Local Colorism (Regionalism)As a literary trend, local colorism first appeared in the late 1860s and early 70s. Pret Hartes The Luck of Roaring Camp in 1868 drew the attention of the nation to a new genre of writing. In 1880s it reached its climax; not until the turn of the century did it cease to be a dominant fashion, as its limited resources were exhausted.Harlem Garland defined it as: “having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.”第1頁/共38頁The style of writing derived from the presentation of the features and peculiarities of a particular locality and its inhabitants. Simply it means the use of regional detail in a literary or artistic work. Local Colorists concerned with presenting and interpreting the local characteristic of their regions, they tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Fiction writers like Sarah Orne Jewett, Bret Harte, and Mark Twain have been identified within this tradition. 第2頁/共38頁 Influence of Local Colorism: 1. For over 3 decades, it formed an important part of the realistic movement. The truthful depiction of the common people added strength to the Realism which Howells championed with James and Mark Twain. 2. The local spirit continues to inspire and fertilize the imagination of authors such as Willa Cather, John Steinbeck and William Faulkner, who ultimately managed, by rooting their works in their places, to the planes of universal meaning.第3頁/共38頁Mark Twain (1835-1910) “The true father of our national literature” H. L. Mencken “In my opinion, Mark Twain was the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs, who descended from him.” William Faulkner第4頁/共38頁Major Works three periods A. 1860s : earlier works are light, humorous, optimistic. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (a frontier humor which made Twain become famous)1865 Innocents Abroad 1869 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court 1889第5頁/共38頁 B. 1870s-90s: later works become darker and more obscure, showing his discontent and disappointment toward the social reality. The Gilded Age 1873 Life on Mississippi 1883 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 1876 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1886第6頁/共38頁 C. 1890s-20th century：His last works shows his acute pessimism, despair, skepticism determinism. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 1900 The mysterious stranger 1916 Roughing It 1872 艱苦歲月是一部回憶錄，寫作者到內(nèi)華達找礦經(jīng)過，其中有不少虛構(gòu)成分，把艱苦的淘金生活寫得生氣勃勃，熱氣騰騰，其間一些夸張 、滑稽的故事表現(xiàn)出馬克吐溫的喜劇才能 The Prince and the Pauper 1881 Puddnhead Wilson 1893. 第7頁/共38頁The Adventures of Tom Sawyer A story of his seeking for freedom, fame, fortune, love, manhood. The novel reveals the American values: one is hero complex, the other is American dream. His adventures is the realization of American dream. On the other hand, the book record the rising Age of American Bourgeois system. It also bears the irony and satire toward the religion and by-then popular rigid, didactic children education, which curbed the imagination of children and their innate nature for freedom and adventures and molded them into a stereotype of lifeless man.第8頁/共38頁The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Plot summary Major themes Artistic features第9頁/共38頁the story takes place along the Mississippi river. Along this river floats a small raft, with two people on it: one is an ignorant, uneducated Black slave named Jim and the other is a little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of 13, call Huckleberry Finn. The book relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changed his mind, his prejudice against black people, and came to accept Jim as a man and a close friend as well. Plot Summary第10頁/共38頁 哈克貝利費恩歷險記是美國文學史上具有劃時代意義的現(xiàn)實主義著作。小說以南北戰(zhàn)爭前的美國為背景，敘述白人孩子哈克和黑奴吉姆同乘木筏沿密西西比河逃亡的歷險故事。在小說中作者以其精湛的藝術(shù)技巧，民主主義的思想內(nèi)容，風趣幽默的筆觸，栩栩如生的形象，為我們認識上個世紀中葉的美國社會提供了豐富的生活圖畫，反映了人們追求自由，反對腐朽的黑奴制度的主題。美國著名作家海明威說，“一切現(xiàn)代美國文學來自一本書，即馬克吐溫的哈克貝利費恩歷險記這是我們所有書中最好的。一切美國文學都來自這本書，在它之前，或在它之后，都不曾有過能與之媲美的作品?！钡?1頁/共38頁Major Themes slavery and racism. in the novel, by exposing the hypocrisy of slavery, Twain demonstrates how racism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are oppressed. The result is a world of moral confusion, in which “seemingly good” white people such as Miss Watson and Sally Phelps express no concern about the injustice of slavery or the cruelty of separating Jim from his family. 第12頁/共38頁 It is easy to see that the novel provides an allegory to explain how and why slavery is wrong. Twain uses Jim, a main character and a slave, to demonstrate the humanity of slaves. Jim expresses the complicated human emotions and struggles with the path of his life. To prevent being sold and forced to separate from his family, Jim runs away from his owner, Miss Watson, and works towards obtaining freedom so he can buy his familys freedom. All along their journey downriver, Jim cares for and protects of Huck, not as a servant, but as a friend. Thus, Twains encourages the reader to feel sympathy and empathy for Jim and outrage at the society that has enslaved him and threatened his life. 第13頁/共38頁 However, although Twain attacks slavery through is portrayal of Jim, he never directly addresses the issue. Huck and Jim never debate slavery, and all the other slaves in the novel are very minor characters. Only in the final section of the novel does Twain develop the central conflict concerning slavery: should Huck free Jim and then be condemned to hell? This decision is life-altering for Huck, as it forces him to reject everything civilization has taught him. Huck chooses to free Jim, based on his personal experiences rather than social norms, thus choosing the morality of the “natural life” over that of civilization.第14頁/共38頁 hypocrisy of “civilized” society. When Huck plans to head west at the end of the novel in order to escape further “civilizing”, he is trying to avoid more than regular baths and mandatory school attendance. Throughout the novel, Twain depicts the society around Huck as little more than a collection of degraded rules and percepts that defy logic.第15頁/共38頁 在小說開頭哈克與道格拉斯寡婦生活在河邊小鎮(zhèn)圣彼得堡，寡婦一直試圖“教化”他，但哈克對傳統(tǒng)的文明教化和宗教意識非常厭惡，向往無拘無束的生活，難以忍受與這位受人尊敬的老婦人生活在一起:“:“可是只要想想這寡婦為人處世有多古板，多正經(jīng)，就能明白一天到晚呆在屋里真是活受罪；所以到了我再也受不了的時候，我就溜啦。我穿上我原來的破衣爛衫，重新躲到我那只大木桶里，好不自在逍遙?！?在最后一章，當薩莉姨媽打算收養(yǎng)哈克時，他意識到他再也不想要所謂的文明生活了:“:“不過我尋思: :到領(lǐng)地去，我得比他們兩個先走一步，因為薩莉姨媽要認我作干兒子，要教我做人的規(guī)矩，我可受不了這個。我已經(jīng)受過一回啦?！边@部小說以道格拉斯寡婦試圖“教化”哈克開始，以哈克決定不再讓此再在薩莉姨媽手中發(fā)生結(jié)束，首尾呼應，使哈克逃離文明社會的束縛，渴望自由這一主題得到充分展示。第16頁/共38頁 conflict between civilization and natural life Huck represents natural life through his freedom of spirit, uncivilized ways, and desire to escape from civilization. He was raised without any rules or discipline and has a strong resistance to anything that might civilize him. Throughout the novel, Twain seems to suggest that the uncivilized way of life is more desirable and morally superior. Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Twain suggests that civilization corrupts, rather than improves, human beings. 第17頁/共38頁 例如，哈克從家里逃出來的次日清晨，他躺在島上的草地上，自我例如，哈克從家里逃出來的次日清晨，他躺在島上的草地上，自我感覺是這樣的感覺是這樣的: :“四下里多半是參天大樹四下里多半是參天大樹有些地方太陽透過樹葉有些地方太陽透過樹葉照得滿地斑斑點點，這些斑斑點點的地方還有點兒晃晃悠悠地動，照得滿地斑斑點點，這些斑斑點點的地方還有點兒晃晃悠悠地動，看得出樹頂上吹著微微的風。有一對松鼠坐在樹枝上嘰嘰喳喳地沖看得出樹頂上吹著微微的風。有一對松鼠坐在樹枝上嘰嘰喳喳地沖著我叫得挺親熱，著我叫得挺親熱，”松鼠叫感到親熱，樹頂有微風吹，觀察如此細松鼠叫感到親熱，樹頂有微風吹，觀察如此細微，這就把哈克享受自由時的快樂、輕松心情逼真地烘托了出來。微，這就把哈克享受自由時的快樂、輕松心情逼真地烘托了出來。 此外，作家巧妙地利用此外，作家巧妙地利用“河上河上”“”“岸上岸上”的對比，諷刺批判美國資的對比，諷刺批判美國資產(chǎn)階級的所謂文明世界。產(chǎn)階級的所謂文明世界?！昂由虾由稀毕笳髯杂?，哈克坐著木筏，在河象征自由，哈克坐著木筏，在河上領(lǐng)略大自然的旖旎風光，沐浴在與吉姆與日俱增的友誼中，就感上領(lǐng)略大自然的旖旎風光，沐浴在與吉姆與日俱增的友誼中，就感到到“挺自由、挺痛快、挺舒服挺自由、挺痛快、挺舒服”。而。而“岸上岸上”則代表美國的文明世則代表美國的文明世界，那里充滿了丑惡與卑鄙，哈克一到岸上就感到界，那里充滿了丑惡與卑鄙，哈克一到岸上就感到“別扭、悶氣得別扭、悶氣得很很”。用大自然的美對比現(xiàn)實的丑，意境雋永，耐人尋味。用大自然的美對比現(xiàn)實的丑，意境雋永，耐人尋味第18頁/共38頁 Freedom: the one word best summarizing the theme. Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Twain uses the rafts journey down the Mississippi river to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.第19頁/共38頁 全書主題是對自由的追求。哈克要逃離全書主題是對自由的追求。哈克要逃離“文明文明”社會的虛偽與腐敗，獲得精神上的社會的虛偽與腐敗，獲得精神上的自由；作品的強大藝術(shù)魅力正是由于寫的是哈克對家里老的一套古板的文明規(guī)矩與自由；作品的強大藝術(shù)魅力正是由于寫的是哈克對家里老的一套古板的文明規(guī)矩與教會辦的主日學校桎梏心靈的那一套行為規(guī)范的厭惡與反抗。教會辦的主日學校桎梏心靈的那一套行為規(guī)范的厭惡與反抗。 吉姆要逃離蓄奴州，奔向自由州，獲得身體與精神的自由。吉姆要逃離蓄奴州，奔向自由州，獲得身體與精神的自由。第20頁/共38頁1.Maturity: Huck is forced to take care of himself because he has no parents. Although he is a young boy, he faces many problems that adults struggle with, and is forced to deal with them maturely. 2.Friendship: Huck never really had any true friend before Jim, but the time spent with him allowed the two to become very close.Other Major Themes第21頁/共38頁3.Legality vs. Morality: Huck faces the question of whether he should obey the law and turn in Jim, or if he should risk a bad reputation and keep his friend happy. Much of the book is concerned with Hucks inner struggle between this sense of guilt in helping Jim to escape and his profound conviction that Jim is a human being.4.Love: Jim loves Huck and he has been a true friend and been through many tough situations. Huck learns to love through his friendship with Jim, who is devoted and willing to do anything for Huck.第22頁/共38頁5. Mockery of Religion: A theme Twain focuses on quite heavily on in this novel is the mockery of religion. Throughout his life, Twain was known for his attacks on organized religion. Huck Finns sarcastic character perfectly situates him to deride religion, representing Twains personal views. In the first chapter, Huck indicates that hell sounds far more fun than heaven. Later on, in a very prominent scene, the King, a liar and cheat, convinces a religious community to give him money so he can convert his pirate friends. The religious people are easily led astray, which mocks their beliefs and devotion to God. 第23頁/共38頁 小說中小說中寫哈克對禱告的看法也極富幽默感寫哈克對禱告的看法也極富幽默感:“:“我心里想，我心里想，要是一個人禱告什么就能得到什么，那為什么狄肯要是一個人禱告什么就能得到什么，那為什么狄肯韋恩韋恩賣豬肉虧的錢賺不回來呢賣豬肉虧的錢賺不回來呢? ?為什么寡婦讓人偷掉的銀鼻煙為什么寡婦讓人偷掉的銀鼻煙盒兒找不回來呢盒兒找不回來呢? ?為什么華森小姐不能胖起來呢為什么華森小姐不能胖起來呢?”?”第24頁/共38頁The symbolic meaning of the Mississippi River: The majority of the plot takes place on the river or its banks. For Huck and Jim, the river represents freedom. On the raft, they are completely independent and determine their own courses of action. Jim looks forward to reaching the free states, and Huck is eager to escape his abusive, drunkard of a father and the “civilization” of Miss Watson. However, the towns along the river bank begin to exert influence upon them, and eventually Huck and Jim meet criminals, shipwrecks, dishonesty, and great danger. Finally, a fog forces them to miss the town of Cairo, at which point there were planning to head up the Ohio River, towards the free states, in a steamboat. 第25頁/共38頁 Originally, the river is a safe place for the two travelers, but it becomes increasingly dangerous as the realities of their runaway lives set in on Huck and Jim. Once reflective of absolute freedom, the river soon becomes only a short-term escape, and the novel concludes on the safety of dry land, where, ironically, Huck and Jim find their true freedom.第26頁/共38頁Significance of the novel The novel marked the climax of Twains literary creativity. The book is significant in many ways: 1. Local Colorism: Twain preferred to represent social life through portrait of local places which he knew best. He drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of the people and places. The novel is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-civil war Mississippi valley.第27頁/共38頁 2. the dialects in colloquial style are used to portray the actual daily speech of uneducated people. The book are noted for its unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style. One of Twains significant contribution to American Literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the history of the country.第28頁/共38頁 在在一一章的大霧片斷當中，當吉姆意識到哈克不顧他的牽掛章的大霧片斷當中，當吉姆意識到哈克不顧他的牽掛與擔心而在戲弄他時，受到了深深的傷害與擔心而在戲弄他時，受到了深深的傷害:“:“它們代表什它們代表什摸摸( (么么)?)?我來講給你聽。我一邊照管木坯我來講給你聽。我一邊照管木坯( (排排) )，一邊叫你，一邊叫你，乏得布乏得布( (不不) )行，我睡著了，當時我的醒行，我睡著了，當時我的醒( (心心) )都碎啦，云都碎啦，云( (因因) )為你走散為你走散( (失失) )啦。我自己，還有這木坯，會布會出啦。我自己，還有這木坯，會布會出事，我都布圓益事，我都布圓益( (不愿意不愿意) )去想啦。我醒來一看，你并并去想啦。我醒來一看，你并并( (平平平平) )安安回來啦，布由得直蕩安安回來啦，布由得直蕩( (淌淌) )眼淚，我滿醒感謝，眼淚，我滿醒感謝，恨布得跪下來親親你的腳?？墒前?，你心里想的只是怎樣恨布得跪下來親親你的腳。可是啊，你心里想的只是怎樣編一個荒（謊）來糊弄老杰姆。那邊一堆殘枝敗葉是骯臟編一個荒（謊）來糊弄老杰姆。那邊一堆殘枝敗葉是骯臟的東西。骯臟的東西也就是人家把臟東西往朋友的腦袋上的東西。骯臟的東西也就是人家把臟東西往朋友的腦袋上道（倒），叫人家為他害少（臊）的人嘛。道（倒），叫人家為他害少（臊）的人嘛?！钡?9頁/共38頁 3. Characterization: the profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature. Special point of view: serious social problems discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. Hucks kindness and innocence form striking contrasts with the hypocrisy, dishonesty and cruelty of the society. 第30頁/共38頁 作品寫一個十三四歲的窮孩子仿佛調(diào)皮搗蛋，連進出都不作品寫一個十三四歲的窮孩子仿佛調(diào)皮搗蛋，連進出都不走大門，而是從樓上窗口里爬進爬出，抱著避雷針上上下走大門，而是從樓上窗口里爬進爬出，抱著避雷針上上下下；實則寫他勇于反抗（假死），勇于開拓，勇于冒險。下；實則寫他勇于反抗（假死），勇于開拓，勇于冒險。只身一人，敢于逃上小島，搭窩棚，生篝火，釣魚為生。只身一人，敢于逃上小島，搭窩棚，生篝火，釣魚為生。小小年紀，成了小島的主人；小小年紀，在大河之上，出小小年紀，成了小島的主人；小小年紀，在大河之上，出生入死，沒有叫過一聲苦；永遠前進，沒有后退過一步。生入死，沒有叫過一聲苦；永遠前進，沒有后退過一步。叫美國和世界的讀者入迷的正是當年西部拓殖者、淘金者叫美國和世界的讀者入迷的正是當年西部拓殖者、淘金者與密西西比河上水手的孩子們這樣對自由的追求，對新的與密西西比河上水手的孩子們這樣對自由的追求，對新的文化的追求！這種開拓的精神，這種創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，這種美國文化的追求！這種開拓的精神，這種創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，這種美國人非常珍惜的個人首創(chuàng)精神，不是美國文明史上新的文化人非常珍惜的個人首創(chuàng)精神，不是美國文明史上新的文化的萌芽又是什么呢的萌芽又是什么呢？第31頁/共38頁 4. Twain wrote about the lower-class people. Moreover, he successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate and shed light on the contemporary society. His work touched upon the human situation in a general, indeed “universal” way. Humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. 5. Twains humor is remarkable. A great deal of his humor is characterized by puns, straight-forward exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax, let alone tricks of travesty and invective. But his humor is not only witty marks to laugh at the farcical elements to make people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirized the decayed romanticism. 第32頁/共38頁 In Twains time, humor, though it was seen as greatly valuable, remained clearly subordinate in the value system of the 19th century. The function of humor was to entertain, but it was not expected to participate in the high seriousness that Matthew Arnold and his age asked of literature. But Twain liberated humor, raising it to high arta liberation that parallels his creation of vernacular American English. Instead of subduing his humor to seriousness, twain invaded the citadels 根據(jù)地, 大本營 of seriousness and freed the humor held captive there.第33頁/共38頁Twains contributions and achievement Mark Twain is a very famous humorist. whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire. His writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression. One of his significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. 第34頁/共38頁 In social criticism he loved life, people, freedom and justice, felt a pride on human dignity and advocated brotherhood of man. He hated tyranny and iniquity, despised meanness and cruelty, and took his role as a social critic in a serious and responsible manner He was not indifferent either to the Chinese immigrants persecuted in America or to a China suffering intense agonies of humiliation and dismemberment by imperialist powers. 第35頁/共38頁 馬克吐溫在他晚年的雜文和政論文里，反對帝國主義列強對弱小民族、國家的侵略壓迫，同情和支持殖民地、半殖民地人民的反抗斗爭，對中國人民寄予了極大的關(guān)心和同情。他在其最優(yōu)秀的政論給在黑暗中的人、使用私刑的合眾國、托缽僧與傲慢無理的陌生人等文章中，譴責了當時以美國為首的帝國主義列強對中國瓜分、榨取的罪惡行徑，表明了自己民主主義和人道主義的立場。特別是在使用私刑的合眾國一文中，他辛辣地嘲諷了“在華外國教會美國委員會艾明特牧師”之流，怒斥他們勒索中國賠款大搞名為“宣傳福音”實為文化侵略的無恥勾當。他大聲疾呼：把中國人“交給自己的命運支配吧！” 結(jié)果，文章引起強烈反響，報紙的評論、人們的指責使官方大為尷尬。第36頁/共38頁Assignment: 作品的主題 作品在美國文學史上的重要意義。 哈克的性格分析及作品的社會意義。第37頁/共38頁感謝您的觀看！第38頁/共38頁