Unit21 Human Biology 人類生物學,考綱知識預覽,重點單詞,1 vi. 循環(huán) n. 循環(huán)；傳播，發(fā)行量 2 vt. 消化 n. 消化 3 vt. 容忍 n. 忍受，忍耐力；寬容 adj. 寬容的；容忍的 4 adj.根本的，基本的 adv. 根本上；基本上 5 adj. 強制性的，義務的 adj. (反義詞)自愿的；志愿的,circulate,circulation,digest,digestion,tolerate,tolerance,tolerant,fundamental,fundamentally,compulsory,voluntary,考綱知識預覽,6 vt. 反對 adj. 相反的，反對的 n. 反方，對立面 7 vt. 與(其他事物)相矛盾 n. 矛盾的說法；反駁 adj. 矛盾的；抵觸的 8 vt. 違反，違背 n. 違反；侵害 9 vt. 款待 n. 治療,oppose,opposite,opposition,contradict,contradiction,contradictory,violate,violation,treat,treatment,考綱知識預覽,10 n. 儲存 vi. 儲存，存放 11 vt. 禁止 n. 禁止；禁令 12 adj. 徹底的；細致的 prep.(形近詞) 穿過，通過 13. adj. 系統(tǒng)化的 n. 系統(tǒng),storage,store,prohibit,prohibition,thorough,through,systematic,system,考綱知識預覽,14 n. 大筆錢財；巨款 adj. 幸運的 adj. (反義詞)不幸的 15 n. 擔心，擔憂 v. 關(guān)心，涉及，有關(guān) adj. 擔心的，關(guān)心的，相關(guān)的 prep. 關(guān)于，有關(guān),fortune,fortunate,unfortunate,concern,concern,concerned,concerning,考綱知識預覽,1 徒然；白費力氣 2 不管多大代價，無論如何 3 立刻，馬上 4 徹底毀滅 5 終止；消滅 6 無論如何；至少 7 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)或遇見 8 推遲，拖延,高頻短語,in vain,at all costs,straight away,wipe out,stop sth.in its tracks,at any rate,come across,put off,考綱知識預覽,9 開始做 10 仔細檢查；復習 11 教育；養(yǎng)育；使注意到；引述 12 經(jīng)歷；通過；搜查 13 通過(考試等)；完成 14 知道；明白 15 清理；清除；解決；說明(神秘的事物等) 16 隨便地，隨意地 17 永久地,get down to,go over,bring.up,go through,get through,be aware of,clear.up,at random,for good,考綱知識預覽,1.the Spanish Flu the most acute epidemic in history. 西班牙流感被認為是歷史上最嚴重的流行性傳染病。 2.we have to there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks. 我們必須有信心將會有消滅禽流感的方法。,常考句型,is believed to have been,have faith that,考綱知識預覽,2.we have to there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks. 我們必須有信心將會有消滅禽流感的方法。 3When he went to the doctor that day, he what was about to happen to him. 當那天他去看病時，他一定不知道什么事將會發(fā)生在他身上。,have faith that,could not have known,考綱知識預覽,4 thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance. 很遺憾，由于無知，成千上萬的人們錯過了用傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)治療的機會。,It seems a real pity that,名師一線講壇,1. abuse vt.& n 濫用；虐待；辱罵 abuse ones authority/position/power濫用職權(quán)/權(quán)力 abuse a child 虐待小孩 an abuse of position 職權(quán)的濫用 an abuse of drugs 藥物的濫用,名師一線講壇,Laws have been passed to prevent government officials from abusing their power. 通過立法防止官員濫用權(quán)力。 They were so rude that they often abused each other in public.他們很粗魯，經(jīng)常在大庭廣眾之下彼此辱罵。 What she did was an abuse of her position as manager. 她的所作所為是濫用經(jīng)理職權(quán)。,名師一線講壇,1It has been revealed that some government leaders_their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves. Aemploy Btake Cabuse Doverlook,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,解析：選C。句意：一些政府領(lǐng)導被揭露濫用職權(quán)，非法為個人謀利。abuse 濫用，妄用(權(quán)力等)；(不當?shù)?使用；employ 雇用，使用；take 拿，取；overlook 俯瞰，眺望；忽略。,名師一線講壇,2. tolerate vt. 容忍；忍受 tolerate (sb./ones) doing sth.容忍（某人）做某事 be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.容忍某人/某物 have no tolerance for jokes of any kind 容不得開任何玩笑 the tolerable levels of pollution 可接受的污染程度,名師一線講壇,(1)tolerate 常用于否定句。 (2)tolerate 后接動名詞，但不接不定式。 I wont tolerate your bad manners any longer. 我再也不能忍受你那種惡劣的態(tài)度了。(朗文P1628) The plants are tolerant of frost. 這些植物耐霜。,思維拓展,名師一線講壇,He never could tolerate bores. 他從來忍受不了那些令人討厭的人。(朗文P1628) a tolerant father 寬容的父親(朗文P1628) Many old people have a very limited tolerance to cold. 許多老年人對寒冷的忍受力很差。(朗文P1628),名師一線講壇,2Smoking has been_in more and more public places, which was once just in places like gas stations. Apreserved Bprohibited Cignored Dtolerated 解析：選B。吸煙在越來越多的場合被“禁止”。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,3. oppose vt. 反對 opposed adj. 相反的，對立的 oppose A against/to B把A與B相對照或相比 oppose oneself to 反對 sb.be opposed to sth./doing sth.某人反對某事 as opposed to 與相對；與成對比,名師一線講壇,Most citizens opposed the bill. 許多市民反對這項議案。 200 attended，as opposed to 300 the previous year. 出席的有200人，而前一年是300人。 Your evidence opposes the fact. 你的證據(jù)與事實相背。 Im strongly opposed to your suggestion. 我堅決反對你的建議。,名師一線講壇,3What excuse did John give for his rudeness at the meeting? He didnt even mention it，_ explain it. Alet alone Band even not Cor not Das opposed to 解析：選A。let alone 在此意為“更不用說”。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,4. seek v. 尋求；追求；探求；探索；(正式)試圖 seek after/for sb./sth. 尋求某人/某物 seek ones fortune 尋找成功（致富）的機會 seek sth. from sb. 向某人請求某事（某物） seek sb./sth.out 搜尋出；（在一群中）找出 seek to do sth. 試圖做,名師一線講壇,They are seeking him everywhere. 他們正到處找他。 She managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.她設(shè)法使他平靜下來，然后向一位鄰居求助。 He is going to Canada to seek his fortune. 他想去加拿大掙大錢。,名師一線講壇,4He is always_fault with other people though he doesnt do his own work properly. Aseeking Blooking Cfinding Dputting 解析：選C。seek意為“尋找”；look“看(不及物動詞)”；find意為“找到”；put意為“放”。find fault with 意為“挑毛病”。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,5. postpone vt. 推遲；延期 postpone sth.(to sth.)推遲某事物；使某事物推遲 be postponed for an hour 推遲1個小時 postpone doing sth.推遲做某事 postpone sth.until/to 推遲；耽擱；使延期,名師一線講壇,Well have to postpone the meeting until next week. 我們將不得不把會議推遲到下周舉行。 They decided to postpone building the new school. 他們決定延遲興建新學校。,名師一線講壇,postpone，delay，put off 三個詞或詞組后都不可以跟不定式。 (1)postpone是正式用語，語義較強，指有意識地延至將來某一特定時間，在多數(shù)情況下，后面說明何時進行。 (2)delay 指暫時阻撓或阻擋，稍后可再繼續(xù)進行，后跟耽擱的原因。 (3)put off與postpone 大致同義，但較口語化。,比較網(wǎng)站,名師一線講壇,The game has already been postponed three times. 這場比賽已經(jīng)三度延期了。(牛津P1337) Commuters will face long delays on the roads today. 路遠乘車上下班的人今天要在路上耽誤很多時間了。(牛津P448) He keeps putting off going to visit his uncle. 他把看望他叔叔這件事一托再托。,名師一線講壇,5翻譯句子 (1)由于下雨我們推遲了比賽。 _ 答案：We postponed the match because of rain. (2)咱們在獲取更多信息之后再做決定也不遲。 _ 答案：Lets postpone making a decision until we have more information.,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,(3)由于雙方隊員的沖突，比賽被迫推遲半個小時。 _ 答案：The match was postponed for half an hour because of the conflict of players of the two sides.,名師一線講壇,6. prohibit vt. 禁止；阻止 prohibit.from doing sth.禁止做某事 prohibit smoking 禁止吸煙,名師一線講壇,Smoking in this railway carriage is strictly prohibited. 本列車車廂嚴格禁止吸煙。 We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours.工作時間內(nèi)我們不得喝酒。 The price prohibited us from buying it. 這東西價錢太高，我們買不起。,名師一線講壇,6Chinese customs regulations _ taking precious works of art out of China. Aprohibit Bforbid Cavoid Drepel,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,解析：選A。句意：中國海關(guān)條例規(guī)定禁止將珍貴的文物帶出中國。prohibit和forbid這兩個詞都有“禁止”之意，但應用范圍不同：prohibit用于上級部門的正式法令、規(guī)定或權(quán)威機構(gòu)的法律、法令；forbid用于普通人之間，如禁止做某事或不讓某人做某事。avoid避免；repel抵制，排斥，擊退。,名師一線講壇,7. contradict vt. 與(其他事物)相矛盾；反駁，否認，頂嘴 contradict sth.同矛盾/抵觸 contradict sb.反駁某人 contradiction 矛盾的說法；反駁 in contradiction to與互相矛盾 contradictory statements 矛盾說法,名師一線講壇,If you contradict me once more，youre fired. 你再頂撞我一次，我就解雇你！(朗文P323) Their alibis contradict each other. 關(guān)于他們不在犯罪現(xiàn)場的辯詞相互矛盾。(朗文P323) Its a contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.,名師一線講壇,你說你支持政府，但又在選舉中不投它的票，這是自相矛盾的。(朗文P323) Your behaviour is in(direct)contradiction to your principles. 你的行為與你的原則互相矛盾。(朗文P324),名師一線講壇,7完成句子 (1)他不敢頂撞他的父母。 He didnt dare_his parents. 答案：to contradict (2)他們的短期重點和長期目標互相矛盾。 Their shortterm priorities are_ _their longterm goals. 答案：in direct contradiction to,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,8. decline v (使)下降；衰退；謝絕 n. 下降；衰退 （1）decline by 下降 decline to do sth. 拒絕干某事 （2）fall into (a) decline 開始衰退 be in decline 處于下降、衰退中 on the decline 在走下坡路；在衰退（減少） The town fell into (a) decline after the mine closed. 這個鎮(zhèn)在礦井關(guān)閉后開始衰落。,名師一線講壇,decline，refuse，reject (1)decline 作“拒絕”之意時，常指有禮貌地回絕，婉言謝絕，其主語只能是人。 (2)refuse語氣比decline 重，主語可以是人也可以是物。 (3)reject比refuse 語氣更重，意為“拋棄，拒收，不采納”。,比較網(wǎng)站,名師一線講壇,I offered to give him a lift but he declined. 我主動邀請他搭車但他婉言謝絕了。 She refused to accept that there was a problem. 她拒不承認有問題存在。(牛津P1452) Ive been rejected by all the universities I applied to. 所有我申請的大學都沒有錄取我。(牛津P1457),名師一線講壇,8完成句子 (1)很抱歉，明天晚上我沒空，所以必須謝絕你的邀請。 Im sorry，but Im not free tomorrow evening so I have to _. 答案：decline your invitation,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,(2)全球經(jīng)濟自2008年以來一直在走下坡路。 Global economy_ _ since 2008. 答案：has been in decline,名師一線講壇,9. equip vt. 使有準備；配備；裝備 equipment n U 裝備；設(shè)備 equip sb./sth. with sth.用某物裝備某人/物 equip sb./ sth. for (doing) sth.為（做）某事而準備 sb.be equipped to do sth.某人有準備做某事 equip sb.to do sth. 使某人能夠做某事 be equipped with sth.裝備有某物 a piece of equipment 一件設(shè)備,名師一線講壇,Our classroom is equipped with a TV set and a tape recorder. 我們的教室里配有一臺電視和一臺錄音機。 A good education should equip you for life. 良好的教育能使你受用終生。 Our school has been given some new equipment. 我們學校有了一些贈送的新設(shè)備。,名師一線講壇,9We want to_ our children with some special skills, thus, they can live better in the future. Aprepare Bequip Cpermit Dallow 解析：選B。句意：我們想使我們的小孩具有某些特長，這樣，他們才能在將來生活得更好。equip使本身具有(必要的學問、能力之類)，符合句意。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,10The factory is equipped_ modern machinery and uses the most recent techniques. Awith Bon Cby Dinto 解析：選A。equip.with.“以配備”，be equipped with modern machinery 配備現(xiàn)代化機械。,名師一線講壇,10. temporary adj. 臨時的，短暫的 a temporary job 一項臨時工作 a temporary lecturer 臨時演講者 a temporary setback 短暫的挫折 be temporarily unavailable 暫時得不到,名師一線講壇,Students often find temporary jobs during their summer holidays.學生們常常在暑假打臨工。(朗文P1589) We apologize for the temporary inconvenience caused by these building works. 對于建筑施工造成的短期不便，我們謹致歉意。(朗文P1589) The daily flight to Dallas has been temporarily suspended. 每天飛往達拉斯的航班暫停。(朗文P1589),名師一線講壇,temporary的反義詞為permanent adj. “永久的，持久的”。,思維拓展,名師一線講壇,11翻譯句子 (1)半數(shù)以上的職員是臨時雇員。 _ 答案：More than half of the staff are temporary. (2)她只是暫時在這兒工作。 _ 答案：Shes only working here temporarily.,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,單項填空 Today I changed my room with Jack，so I had new_. Aschoolmates Bdeskmates Croommates 解析：選C。此處指“我”交換房間后有了新的室友。,單詞巧記,名師一線講壇,歸納與比較：mate(后綴)同伴,名師一線講壇,【經(jīng)典案例】 When I was a middle school student, we changed seats once a month, so I had many _. Aworkmates Bdeskmates Cdesk 【解析】 因為經(jīng)常交換座位，所以同桌有很多。 【答案】 B,名師一線講壇,11. in vain 徒然，白費力氣 vain adj. 自負的；自視過高的；空洞的，無用的；無謂的 a vain attempt 無用的嘗試 vain promises 空頭的許諾 vainly adv. 徒勞地,名師一線講壇,We tried in vain to make him change his mind. 我們想使他改變主意，結(jié)果是白費心機。 We tried vainly to persuade her not to go. 我們勸她別去，她不聽。 He was vain about his looks, spending hours in the gym. 他對自己的外表很自負，在健身房里一呆就是幾個小時。,名師一線講壇,12We tried_to persuade him to stay home, but at last, he went to the construction site in spite of his bad illness. Avain Bin vain Cin fact Din vainly 解析：選B。句意：我們極力勸說他待在家，但大都是徒勞的，盡管他生著重病，最后還是去了工地。in vain(vainly)徒勞地，白費力氣地。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,12. at all costs 不管多大代價；無論如何 at the cost of 喪失；犧牲 at a cost of 以的費用/價格 at any cost 以任何代價 to ones cost 使某人遭受損失,名師一線講壇,He saved his son from drowning but only at the cost of his own life. 他救了溺水的兒子，但自己卻丟了性命。 You are not to allow anyone to leave the house at all costs. 無論如何你一定不要讓任何人離開這個房子。 Its not worth arguing with him as I have learnt to my cost. 和他爭論是不值得的，因為我已經(jīng)嘗過苦頭了。,名師一線講壇,13完成句子 (1)He is determined to win_ _(無論如何) 答案：at any cost (2)The young policeman saved the little girl from the fire, but _ _(以自己的生命為代價) 答案：at the cost of his own life,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,13. at any rate 無論如何，至少 at this/that rate 照這/那種情況繼續(xù)下去 at a rate of 以的速度/比率 birth/unemployment/divorce rate 出生/失業(yè)/離婚率 success/failure rate 成功/失敗率,名師一線講壇,We may miss the next bus, but at any rate well be there before midday. 我們可能趕不上下一趟公共汽車，但無論如何，中午以前我們總可以到那里。 At this rate, we will soon be bankrupt. 照這樣下去，我們很快就會破產(chǎn)。,名師一線講壇,14I may be away on business next week but_ Ill be back by Friday. Aat any rate Bat a rate Cat this rate Dat the rate 解析：選A。at this rate 照這樣；at any rate意為“不管怎么樣”。句意：我可能下周出差，但無論如何我周五要返回來。故選A。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,14. at random 隨便地，隨意地 random adj. 胡亂的；任意的，隨機的 a random sample of voters 隨機抽樣挑出的投票者 randomly selected/distributed 隨意挑選的/任意分配的 an element of randomness to the situation 形勢的不穩(wěn)定因素,名師一線講壇,The people for the experiment were chosen completely at random. 用來做實驗的人完全是隨意挑選的。(朗文P1241) He fired a few random shots. 他亂放了幾槍。(朗文P1241),名師一線講壇,15He opened the book_and started reading. Ain vain Bfull of faith Cat once Dat random 解析：選D。本題考查介詞短語辨析。句意：他隨意地打開一本書就開始讀起來。in vain 徒然；full of faith 滿懷信心；at once 立刻；at random 隨便地，隨意地。根據(jù)句意，答案為D。,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,16He was not listening and made a _answer to the teachers question. Arandom Bcareful Cstrict Dat random 解析：選A。本題考查詞義辨析。句意：他沒有聽講，對教師的問題亂答一通。random 意為“胡亂的，隨便的”；careful 仔細的，認真的；strict 嚴格的；at random為介詞短語，意為“隨意地；隨便地”。根據(jù)句意，答案為A。,名師一線講壇,15.【教材原句】 .we have to have faith that there will be.我們必須有信心將會有 【句法分析】 本句中that引導同位語從句。that常用來引導同位語從句，與具有概括性的抽象名詞連用，如news，fact，idea，suggestion，warning，hope，promise，thought，doubt，belief，truth，request，proposal，demand等。,名師一線講壇,The fact that he won first prize cant be denied. 他贏得一等獎的事實不容否認。 In spite of the fact that he is over sixty，he is still full of spirit. 盡管他已經(jīng)60多歲了，但仍然精力充沛。 Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon? 你聽到瑪麗不久就要回來的消息了嗎？ I dont agree on the idea that you will go abroad. 我不同意你要出國的想法。,名師一線講壇,【注意】 that引導同位語從句時，只起到引導詞的作用，在從句中不作任何成分，但不可省略。,名師一線講壇,除that外，wh詞(包括how)也可以引導同位語從句。 You have no idea how anxious we were then. 你不知道我們當時多么焦急。 I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么時候回來。 The question whether he should give it up has been worrying him for days. 他該不該放棄這個問題幾天來一直困擾著他。,思維拓展,名師一線講壇,17There is no doubt，in my opinion，_matters is not the speed，but the quality of the product. Awhat what Bthat that Cthat if Dthat what,即時訓練,名師一線講壇,解析：選D。that引導一個同位語從句，在這個同位語從句中又有一個主語從句：what matters。句意：依我看，毫無疑問，重要的不是速度，而是產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。,名師一線講壇,16.【教材原句】 It seems a real pity that thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance. 很遺憾，由于無知，成千上萬的人們錯過了用傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)治療的機會。 【句法分析】 (1)在“It seemsn./adj.that從句”中，it 為形式主語，that從句為真正的主語。,名師一線講壇,(2)seem“好像，似乎”，可用于以下句型：,名師一線講壇,It seemed that he had known the truth. He seemed to have known the truth. 他好像知道了真相。 His father seems(to be) strict. 他父親似乎很嚴厲。 There seemed to be a voice in the distance. 似乎遠處有人說話。 It always seemed as though everything in my childhood had just happened. 我童年的一切仿佛剛剛發(fā)生一樣。,名師一線講壇,18He_as if he has known the news. Aappeared Bseemed Cappears Dseems 解析：選D。appear不能與as if 連用，排除A和C；再從時態(tài)看可以排除B。,即時訓練,同學們,來學校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學們,來學校和回家的路上要注意安全,