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附 錄A ? 英文原文?: Spindle system design Introduction liftingmachine Come nearly thirty years, foreign elevator machinery parts has been rapid development. firsthoist motorthrough reducer drive reel system, laterappeared DCspeed motor DCmotor directdrive hoist cantilever installation. Until now, our country electriccontrol system minehoist rotor loop seriesmost metalresistance ACspeed regulation system, obsolete equipment, backward technology. Domestic hoisting machine safety, reliability, keypositions twohead deceleration section without supporting effective speed monitoring device, elevatorcontrol technology, old,compared foreigncountries, we put verybig difference.? Lifting machine consists severalcomponents: spindle, winding mechanism, bearing mainbrake. basicpart. severalwinding mechanism, mostcommonly used structure singlecylindrical roller cylindricalroller. singlecylindrical roller, two steel ropes function platenwinding surface; firstrope from releasecorresponding surface anotherwire wrap. cylindricaldrum, ropearound uniquedrum, anymoment steelwire rope wrappedaround tworoller assembly halfwinding Hoist second important parts windingmechanism mainshaft reducer.Speed reducer structure because itstype, use different. matterwhat type reducer,its basic structure shaftparts, box accessoriesthree major components. Shaft parts including transmission parts, shaft bearingassembly, bearing assembly includes bearing,bearing cover, sealing device adjustingwasher.? Therefore, boxbody structure speedreducer performance, processing technology, material consumption, cost qualityhas great influence, designmust consideredcomprehensively. speedreducer betterperformance, grease,oil drainage, ventilation, lifting, check oillevel, check transmissionelement meshing, ensuring processingprecision easyassembly reducerbox often need setcertain devices boxdevice correspondinglocal structure reducerattachments manholecovers, ventilator, cursor, positioningpin plug, open coverscrew, lifting device, oil cup.Brake acts directly brakewheel brakedisc braking torque generated blocktype brake; fourthpart transmissionmechanism, brakingtorque part.According drivingenergy hydraulic,pneumatic fifthpart depth indicator protectiondevice, its use wellbore;sixth part operationplatform, brakehandlebar uniform set here,sometimes clutch hand lastpart; hoist hydraulic pneumaticequipment eachmachine necessary; hydraulicbrake transmission, machinelubrication, brakedevice. In?coal?production,?mine?hoist?is?the?equipment?to?carry?coal,?gangue,?materials,?workers?and?equipments?along?the?rockshaft,?the?only?way?linked?underground?and?aboveground,?knownas?mine?throat.?Mine?hoist?is?a?large-scale?reciprocating?machinery?which?has?the?feature?of?own?big?inertia,?load?changes,?running?speed,?and?wide?range?et?al..?The?advantagesanddisadvantages?of?its?operating?performance,?not?only?directly?affect?the?normal?production?and?coal?production?efficiency,?but?also?relate?to?equipment?and?personal?safety.?Inrecent?years,?mine?hoist?failures?and?accidents?have?happened at?home?and?abroad?which?have?paid?a?heavy?price?to?coal?companies.?Therefore,?the?production?technology?and?safetyof?mine?hoist?are?higher,?and?its?mechanical?manufacturing?technology?and?electrical?control?technology?has?been?an?important research?area?to?the?international?machine?building?industry?and?the?electric?control?industry.? Mine?hoist?mainly?includs?the?working?device,?control?system,transmission?system?and?drag,?protection?systems?and?other?components.?To?the?inherent?safety?mine?hoist?design,?mainlythemechanical?system,?control?system?and?monitor?system?is?the?major?part?to?considered.?The?traditional?method?of?product?has?long?design?cycle,?high?costs.?However,?the?virtual?prototype?technology?has?the?advantage?in?saving?the?design?cost,?shortening?the?design?circle,?by?using?the?method?of?modeling,?simulation?first?and?then?builds?the?physical?prototype.?Therefore,?the?virtual?design?is?the?developing?trends?of?mechanical?design.?In?mechanical?system?design,?the?application?of?virtual?prototype?is?used?to?design?mine?hoist,?not?only?speeded?up?the?design?process,?also?simulated?a?variety?of?conditions?to?the?virtual?prototype?to?discover?design?faults,to?improve?mine?hoist?performance.?Mine?hoistmechanical?system?is?composed?of?spindle,?roller,?reducer,?motor,?brakes?and?other?components.?? Mine?hoist?control?system?includes?start,?run,?brake,?etc.,?the?requirements?in?control?system?are:?? In?normal?hoist?operation,?participation?in?hoist?speed?control,?brake?the?hoist?when?reaching?the?destination,?known?asthe?service?braking;? In?case?of?emergency,?can?quickly?slow?down?as?required,?brake?hoist,?to?prevent?the?expansion?of?the?accident,?that?is?the?safety?braking;?Participate?in?the?hoist?speed?controlwhen?decelerati;?To?double-roller?hoist,?should?brake?the?moving?roller?and?fix?roller?respectively?when?regulating?rope?length,?replacement?level?and?changing?rope,?so?that,?movingroller?would?not?move?when?spindle?rotates?with?the?fixed?roller.? Most?of?mine?hoists?in?China?(more?than?70%)?use?the?traditional?electric?control?system?(tkd-a?as?the?representative).The?control?system?is?composed?of?relay?logic?circuits,?largeair?contactors,?tachometer?generator?etc.,?which?is?a?touch?control?system.?After?years?of?development,?tkd-a?series?of?electric?control?system?has?formed?its?own?characteristics,?but?its?shortcomings?are?obvious.?Its?electrical?circuit?is?too?complicated,?multi-line,?causing?hoist?parking?and?accidents?occurred?due?to?electrical?fault.?With?the?computer?and?digital?technology,?to?form?a?digital?hoist?control?system?ofPLC?has?become?possible.?PLC?control?system?has?high?controlprecision,?parameter?stability,?simple?hardware?structure,?self-diagnostic?capability?and?communication?networking?function. 附 錄B 外文翻譯： 主軸系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 提升機概論近三十年來，國外提升機機械部分都得到了飛速的發(fā)展。起初的提升機是電動機通 過減速器傳動卷筒的系統(tǒng)，后來出現(xiàn)了直流慢速電動機和直流電動機懸臂安裝直接傳動的提升機。直到目前為止，礦井提升機電控系統(tǒng)大多數(shù)還是轉(zhuǎn)子回路串金 屬電阻的交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng). 提升機都由若干部分組成：主軸、纏繞機構(gòu)、軸承和主制動器。這些便是基本部分。 纏繞機構(gòu)有好幾種，最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)是單圓柱形滾筒及雙圓柱形滾筒。對于單圓柱形滾筒， 兩根鋼絲繩功用一個滾筒纏繞面；第一根鋼絲繩自滾筒松開而相應(yīng)地漏出的滾筒面由另 一根鋼絲繩纏上。對于雙圓柱形滾筒，沒根鋼絲繩都纏繞在特有的滾筒上，即在任何時 刻鋼絲繩都只是纏在兩支滾筒總纏繞面的一半上。在這種情形下，一個滾筒結(jié)實地固定 在主軸上，另一個則活套在主軸上，借助于離合器與主軸相連，以便在必須時可使二滾 筒作相對轉(zhuǎn)動。滾筒相對轉(zhuǎn)動的可能行使得提升設(shè)備的操作變得容易，因為可以容易地 調(diào)節(jié)由于鋼絲繩彈性變形而逐漸伸長的長度。此外，還可以補償由于對鋼絲繩做周期性 的試驗而截下的長度。 提升機的重要部分為把電動機的轉(zhuǎn)動傳到安置有纏繞機構(gòu)的主軸上的減速 器。減速器結(jié)構(gòu)因其類型、用途不同而異。但無論何種類型的減速器，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)都是 由軸系部件、箱體及附件三大部分組成。軸系部件包括傳動件、軸和軸承組合，軸承組 合包括軸承、軸承蓋、密封裝置以及調(diào)整墊片等。減速器箱體上用以支持和固定軸系零 件，保證傳動件的嚙合精度、良好潤滑及密封的重要零件。箱體質(zhì)量約占減速器總質(zhì)量 的50/%。因此，在箱體結(jié)構(gòu)對減速器的工作性能、加工工藝、材料消耗、質(zhì)量及成本等 有很大影響，設(shè)計時必須全面考慮。為了使減速器具備較完善的性能，如注油、排油、 通氣、吊運、檢查油面高度、檢查傳動件嚙合情況、保證加工精度和裝拆方便等，在減 速器箱體上常需設(shè)置某些裝置或零件，將這些裝置和零件及箱體上相應(yīng)的局部結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)稱 為減速器附屬裝置或簡稱為附件。它們包括：視孔與視孔蓋、通氣器、游標、放游螺塞、 定位銷、啟蓋螺釘、吊運裝置、油杯等。 多繩摩擦式提升機的主要部件有主軸、主導(dǎo)輪、主軸承、車槽裝置、減速器、 度指示器、制動裝置及導(dǎo)向輪等。主導(dǎo)輪表面裝有帶繩槽的摩擦襯墊。襯墊應(yīng)具有較高的摩擦系數(shù)和耐磨、耐壓性能,其材質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣直接影響提升機的生產(chǎn)能力、工作 安全性及應(yīng)用范圍。目前使用較多的襯墊材料有聚氯乙烯或聚氨基甲酸乙酯橡膠等。由 于鋼絲繩與主導(dǎo)輪襯墊間不可避免的蠕動和滑動，停車時深度指示器偏離零位，故應(yīng)設(shè) 自動調(diào)零裝置，在每次停車期間使指針自動指向零位。車槽裝置用于車削繩槽，保持直 徑一致，有利于每根鋼絲繩張力均勻。為了減少震動，可采用彈簧機座減速器。? ?總之，不同的提升機用于不同的場合，根據(jù)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)量，設(shè)備的配套，進行選擇。 這樣，合理的選擇才能更好的為礦業(yè)服務(wù)。提升機和提升絞車被廣泛應(yīng)用于礦山企業(yè)中升降人員和物料，而雙滾筒提升機和提升絞車要求有一調(diào)繩裝置，在需要調(diào)節(jié)提升鋼絲繩的長度時，能使活動滾筒與主軸分離,主軸轉(zhuǎn)動時，與固定滾筒產(chǎn)生相對運動。在正常提升時，能夠使活動卷筒與主軸連成一 體，可靠的傳遞動力。提升機和提升絞車對調(diào)繩離合器的基本要求是：接合平穩(wěn)、分離 徹底、動作準確、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、操縱省力、重量輕、強度大、壽命長、調(diào)繩精度高。 在煤礦生產(chǎn)中，礦井提升機是沿著巖石豎井攜帶煤炭、煤矸石、材料、工人和其他設(shè)施的設(shè)備，豎井是唯一的和地上地下連接的方式，就是我們所知的煤礦的喉嚨。礦井提升機是一種具有的大慣性、負荷變化、運行速度快等特征的大型往復(fù)式機械。它本身操作性能的優(yōu)點和缺點不僅直接影響到正常的產(chǎn)量和煤炭生產(chǎn)效率,而且關(guān)系著設(shè)備和人身安全。近年來，在國內(nèi)外發(fā)生的礦用提升機失效和意外情況，已經(jīng)讓煤炭企業(yè)付出了沉重的代價。因此,生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和礦用提升機的安全性越高，那么它的機械制造技術(shù)與電氣控制技術(shù)就會成為一個國際機械建筑行業(yè)和電氣控制行業(yè)的重要研究領(lǐng)域。 礦井提升機主要包括工作裝置、控制系統(tǒng)、傳輸系統(tǒng)和阻力、保護系統(tǒng)以及其他組成部分。在本質(zhì)安全的礦井提升機設(shè)計中，機械系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)是需要考慮的主要部分。 傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計方法周期長、成本高。然而,虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)通過采用建模、仿真，然后建立物理原型的方法從而有了節(jié)約設(shè)計成本、縮短設(shè)計周期的優(yōu)勢。因此,虛擬設(shè)計是機械設(shè)計發(fā)展的必然趨勢。在機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中，應(yīng)用虛擬樣機來設(shè)計礦用提升機，不僅提高了設(shè)計速度，而且模擬了虛擬樣機的各種情況以發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計錯誤，提高設(shè)計、改善礦井提升機的性能。 礦井提升機控制系統(tǒng)包括啟動、運行、剎車等，控制系統(tǒng)的要求是：?在正常的提升機操作中，參與提升機的速度控制，到達目的地的時候制動提升機，稱為制動服務(wù)；萬一發(fā)生緊急情況,可以根據(jù)要求快速慢下來，制動提升機，以防止事故的擴大，也就是安全制動；在減速的時候參與提升機的速度控制；對于雙滾筒提升機，在調(diào)節(jié)鋼絲繩長度、更換水平和變化的鋼絲繩時，應(yīng)該分別制動活動卷筒和固定卷筒。這樣以來，當主軸隨固定卷筒一起轉(zhuǎn)時，活動卷筒就不能動了。? 中國的大部分礦井提升機（70%以上）使用傳統(tǒng)的電氣控制系統(tǒng)(以TKD-A作為代表)。TKD控制系統(tǒng)由邏輯電路、大型空氣接觸器、轉(zhuǎn)速發(fā)電機等部分組成，是一個觸摸控制系統(tǒng)。經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，TKD-A系列電動控制系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)形成了自身的特點，但其存在的缺陷顯而易見。其電路過于復(fù)雜、多線，由于電路故障使提升機造成停車和事故的發(fā)生。通過運用計算機和數(shù)字技術(shù)，形成一個數(shù)字化提升機的PLC控制系統(tǒng)已成為可能。PLC控制系統(tǒng)具有較高的控制精度、參數(shù)穩(wěn)定、簡單的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)、自診斷能力和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信功能。