5玩具有哪些教育作用？ （一）玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒科學探索的精神（二）玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒審美能力和品德行為（三）玩具有利于幼兒認知能力的發(fā)展6簡述幼兒游戲的認知分類。 （一）感覺運動游戲感覺運動游戲即機能性游戲、練習性游戲、實踐性游戲，是兒童最早出現的一種形式，一般存在于從兒童出生到2歲這一階段。該游戲的主要表現形式為徒手游戲或重復的操作物體的游戲。（二）象征性游戲象征性游戲是2-7歲學前兒童最典型的游戲形式。象征即用具體的事物表現某種特殊意義，在這一時期，幼兒的象征游戲表現為運用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行動方式將現實生活和自己的愿望反映出來。幼兒在這種游戲中會把一種東西當做另一種東西來使用情景轉變，以物代物、以人代人是象征性游戲的基本構成要素。通過象征性游戲，幼兒可以脫離當前對實物的知覺，以象征代替實物并學會用語言符號進行思維，體現著幼兒認知發(fā)展的水平。（三）結構游戲（四）規(guī)則游戲7.幼兒游戲場地環(huán)境創(chuàng)設的原則是什么？要遵循一定的原則。第一，促進幼兒的發(fā)展。第二，符合幼兒特點。第三，保證幼兒的安全性。8. 簡答教師組織教學游戲時的主要環(huán)節(jié)。組織這種游戲時，應有以下幾個環(huán)節(jié)。1. 準備游戲經驗，投放材料2. 確定游戲活動的規(guī)則和方法3. 觀察游戲4. 參與游戲，指導游戲5. 評價游戲，分享游戲體驗9. 如何保證游戲觀察的有效性？ 觀察的有效性，首先，教師在觀察孩子的游戲過程中，橫向面要廣泛，要關注班內每一個孩子，知道他們都在哪個游戲主題里玩，玩什么，和誰在一起玩，產生了哪些有價值的游戲情節(jié)。其次，從教師觀察的縱向說，要有一定的深度， 不要簡單地只看到游戲的表面，而應看到孩子出現的游戲行為背后所蘊涵的發(fā)展意義。 最后，教師在觀察孩子游戲過程中，還需要具備觀察的靈敏性，要善于捕捉幼兒在游戲中的興趣熱點和所出現的矛盾焦點。10.簡述結構游戲的年齡特征。 幼兒結構游戲的水平往往反映了其智力發(fā)展的水平，幼兒在不同的發(fā)展階段會表現出不同的結構游戲水平。（一）小班幼兒結構游戲的年齡特征小班幼兒在開始時通常只是無目的地擺弄結構材料，光拿著玩，還不會搭。小班幼兒玩結構游戲的時間一般是10分鐘，在10分鐘內幼兒能夠維持建構興趣和游戲樂趣，抑制非游戲行為產生。（二） 中班幼兒結構游戲的年齡特征中班幼兒進行結構游戲的目的比較明確，如果你在幼兒擺弄結構材料時問“你要搭什么”，幼兒一般能夠明確地說出他想要搭建的主題。中班幼兒結構游戲的時間一般是20分鐘。（三）大班幼兒結構游戲的年齡特征大班幼兒已經基本掌握了結構游戲的技能，以積木游戲為例，大班幼兒能搭復雜的物體或建筑物，能對稱或加以裝飾。大班幼兒能圍繞一個主題進行長時間的結構活動，并且出現多人參與的集體結構游戲。11. 幼兒表演游戲的特點和作用是什么？ （一）幼兒表演游戲的特點1. 游戲性2. 表演性（二）幼兒表演游戲的作用1. 培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的品質2. 培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的行為方式3. 有利于發(fā)展幼兒的語言能力，激發(fā)幼兒對文學藝術的興趣12. 如何對班級的玩教具進行管理？1. 建立玩教具使用的常規(guī)2. 合理放置，便于幼兒取放3. 定期清洗、檢修玩教具4. 根據需要，及時增減玩具三、論述題（結合實際進行具體論述。） 1論述社會文化歷史學派游戲理論的主要觀點、貢獻與局限性。 1主要觀點 （1）剩余精力說。代表人物是席勒與斯賓塞。主要觀點是：生物都有維持自己生存的能力，身體健康的兒童除了維持正常生活外，還有剩余精力，剩余精力需要發(fā)泄，而游戲就是一種剩余精力的發(fā)泄方式。（2）松弛說。代表人物是拉察魯斯和帕特里克。主要觀點是：游戲不是為了剩余精力的發(fā)泄，而是為了精力的恢復，兒童需要用游戲來恢復精力。（3）前練習說，又稱生活預備說。代表人物是格魯斯。主要觀點是：在童年時代就要游戲，游戲提供了兒童準備參加嚴肅生活的途徑，游戲是兒童未來生活最好的預備。（4）復演說。代表人物是霍爾。主要觀點是：游戲重演了人類進化的過程，重現了人類進化過程中祖先的動作和活動，游戲是人類遺傳活動的表現。2評價貢獻與局限性（1）貢獻：在人類思想史上，第一次嚴肅地思考并解釋了兒童游戲的原因與意義；從兒童生理的不同側面對兒童游戲的原因與意義進行解釋；從人的一般本性和共性的角度對兒童游戲的原因與意義進行解釋；基本上肯定了游戲是兒童的一種重要活動，是兒童心理發(fā)展的重要力量。（2）局限性：受生物進化論的影響從本能的生物性角度解釋游戲；以工作作為游戲的對立面解釋游戲；主要是主管思辨的產物，缺乏科學的實驗基礎。2舉例論述游戲對幼兒社會性發(fā)展的促進作用。 游戲有助于促進幼兒社會性的發(fā)展。首先，游戲反映幼兒周圍的現實生活，有助于幼兒的自我意識發(fā)展。幼兒在游戲中擔當角色，體驗現實生活中角色的感受，進而內化為自己的體驗，加深對自己現實角色的理解，學會發(fā)現自我，發(fā)現自我與他人的差別。游戲讓幼兒學會改變自己看問題的角度，逐漸克服“自我中心化”的觀點和思維的片面性。 其次，游戲有助于幼兒對社會角色的學習，發(fā)展社會交往能力。幼兒在游戲中既能利用假想情境自由地從事自己的活動，如過家家、打針等，又不受現實生活條件的制約；既能充分展開理想的翅膀，又能再現和體驗成人生活的感受及人際關系。通過扮演成人角色，對成人行為態(tài)度進行模仿，幼兒在思想上了解了自己和自己同性別成人角色的關系，逐漸形成了性別角色的社會化。最后，游戲有助于幼兒形成良好的道德品質。游戲的規(guī)則是一種無形的約束力，有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒的自覺紀律。利用游戲的方式能夠培養(yǎng)和鞏固良好的 道德品質，提高道德的實效，促進幼兒形成良好的個性品質。通過游戲，促進幼兒主動學習道德知識，發(fā)展道德思維，促進道德認知的發(fā)展。通過游戲，寓教于樂，培養(yǎng)幼兒積極、肯定性的道德情感。通過游戲，磨練意志，培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的道德意志和品質。通過游戲，知行合一，培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的道德行為和習慣。3試論述如何在幼兒園中體現以游戲為基本活動。 以游戲為基本活動的含義是：除滿足基本生存需要的活動之外，發(fā)生次數最多和所占時間最多的活動；對兒童的生活或生長發(fā)展有重要影響的活動。在幼兒園的生活活動中，要用貼近幼兒生活的、滿足幼兒身心發(fā)展水平的方法來組織活動，讓幼兒每天都有愉快的情緒體驗。教師要以多種形式的游戲充實幼兒園的一日生活，盡量減少不必要的集體行動和過渡環(huán)節(jié)，減少和消除消極等待的現象。在幼兒園的教學活動中，應盡可能將教學活動游戲化，模糊教學與游戲的界限。游戲化的教學活動的組織關鍵是讓幼兒體會到游戲的興趣性，體會到成就感，從而能積極主動地參與教學活動。在游戲活動中，應保證幼兒每天有適當的自主選擇和自由活動的時間，提供必要的游戲條件，教師要成為幼兒活動的支持者、合作者、引導者，關注幼兒的表現和反應，形成合作式的師幼互動。4舉例說明本體性游戲和工具性游戲在幼兒園教育中具有什么作用？ 根據游戲與教育教學任務或目的的結合程度的不同，游戲可以分為本體性游戲和工具性游戲。本體性游戲也稱目的性游戲，是指幼兒進行自主、自發(fā)表現的游戲，游戲目的在于游戲本身，強調游戲本身的內在價值和游戲的自發(fā)性。這種游戲強調幼兒可以主動支配行為和自由參加游戲，它反映著幼兒發(fā)展的水平和興趣愛好，角色游戲、表演游戲和結構游戲都屬于此類游戲。工具性游戲也稱手段性游戲，是教師為實現特定的教育目的而組織的活動，以游戲為教育手段，通過游戲讓幼兒掌握大綱要求學習的知識和技能，促進幼兒按一定方向發(fā)展。工具性游戲的直接目的不在于游戲本身，而是在于通過有利于幼兒發(fā)展的游戲形式促進教育活動的有效進行和教育目標的順利實現。這種游戲強調游戲外在的工具價值即教學價值，音樂游戲、體育游戲、智力游戲等都屬于此類游戲。這兩類游戲在實踐中開展時，本體性游戲突出了游戲主體幼兒的自發(fā)性，工具性游戲把游戲作為教育教學的手段，教師的控制程度較大。實際上，無論何種形式的 游戲，其目的都指向幼兒的全面發(fā)展，其開展既要發(fā)揮幼兒的主體能動性，又不能完全放棄教育者指導作用的發(fā)揮。四、案例分析題 根據游戲的觀察原則與指導方法，分析案例中該教師的指導行為與時機是否正確，并給出你的建議。 案例：大班游戲：“飛機場” 地面監(jiān)控臺的“播音員”開始播音:“MF8417飛往海南的航班準備好了嗎?”播音過程伴隨著笑聲，又由于孩子本身發(fā)音較為含糊，再加上麥克風的擴音效果，整個游戲區(qū)顯得異常嘈雜。緊接著又開始播:“MF0188飛往北京的航班準備好了嗎?”由于兩個航班擺放在同一個區(qū)域，加上整個游戲區(qū)原先就較為嘈雜，對于“播音員”口齒不清的通知確實是聽不清楚。 十五分鐘過去了，前往海南的候機“乘客”還沒有等到登機的通知，孩子們開始顯得不耐煩了。這時候教師以乘客的身份介入了，教師手拿著機票很不耐煩地說道:“你們這航空公司也太不準時了，怎么到現在還不起飛，我可是要去談生意的，遲到了你們要負責的?！北O(jiān)控臺幼兒連忙通知道:“飛往海南的航班準備起飛。”老師又問道:“什么時候可以登機？”這時“播音員”又開始通知:“飛機馬上就要起飛，請乘客們在2號登機口登機?！毕旅娴某丝土⒖虨椤安ヒ魡T”糾正過來:“不是2號登機口，是1號登機口?！薄安ヒ魡T”連忙改正過來?！俺丝蛡儭遍_始伴隨著音樂陸陸續(xù)續(xù)登機了。這時，教師就離開了。 過了一會兒，孩子們登上了飛機，但飛機仍然不起飛，教師就來到孩子旁邊一字一句地教孩子通知飛機該起飛了，但由于孩子的聲音很模糊，“機長”也是在教師眼神的暗示下起飛了。飛機隨著音樂的聲音在慢慢地飛行著，這時“機長”突然朝著“空姐”大喊:“趕快把東西收起來，飛機要沖下去了?！薄翱战恪边B忙把東西收起來，這時又聽到“機長”喊道:“飛機就要爆炸了，請大家準備跳機?！钡孛姹O(jiān)控臺的孩子聽到后，就拿起麥克風問到:“MF8417的航班出了什么問題，機長請回答，請回答。”“機長”回答道:“起落架出問題?！北O(jiān)控臺發(fā)出指示:“緊急迫降?！?緊急迫降成功?！俺丝汀卑踩德?。剩下飛往北京的“乘客們”開始向老師抱怨道:“老師，我們都等好久好久了，飛機怎么還不起飛呢?”老師一手拿過麥克風自己充當起了地面監(jiān)控員，飛機很順利地起飛了，也很順利地降落了。 答：老師適時地干預了孩子的自主游戲，糾正了被冷落的那組孩子的混亂游戲，使得這組孩子也對游戲感到滿意。達到了游戲的效果。建議老師在游戲開始前先給予“機長”和“地面監(jiān)控員”更細致的指導，避免游戲出現卡殼。請您刪除一下內容，O(_)O謝謝！2015年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese請您刪除一下內容，O(_)O謝謝！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water" in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters Festival." In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the "Chinese Valentines Day." More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying "Sales on Chinese Valentines Day!" in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship. During all these years, we know each other better and we become more tolerant about each other and I realize that if you really love a person you will accept his imperfect. And what is the qualification of a good husband? Once I was chatting with my colleague about this issue. And one of the qualifications I thought was that he must be a good cook. But to my surprise, my colleague said that a good husband must be someone who makes big money. What made her think so was quite beyond me. Maybe I am not sophisticated enough and what I want is just simple life style. The most enjoyable thing is that we go to the market to buy vegetables and other daily stuffs if we both have time. Maybe he is a housebound husband and I love housebound man. And there is another reason why We love going to the market. That is because we sometimes will get some surprises. The surprise is saving little fish which are disserted by the fish mongers. Because these fish are swellfish. Then we will collect them and set them free into the river. Swellfish are lovely creature. When they look like a little submarine when they are swimming in the water and look like a meat ball when you hold them in your hand. And if they are scared, they will swell and look like a little ball. Every time we see them swim away and we feel their happiness of returning home and this also make us cherish life. Maybe some will consider these behavior as something childish. Well, that is fine with us. We love doing these together and feel happy that is what it is all about. My dear hubby is a kind hearted man and he love animals just as I do. I am lucky to have someone who can be both my intimated soul ma