京翰教育中心 Grammar: 動(dòng)詞不定式. 不定式句法功能1. 作主語(yǔ)：The cat said, “To take roller coaster” is terrible. 不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。 The cat said, “Its terrible to take roller coaster.” How long did it take you to take roller coaster? How terrible it is to take roller coaster?不定式作主語(yǔ)常見句型：a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表語(yǔ)：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語(yǔ)是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，后面可以用不定式做表語(yǔ)，用以說明主語(yǔ)所包含內(nèi)容。eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.注：作表語(yǔ)的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to可以省略。eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.3.作賓語(yǔ) The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!”.a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等2005年天津卷12題：I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded當(dāng)不定式短語(yǔ)比賓補(bǔ)長(zhǎng)時(shí)，往往將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it作形式賓語(yǔ)，常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下作介詞賓語(yǔ)的不定式都帶to，如果but或except所在句子里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do, does, did時(shí)，通常省略to。Eg. We have no choice but to wait.Cf. We can do nothing but wait.4. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在SVOC句型中，許多動(dòng)詞都可以按不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。a) 通常作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等You should get them to help you.但在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to doeg. They believe him to be honest.b) 以下兩類動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)不能帶to一些表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞，如：let, have, make等一些表示感覺的動(dòng)詞，如：hear, feel, see, watch, notice等Dont let the children trouble you.I heard someone open the door.但當(dāng)這兩類動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式就成了主補(bǔ)。作主補(bǔ)的不定式必須加上toHis father made him go to bed early.He was made to go to bed early by his father.5. 作定語(yǔ)不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語(yǔ)：能帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)：She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Tips: 不定式在作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關(guān)系 Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關(guān)系 She has a meeting to attend. （動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=attend a meeting） Theres nothing to worry about. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系=worry about nothing)6. 作狀語(yǔ)不定式可以作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。to, in order to , so as to (不能放在句首)作目的狀語(yǔ)2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas.A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving在soas to, such.as to, only to 結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其中only to用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.enough to, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)eg. The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.形容詞（happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)eg. Im glad to meet you. The question is different to answer. He is hard to get along with.7. 作插入語(yǔ)，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋，如to be frank（坦白地說），to be sure（確實(shí)）等。Eg. To tell you the truth, I hate you.8. 作同位語(yǔ)eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，以it為形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。It is necessary for me to learn English well.如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時(shí)又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why），在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在諸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動(dòng)詞后作賓、主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。Eg. No one can tell me where to find John.When to the exam is still unknown. The problem is how to get enough money.不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式不定式的進(jìn)行式由to be + V-ing構(gòu)成，用來表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。Eg. Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構(gòu)成，用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。Eg. 2005年江蘇卷No.25 - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left答案是A不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ing和完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Eg. It is an honour for me to be invited to the party. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 2005年遼寧卷No.22 All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving 動(dòng)名詞1. 動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語(yǔ)，而把動(dòng)名詞后置。eg. Seeing is believing. (眼見為實(shí))Saying is easier than doing.Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法：It is no use (good) + 動(dòng)名詞：做某事沒有用Eg. Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收)There is no + 動(dòng)名詞 (= It is impossible to do sth.)Eg. There is no knowing what may happen.（未來的事無法知道）作表語(yǔ)：通常是說明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別eg. His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為SVC結(jié)構(gòu)) 可改為：Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)，此句為SVO結(jié)構(gòu)) 不能改為：Collecting stamps is he.作賓語(yǔ)A. 作及物動(dòng)詞 的賓語(yǔ)(enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), miss)eg. 2005年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 答案為B有些動(dòng)詞（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為用動(dòng)名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。Eg. I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.動(dòng)詞prefer后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)與按動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)是不一樣。eg. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven. I prefer driving to riding.有些動(dòng)詞，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，不定式表示的動(dòng)作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。Eg. 2005年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下列句型中動(dòng)名詞作真正賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語(yǔ)）+賓補(bǔ)+動(dòng)名詞（真正賓語(yǔ)）eg. I think it no use telling them.We think it no good inviting to him.B. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)Eg. 2005年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour _ his notes.A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing 習(xí)慣于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote ones life to doing 致力于做；spent time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做；be fond of doing 喜愛做；be good at doing 擅長(zhǎng)做；be proud of doing 為做而自豪；be tired of doing 對(duì)做感到厭倦；feel like doing 欲想做； go on doing 繼續(xù)做（原來的事）；keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做怎么樣；think of doing 考慮做；be interested in doing 對(duì)做感興趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做而不做eg. 2005年江蘇卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up 答案為C作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用定語(yǔ)從句改寫。swimming pool waiting room walking sticka sleeping car=a car for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping作同位語(yǔ)eg. Thats the queens full-time job, laying eggs. 這就是蟻后的專職工作產(chǎn)卵。2動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)人稱代詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用所有格，即形容詞性物主代詞。Eg. Do you minding my smoking here?邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí)，很少用所有格，而用普通格。Eg. He was awakened by someone knocking the door. Theres no need for that being done.邏輯主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，用所有格，但是如果名詞為無生命物體時(shí)，則用普通格。Eg. Marys laughing made Tom angry. There is no hoping of the factory making profit.在口語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語(yǔ)。Eg. 2005年安徽卷No.34 I really cant understand _ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating3. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式、一般式被動(dòng)和完成式被動(dòng)。Eg. After having finish his work, he went home. He attended the meeting without being asked. She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.