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外文翻譯
(1)To meet domestic small quantity multiple types of demand, research Flexible automatic assembly robot technology is very important. This paper presents a small can be used for a wide variety of mechanical and electrical products assembled four-position rotary robot flexible assembly workstations, introduced its structure, functions and control systems. Rotary flexible robot assembly workstation suitable for a variety of small electromechanical products automatic assembly, the system posed difficult to adjust, Logistics assembly process may at any time change direction, the production rhythms easily changed, and small footprint. It can meet within a certain range of different models, different technical requirements, different quantities of different products automatic assembly needs.
As electronic technology and the rise of Software Technology, modern industrial production appeared to flexible manufacturing technology and flexible assembly technology as the representative of a series of advanced manufacturing technology, The emergence of these technologies to meet the multiple varieties, small quantities of personalized products to the market demand. man from the heavy labor repeat liberation, lower product costs, shorten the production cycle, improve the market competitiveness. To demonstrate to the public the modernization of computer integrated manufacturing technology, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum established a demonstration of the robots, automated assembly lines, Presentations to the public for modern industrial production from product design, parts manufacturing products to the entire assembly process, and CAD / CAM technology, logistics management technology and flexible robot assembly, and other key technologies. Users of the system including design modules, carving processing modules, assembly modules, control modules, transmission line transmission and control as part of the logistics.
To meet the increasing globalization of competition in the market, more and more manufacturers have gradually shifted their production patterns from a single species, mass production to more varieties and small batch production. And the introduction of modern integrated manufacturing system CIMS, that is, they use the computer to the traditional manufacturing technology and modern information technology, management technology, automation technology and systems engineering technology combined with the CIMS philosophy constitute computerized, information, Intelligent integration of advanced manufacturing systems. In the product's manufacturing process, the assembly of the final product is the specific function of a final process, Assembling the economic importance is often, enterprises need to invest more efforts to improve the efficiency of assembly operations and cost. Small quantities of product assembly, the special tailor-made fixtures is not economical, once changed product range, equipment needs upgrading, causing a large amount of funds wasted. Under such circumstances, FAS FAS provides a flexible solution. FAS is the development of agile response to the demand of the product changes, break the rigid labor-intensive and automation mixed mode of production, the use of flexible automation system. FAS is the flexible assembly line system to handle the random there are different kinds of products, using simple software change control parameters and methods will be able to assemble different products. Our pursuit of the goal of the design is to use computers, robots and other advanced optimization technology integration, improve product design, manufacture, assembly process to meet the different types of small quantities of volatile products, reduce product assembly labor cost, reduce assembly time, improve the working environment and shorten product design and manufacturing cycle, and seek high quality and low cost-effectiveness of the overall enterprise.
Modern manufacturing technology to the development of the traditional manual assembly process is facing severe challenges. Automatic assembly is aimed at reducing or instead of relying on manual skills and judgment for the complex assembly operations, thereby enhancing the efficiency of production and ensuring product quality. flexible assembly systems such as CIMS has become such a modern manufacturing system an important part, Special adapted to the large-scale, small quantity and variety of production assembly systems, for the future industrial development of great significance. any assembly work was done by some simple "Plum" - "up" campaign poses. Put up with a loaded parts to another parts, will be among the relatively stationary and movable parts of the state as required by the location or fixed portfolio. assembly The moves include positioning, crawls, moving, place, tie, testing and feedback; The assembly process includes information on parts, transmission, assembly. and parts of the orientation and positioning precision assembly process affect the stability and quality assembly of the key factors assembly equipment reliability is an important guarantee. Among them, accurate automatic transmission positioning materials for assembly automation system is the most important one of the institutions. Because of its aerodynamic transmission medium (compressed air) characteristics of the effect of exercise poor accuracy and stability. But its good comprehensive technical characteristics, Drive it has become the most suitable technology to replace manual operation of a form. The past 10 years, automation technology and components in the system and electronic control technology, made electromechanical integration, and Manufacturing generally used a robot technology. Robot use the identification, location, detection, compensation, the functions of the collision and its pliancy assembly technology, can greatly improve production flexibility and productivity, shorten production cycles, ensure product quality and reduce costs. Automatic assembly robot technology in recent years in various fields has been widely used.
(2)Turning The engine lathe ,one of the oldest metal remove machines, has a number of useful and desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.
The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic tracer lathe , turret lathe , and automatic screw , and the advantages of tools for finish and accuracy , are now at the designer’s fingertips with production speeds on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today .
Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator .The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator . In redesigning an experimental part for production , economical tolerances should be used .
Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, in terms of ability to repeat accurately and rapidly. Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.
In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. in achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turret lathe , the designer should strive for a minimum of operations .
Automatic Screw Machines Generally , automatic screw machines fall into several categories ; single-spindle automatics , multiple-spindle automatic chucking machines .Originally designed for rapid , automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts , the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field , and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts . Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than 1000 parts may be more economical to set up on the turret lathe than on the automatic screw machine, the cost of the parts machine can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.
Automatic Screw Machine Since surface roughness depends greatly upon material turned, and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic screw machine are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.
In some cases, tolerances of ±0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut. Groove width can be held to ±0.125mm on some parts. Bares and single-point finishes can be held to ±0.0125mm . On high-producing runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of ±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.
Milling With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of the milling process merits the attention and consideration of design seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product.
As in any other process, parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that can be achieved in production milling. If the parts is designed with to achieve these tolerances-and this will increase the cost of the part..
Grinding Grinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerance and fine surface finishes , Currently , there are grinders for almost every type of grinding operation . Particular design features of a part dictate to a large degree the type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the production economy of center less grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration.
Although grinding is usually consider a finished operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished and completely with grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Classes of grinding machines include the following; cylindrical grinder, center less grinders, surface grinders, and tool and cutter grinders.
The cylindrical and centerless grinders are for straight cylindrical or taper work; thus alpines, shafts, and similar parts are ground on cylindrical machine either of the common-center type or the centerless machine.
Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages, and threads on precision parts where the concentricity between the diameter of shaft and the pitch diameter of the thread must be held to close tolerances.
The internal grinders are used for grinding of precision holes, cylinder bores, and similar operations where bores of all kinds are to be finished.
The surface grinders are for finished all kinds of flat work, or work with plain surfaces which may be operated upon either by the edge of a wheel or by the face of a grinding wheel. These machines may have reciprocating or rotating tables.
That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary, those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.
Forces are transmitted into machine through mating surfaces, e.g.,froma gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a connecting rod through a bearing to a lever, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower. It is necessary to know the magnitudes of these forces for a wariety of reasons. The distribution of forces at the boundaries or mating surface must be reasonable, and their intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing the surfaces. For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating, and rapid failure of the bearing. If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure. In the study of dynamics we are principally interested in determining the magnitude, direction, and location of the forces.
Some of the terms used in this phase of our studies are defined below.
Force Our earliest ideas concerning forces arose because of our desire to push, lift, or pull various objects. So force is the action of one body c\acting on another, our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude and these are called the characteristics of a force.
Matter Matter is any material or substance; if it is completely enclosed, it is called a body
Mass Newton defined mass as the quantity of matter of a body as measured by its volume and density. This is not a very satisfactory definition because density is the mass of a unit volume. We can excuse Newton by surmising that he perhaps did not mean it to be a definition. Nevertheless, he recognized the fact that all bodies possess some inherent property that is different from weight. Thus, a moon rock has a certain constant amount of substance, even though its moon weight different, its called the mass of the rock.
Inertia Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.
Weight Weight it the force of gravity acting upon a mass. The following quotation is pertinent:
The great advantage of SI unit is that there is one, and only one unit for each physical quantity—the metre for length, the kilogram for mass, the newton for force, the second for time, etc. to be consistent with this unique feature, it follows that a given unit or word should not be used as an accepted technical name for two physical quantities. However, for generation the term“weight” has been used in both technical and nontechnical fields to mean either the force of gravity acting on a o or the mass of a body itself.
Particle A particle a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected.
Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i. e. incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.
Deformable Body The rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming. Such analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis, using the additional assumption that be body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces.
Newton’s Laws Newton’s three laws are:
Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.
Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced, the particle will experience acceleration proportional to the resultant force.
Law 3 When two particles react, a pair of interacting forces come into experience; these forces have the some magnitudes and opposite sense, and they act along the straight line common to the two particles.
(4)The human race has distinguished itself from all other forms of life by using tools and intelligence to create items that serve to make life easier and more enjoyable. Through the centuries, both the tools and the energy sources to power these tools have evolved to meet the increasing sophistication and complexity of mankind’s ideas.
In their earliest forms, tools primarily consisted of stone instruments. Considering the relative simplicity of the items being made and the materials that were being shaped, stone was adequate. When iron tools were invented, durable metals and more sophisticated articles could be produced. The twentieth century has been the creation of products made from the most durable and, consequently, the most unmachinable materials in history. In an effort to meet the manufacturing challenges created by these materials, tools have now evolved to include materials, such as alloy steel, carbide, diamond, and ceramics.
A similar evolution has taken place with the methods used to power our tools. Initially, tools were powered by muscles; either human or animal. However as the powers of water, winds, steam, and electricity were harnessed, mankind was able to further extend manufacturing capabilities with new machine, greater accuracy, and faster machining rates.
Every time new tools, tool materials, and power sources are utilized, the efficiency and capabilities of manufacturers are greatly enhanced. However as old problems and challenges arise so that the manufactures of today are faced with tough questions such as the following: How do you drill a 2-mm diameter hole 670-mm deep without experiencing taper or runout? Is there a way to efficiently deburr passageways inside complex castings and guarantee 100% that no burrs were missed? Is there a welding process that can eliminate damage now occurring to my product?
Since the 1940s, a revolution in manufacturing has been taking place that once again allows manufacturing to meet demands imposed by increasingly sophisticated designs and durable, but in many cases nearly unmachinable, materials. This manufacturing revolution is now, as it has been in the past, centered on the use of new tools and new manufacturing processes used for material removal, forming, and joining, known today as nontraditional manufacturing processes.
(1)為了適應(yīng)日益加劇的全球化市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),越來越多的制造企業(yè)逐漸把生產(chǎn)模式由單一品種、大批量生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向多品種、中小批量生產(chǎn)。并且采用現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)CIMS ,即利用計(jì)算機(jī)將傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)、管理技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)結(jié)合,用CIMS哲理構(gòu)成計(jì)算機(jī)化、信息化、智能化、集成化的先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)。在產(chǎn)品的制造過程中,裝配是實(shí)現(xiàn)最終產(chǎn)品的特定功能的最后一道工序,裝配的經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性往往需要企業(yè)投入較大努力去改善裝配操作的效率和成本。對(duì)中小批量產(chǎn)品裝配來說,專用特制固定設(shè)備是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的,一旦改換產(chǎn)品種類,設(shè)備需更新?lián)Q代,造成大量資金浪費(fèi)。在這種情況下,柔性裝配系統(tǒng)FAS提供了一個(gè)柔性化解決辦法。FAS的開發(fā)是為了敏捷響應(yīng)產(chǎn)品需求的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,打破勞動(dòng)密集型和剛性自動(dòng)化混雜的生產(chǎn)模式,采用柔性的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)。FAS 的柔性在于系統(tǒng)能夠處理裝配線上隨機(jī)出現(xiàn)的幾類不同的產(chǎn)品,采用簡(jiǎn)單地改變軟件和控制參數(shù)的方法就能裝配不同的產(chǎn)品。我們追求的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是利用計(jì)算機(jī)、機(jī)器人等先進(jìn)技術(shù)集成優(yōu)化,改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配過程,以適應(yīng)中小批量不同種類產(chǎn)品多變的要求,降低產(chǎn)品裝配的勞動(dòng)力成本,減少裝配時(shí)間,改善工作環(huán)境,縮短產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)制造周期,求得高質(zhì)低耗的企業(yè)總體效益。
現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展使傳統(tǒng)的手工裝配工藝面臨嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn). 自動(dòng)化裝配的目的在于減輕或取代依賴人工技巧和判斷力進(jìn)行各種復(fù)雜的裝配操作,從而提高生產(chǎn)效率,保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量. 柔性裝配系統(tǒng)已成為諸如CIMS 這類現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),特別適應(yīng)于大規(guī)模、小批量、多品種的生產(chǎn)裝配系統(tǒng),對(duì)未來工業(yè)發(fā)展有重要意義.任何裝配工作都是由一些簡(jiǎn)單的“拾”—“放”運(yùn)動(dòng)所構(gòu)成. 把一個(gè)零件拿起來裝到另一個(gè)零件上,并將相互間處于相對(duì)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)和可動(dòng)狀態(tài)下的零件按其所要求的位置進(jìn)行組合或固定. 裝配的動(dòng)作包括定位、抓取、移動(dòng)、放置、配合、檢測(cè)和反饋等;裝配的過程包括零件的上料、傳送、裝配. 而零件的定向和定位精度是影響裝配過程的穩(wěn)定性及裝配質(zhì)量的主要因素,是裝配設(shè)備可靠工作的重要保證. 其中,準(zhǔn)確的自動(dòng)供料及傳送定位是裝配自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)最主要的工作機(jī)構(gòu)之一.氣動(dòng)由于其傳動(dòng)介質(zhì)(壓縮空氣) 特性的影響,運(yùn)動(dòng)精度及穩(wěn)定性較差. 但其良好綜合技術(shù)特性,使它成為各種傳動(dòng)技術(shù)中最適合用來取代人手操作的一種實(shí)現(xiàn)形式. 近10 年來,自動(dòng)化技術(shù)在系統(tǒng)及元件控制方面與電子技術(shù)結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)電一體化,同時(shí), 制造業(yè)中普遍采用了機(jī)器人技術(shù)。利用機(jī)器人的識(shí)別、定位、檢測(cè)、補(bǔ)償、避碰等功能和它的柔順裝配技術(shù),可以大幅度提高生產(chǎn)柔性和生產(chǎn)率,縮短生產(chǎn)周期,保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,降低成本。機(jī)器人自動(dòng)裝配技術(shù)近年來已在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用。
(2)車削 普通車床作為最早的金屬切削機(jī)床中的一種，目前仍然許多有用的和為人們所需要的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機(jī)床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠中，進(jìn)行小批量的生產(chǎn)，而不是進(jìn)行大批量的生產(chǎn)。
在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車間中，普通車床已經(jīng)被種類繁多的自動(dòng)車床所取代，諸如自動(dòng)仿形車床，六角車床和自動(dòng)螺絲車床?，F(xiàn)在，設(shè)計(jì)人員已經(jīng)熟識(shí)先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量，然后利用成形刀具獲得表面光滑度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。
普通車床的加工偏差主要依賴于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車床上加工的實(shí)驗(yàn)零件的公差。在把試驗(yàn)零件重新設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)零件時(shí)，應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。
六角車床 對(duì)生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備來說，目前比過去更著重評(píng)價(jià)其是否具有精確的和速度的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評(píng)價(jià)具體的加工方法，六角車床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評(píng)定。
在為了小批量的零件（100-200件）設(shè)計(jì)加工方法時(shí)，采用六角車床時(shí)最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。為了在六角車床上獲得盡可能小的公差值，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該盡量將加工工序的數(shù)目減至最少。
自動(dòng)螺絲車床 自動(dòng)螺絲車床 通常被分為以下幾種類型：?jiǎn)屋S自動(dòng)、多軸自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)夾緊車床。自動(dòng)螺絲車床 最初是用來對(duì)螺釘和類似的帶有螺紋的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化和快速加工的。但是，這種車床的用途早就超過了這個(gè)狹窄的范圍?，F(xiàn)在，它在許多種類的精密零件的大批量的生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用，如果工件少于1000件，在六角車床上進(jìn)行加工比在自動(dòng)螺絲車床上經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。如果計(jì)算出最小經(jīng)濟(jì)批量，并且對(duì)工件批量正確地選擇機(jī)床，就會(huì)降低零件的加工成本。
自動(dòng)仿形車床 因?yàn)榱慵谋砻娲植诔潭仍诤艽蟮某潭壬先Q于工件材料、刀具、進(jìn)給量和切削速度，采用自動(dòng)仿形車床加工所得到的最小公差不一定是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。
在某種情況下，在連續(xù)生