學(xué)案3 動(dòng)詞不定式 制作人 馬宇— 動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語等。 一、作主語 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語可位于句首。例如： To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society. 也可使用it作形式主語，而將其置于句末。例如： It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的常用句型有： 1. It is＋adj./ n. (＋for sb.／sth.) ＋ to do sth. 用于此句型的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如： It is interesting to play this game. It is necessary for you to change your job. It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time. 考例1：Is ____ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (88 MET) A. now B. man C. that D. it 用于此句型的名詞有：pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如： What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old. 2. It is＋adj.＋of sb.＋to do sth. 該句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容詞，如： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。例如： How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue! It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！ 3. It takes sb.＋some time＋to do sth. 該句型意為“做某事花費(fèi)某人多長時(shí)間”。例如： It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 二、作表語 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is…及The next step/ measure is …等。例如： Your job is to type the papers in the office. The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted. 三、作賓語 常見的只能使用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。 例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities. She offered to help me when I was in trouble. believe, think, consider, feel, make等動(dòng)詞可用于“動(dòng)詞+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末。例如： I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work. She felt it her duty to help the old woman. 四、作賓補(bǔ) 可后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, ask, hear, order, see, tell, want, wish, watch等。例如： The doctor advised her no to eat too much sugar. I wish you to go to the meeting with me. believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等動(dòng)詞后可接to be型不定式作賓補(bǔ)。例如： He declared himself to be a college student. 他自稱是名大學(xué)生。 The police proved him to be a thief. 警察局證實(shí)他是小偷。 hope, demand, suggest等動(dòng)詞不能后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)。例如： 【誤】I hope my son to be back soon. 【正】I hope my son will be back soon. 【誤】She suggests us to have a discussion about it. 【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it. 【正】She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it. 在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，下列動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“兩聽”(hear, listen to)“一感覺”(feel)。例如： Who made him work all night long? 但是，改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后，應(yīng)補(bǔ)出省略的to。例如： He was seen to break the window. 不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時(shí),如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do的 各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶to. (1). She could do nothing but cry. (2). I have no choice but to go. (3).What do you like to do besides sleep. 五、作定語 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，應(yīng)位于所修飾詞語之后，即：作后置定語。例如： Have you got anything to eat? (to eat修飾anything，位于其后) 下列名詞后常接動(dòng)詞不定式作定語：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, failure, promise, way, wish等。例如： But she gave up the chance to go abroad. 由only, first, last, next以及序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞后，也常接不定式作定語。例如： Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night? 1. 不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系： (1)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主謂關(guān)系 He is always the first to come.他總是第一個(gè)來。 (3)同位關(guān)系 We all have a chance to go to college.我們都有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。 2. 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。 He is looking for a room to live in.他在找一個(gè)房間住。 3. 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live.他沒錢沒地方住。 4. something, anything, nothing, everything等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式做后置定語。 Have you anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎（不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是you） Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？（不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行著是已被省略的me或someone else） 六、作狀語 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語，可表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。例如： We went there to see our grandparents.（目的） I am very sorry to hear that.（原因） She hurried home only to find her father dead.（結(jié)果） To look at the picture, you would like it.（條件） 作目的狀語，還可以使用in order to或so as to。例如： The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time. 結(jié)果狀語還可以使用enough to, too…to…, so…as to, such… as to等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： He got up too late to miss the early bus. She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致沒有注意到我。 時(shí)態(tài) 1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 練習(xí)題 1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier ________ it more difficult. (MET99) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job. (MET2000) A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it. (MET2001) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 4. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer. (MET1993) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 5. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. (MET2003) A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. (MET95) A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 7. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening. (MET 92) A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 8.There are five pairs ___,but I'm at a loss which to buy.(1999上海高考)  A. to be chosen   B. to choose from  C. to choose  D. for choosing 9.____late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (___北京春季高考)  A. To sleep  B. Sleeping  C. Sleep  D. Having sleep 10.With a lot of difficult problems ____,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(___上海春季高考) A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 11.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role___in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 12.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying ___their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考) A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 13.The teacher asked us___so much noise. (2003北京春季高考) A.don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 14. Last summer I took a course on____. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 15. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 16. There are five pairs____, but I am at a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing 17. I find these problems are easy___. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out 18. ____late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D . Having slept 19. I would love ___to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone 20. John was made ____the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 21. Tom kept quiet about the accident ＿＿ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 22. The patient was warned ___oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 翻譯下面的句子 1. 愛和被愛都是最大的幸福。 ______________________________ are both great happiness. 2. 據(jù)說他已經(jīng)完成了他的工作。 He is said _________________________________. 3. 根據(jù)報(bào)道他們已安全到達(dá)。 They are reported ___________________. 4. 我想叫人立刻修理這輛自行車。 I want this bike ___________________________________. 5. 瑪利仿佛已經(jīng)被告知此事了。 Mary seemed ______________________. 6. 眾所周知，奧運(yùn)會(huì)上他被授予了一枚金牌。 He is known ______________________ a gold medal at the Olympics.