中央廣播電視大學(xué)2011-2012學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期“開(kāi)放本科”期末考試建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)試題一、選擇題（每小題3分，共45分） 1下列，( )不屬于科學(xué)研究性試驗(yàn)。 A驗(yàn)證結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算理論的假定 B為制訂設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范提供依據(jù) C為發(fā)展和推廣新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料與新工藝提供實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn) D服役結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠性鑒定 2( )和控制系統(tǒng)可以完成結(jié)構(gòu)靜荷試驗(yàn)、結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)荷試驗(yàn)、結(jié)構(gòu)低周疲勞和模擬地震試驗(yàn)等等。 A液壓千斤頂 B單向作用液壓加載器 C雙向作用液壓加載器 D電液伺服作動(dòng)器 3貼電阻片處的應(yīng)變?yōu)?000ye，電阻片的靈敏系數(shù)K-2O，在這個(gè)電阻片上應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的電阻變化率應(yīng)是下列哪一個(gè)？( ) A0.2% B0.4% C0.1% D0.3% 4下列，( )可測(cè)出鋼筋位置。 A超聲法 B鉆芯法 C磁檢測(cè)法 D扁頂法 5用量綱分析法進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)模型設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，( )不屬于基本量綱。 A質(zhì)量M B應(yīng)力d C長(zhǎng)度L D時(shí)間T 6下列鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的承載力極限標(biāo)志中，( )條不正確。 A.跨中最大撓度達(dá)到跨度的1/60 B受拉主筋重心處裂縫寬度達(dá)到1. 5mm C剪力區(qū)，受壓混凝土剪壓破壞或斜壓破壞 D主筋端部相對(duì)混凝土滑移達(dá)0. 2mm 7疲勞試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中要進(jìn)行四種形式的試驗(yàn)。( )首先調(diào)整最大、最小荷載，待穩(wěn)定后開(kāi)始記數(shù)，直到需做靜載試驗(yàn)的次數(shù)。在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，需要做動(dòng)態(tài)撓度與動(dòng)應(yīng)變測(cè)量。 A預(yù)加載 B靜載試驗(yàn) C疲勞試驗(yàn) D破壞試驗(yàn) 8在結(jié)構(gòu)抗震動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)中，( )加載方法既能較好地模擬地震又易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。 A采用機(jī)械式偏心激振器激振 B采用地震模擬振動(dòng)臺(tái) C采用炸藥爆炸模擬人工地震 D采用電磁激振器激振 9( )能實(shí)現(xiàn)多點(diǎn)同步加載，在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)中是理想的加載方法之一，它不但可以對(duì)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)物施加靜荷載，也可施加動(dòng)荷載。 A液壓加載 B重物加載 C機(jī)械式加載 D氣壓加載 10通過(guò)( )這種方式可以實(shí)現(xiàn)均布荷載的加載，也可以使用料盤(pán)實(shí)現(xiàn)集中荷載的加載。 A液壓加載 B重物加載 C激振器加載 D機(jī)械式加載 11在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，( )布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是：消除了溫度影響，也消除了偏心荷載的影響，測(cè)量靈敏度提高了2(l+v)倍，使用的應(yīng)變片較多。 A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案 B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案 C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案 D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案 12下列，( )屬于砌體強(qiáng)度的間接測(cè)定法。 A回彈法與推出法 B推出法與扁頂法 C扁頂法與原位單磚雙剪法 D原位單磚雙剪法與回彈法 137r定理表述如下：如果一個(gè)物理現(xiàn)象可由n個(gè)物理量構(gòu)成的物理方程式描述，在n個(gè)物理量中有k個(gè)獨(dú)立的物理量，則該物理現(xiàn)象也可以用這些量組成的( n-k)個(gè)無(wú)量綱群的關(guān)系來(lái)描述。7c定理是相似的( )。 A必要條件 B充分條件 C判據(jù)存在定理 14用( )得到的頻率和阻尼均比較準(zhǔn)確，但只能測(cè)出基本頻率。 A自由振動(dòng)法 B共振法 C脈動(dòng)法 15受彎構(gòu)件的疲勞破壞標(biāo)志為受壓區(qū)混凝土疲勞破壞時(shí)，這是當(dāng)( )可能發(fā)生。 A配筋率正?；蜉^低時(shí) B配筋率正?；蜻^(guò)高時(shí) C配筋率過(guò)高或倒T形截面時(shí) D配筋率過(guò)低或倒T形截面時(shí)二、判斷題（每小題3分共15分。將判斷結(jié)果填入括弧，以表示 正確，以表示錯(cuò)誤） 1動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)包括振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)和疲勞試驗(yàn)。( ) 2被測(cè)物理量的單位變化引起測(cè)試系統(tǒng)輸出值變化量的大小稱(chēng)為靈敏度，靈敏度的表示方法是：輸出量與被測(cè)物理量之比。( ) 3在動(dòng)力反復(fù)荷載作用下，結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度要比靜力低周反復(fù)加載降低10%以上。( ) 4動(dòng)荷加載的方式有：重物加載、慣性力加載、激振器加載、爆炸加載、液壓加載。( ) 5板、殼一般只承受壓力，承載力標(biāo)志是混凝土被壓壞。( )三、簡(jiǎn)答題（共40分） 1結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)按試驗(yàn)的目的、對(duì)象、荷載性質(zhì)、試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所以及試驗(yàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間可將結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)分為哪幾類(lèi)？（7分） 答： 2電阻應(yīng)變測(cè)量方法的主要特點(diǎn)如何？（7分） 答：3什么是結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)的加載制度？它包括哪些內(nèi)容？（7分）答：4靜力試驗(yàn)最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是什么？（7分）答：5試述測(cè)量應(yīng)變有哪幾種儀器（方法）?（6分）答：6動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)包括哪些試驗(yàn)？（6分）答：試卷代號(hào)：1 142 中央廣播電視大學(xué)2011-2012學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期“開(kāi)放本科”期末考試建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)試題答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) （供參考）一、選擇題（每小題3分，共45分） 1D 2D 3A 4C 5B 6A 7C 8B 9A 10B 11D 12A 13C 14A 15C二、判斷題（每小題3分，共15分。將判斷結(jié)果填入括弧，以表示正確，以表示錯(cuò)誤） 1 2 3 4 5三、簡(jiǎn)答題（共40分） 1結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)按試驗(yàn)的目的、對(duì)象、荷載性質(zhì)、試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所以及試驗(yàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間可將結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)分為哪幾類(lèi)？（7分） 答：結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)按試驗(yàn)的目的、對(duì)象、荷載性質(zhì)、試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所以及試驗(yàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間可將結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)分為生產(chǎn)檢驗(yàn)性試驗(yàn)和科學(xué)研究性試驗(yàn)；真型試驗(yàn)與模型試驗(yàn)；靜力試驗(yàn)與動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)；短期荷載試驗(yàn)與長(zhǎng)期荷載試驗(yàn)。 2電阻應(yīng)變測(cè)量方法的主要特點(diǎn)如何？（7分） 答：電阻應(yīng)變測(cè)量方法的主要特點(diǎn)：測(cè)量靈敏度高；標(biāo)距??；滯后??；在復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中也可以完成應(yīng)變測(cè)量。 3什么是結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)的加載制度？它包括哪些內(nèi)容？（7分） 答：結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)加載制度是指結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行期間控制荷載與加載時(shí)間的關(guān)系。它包括加載速度的快慢、加載時(shí)間間歇的長(zhǎng)短、分級(jí)荷載的大小和加載、卸載循環(huán)的次數(shù)等。 4靜力試驗(yàn)最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是什么？（7分） 答：靜力試驗(yàn)的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是所有加載設(shè)備相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，荷載逐級(jí)施加，可以停下來(lái)仔細(xì)觀測(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)變形，給人一明晰的破壞概念。 5試述測(cè)量應(yīng)變有哪幾種儀器（方法）?（6分） 答：電阻應(yīng)變計(jì)；手持式應(yīng)變計(jì)；振弦式應(yīng)變計(jì)。 6動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)包括哪些試驗(yàn)？（6分） 答：動(dòng)力試驗(yàn)包括振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)和疲勞試驗(yàn)。請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as "large, light, and handled with the hands." Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would "barnstorm" into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word "cagers," others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter "Doc" Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest "Phog" Allen at Kansas, Ward "Piggy" Lambert at Purdue, and Henry "Doc" Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward "Ned" Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Rochester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 19491950 season. The result was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Podoloff its first commissioner. The seventeen-team league struggled at first but soon reduced its size and gained stability, in large part because of Mikans appeal and Podoloffs skills. Despite the point-shaving scandal, college ball thrived in the 1950s, largely because it had prolific scorers and more great players than in any previous decade. Frank Selvy of Furman and Paul Arizin of Villanova both averaged over forty points early in the decade, while Clarence "Bevo" Francis of tiny Rio Grande College in Ohio amazed fans by scoring 116 points in one game while averaging 50 per game for a season. The decade also witnessed some of the most talented and complete players ever. Tom Gola at LaSalle, Bill Russell at San Francisco, Wilt Chamberlain at Kansas, Elgin Baylor at Seattle, Jerry West at West Virginia, and Oscar Robertson at Cincinnati, all had phenomenal skills that have since been the measure of other players. And in 1960 one of the best teams ever, Ohio State, won the NCAA title led by Jerry Lucas and John Havlicek. Professional basketball underwent major changes in the 1950s that helped increase its popularity. In 1950, Earl Lloyd, from West Virginia, played for the Washington Capitols and became the first African American to play in the NBA. In 1954, Danny Biasone, owner of the Syracuse Nationals, persuaded the NBA to institute the twenty-four-second shot clock, requiring a team to shoot within that time. This eliminated the slow pace that had long prevailed in the pros and made the NBA more exciting. Teams now scored one hundred points a game regularly. The league also now