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FSAE電動賽車整車布置及性能分析

摘要: 大學(xué)生電動方程式賽車是在傳統(tǒng)燃油大學(xué)生方程式賽車的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的，其絕大多數(shù)零部件都與燃油車相似，如賽車的車架、制動、傳動以及懸架等，其主要差別在于動力系統(tǒng)和電子控制系統(tǒng)。

本文以FSAE大學(xué)生電動方程式賽車整車布置及性能分析為研究對象，主要進行以下研究：

1）通過研究大學(xué)生方程式汽車大賽賽事相關(guān)規(guī)則以及賽車制造標準要求，掌握電動賽車總體布置方案；

2）查閱國內(nèi)外相關(guān)參考文獻，從而為整車布置以及整車參數(shù)設(shè)計提供理論依據(jù)；

3）首先從車架結(jié)構(gòu)以及車架所使用的材料進行選擇說明，通過結(jié)構(gòu)與材料之間的對比，分別選擇合適結(jié)構(gòu)和材料來設(shè)計車架，建立電動賽車車架的三維模型；

4）對懸架采用的類型與部件的設(shè)計參數(shù)進行討論說明，然后對懸架特性參數(shù)進行計算說明，確定懸架的硬點位置，最后對懸架系統(tǒng)的零部件結(jié)構(gòu)進行設(shè)計，從而確定賽車懸架系統(tǒng)；

5）首先確定制動系統(tǒng)采用的方案，選擇制動器的形式與液壓分路系統(tǒng)；然后對制動系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù)與盤式制動器的相關(guān)尺寸進行相關(guān)計算；最后對整套制動系統(tǒng)的液壓驅(qū)動機構(gòu)進行設(shè)計計算，包括前后輪制動卡鉗的尺寸以及前后輪制動主缸尺寸的大小。       

由于電機是驅(qū)動電動賽車的唯一動力源，所以它的選擇尤為重要，關(guān)系到整個汽車的動力性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。實際應(yīng)用時，往往會因為各種情況導(dǎo)致實際轉(zhuǎn)矩和理論轉(zhuǎn)矩出現(xiàn)誤差，本文選用永磁無刷直流電機來當作電動賽車驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的驅(qū)動電機。根據(jù)方程式汽車大賽規(guī)則，F(xiàn)SAE賽車的車架設(shè)計內(nèi)容包括車架的結(jié)構(gòu)布置、車架材料的選擇、車架的內(nèi)部空間布置設(shè)計并且設(shè)計要符合人機工程。FSAE賽車車架采用桁架式車架結(jié)構(gòu)，選擇了四種厚度不同的的30CrMo鋼材，最大限度地縮小賽車的整車重量，使得車架的整體性能得到提高。結(jié)合國內(nèi)外車隊相關(guān)懸架優(yōu)秀設(shè)計經(jīng)驗，本文選擇了推桿不等長雙橫臂懸掛。主要因素有：推桿不等長雙橫臂懸掛，加工方便，裝配精度高，符合學(xué)生的技術(shù)水平；重心較高的問題，由于采用了鋁合金部件和碳纖維材料，可以有效解決；賽

車通過傳動形式的對比，選擇鏈傳動作為本次設(shè)計的傳動形式。本文選用浮鉗盤式為這次設(shè)計的布置形式，選擇前后的雙回路液壓制動回路作為我們的液壓分路系統(tǒng)布置形式，考慮到制動的加速度比較大，造成的前后制動力變化范圍比較大，也會方便我們在競賽過程根據(jù)不同的項目及時調(diào)整前輪及后輪的制動力分配。要求較高的可維修性，快速調(diào)節(jié)，良好的操控穩(wěn)定性，推桿不等長雙橫臂懸掛均滿足。通過本文研究分析，有利于為電動賽車的整車布置設(shè)計提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞：電動方程式賽車；整車布置；性能分析；驅(qū)動電機

FSAE Electric Car Vehicle Layout and Performance Analysis

Abstract: The electric formula of college students is developed on the basis of the conventional fuel formula racing car, and most of its parts are similar to the fuel vehicles, such as car frame, braking, transmission and suspension, and the main difference lies in the power system and the electronic control system. 

   2 Check the relevant references at home and abroad to provide the theoretical basis for the layout of the vehicle and the design of the whole vehicle parameters; 3 Firstly, from the frame structure and the material used in the frame, the choice of the structure and materials, the comparison between the appropriate structure and materials to design the frame, the establishment of a three-dimensional model of electric racing car frame; 4 discuss the type of suspension and the design parameters of the part, and then calculate the suspension characteristic parameters, determine the position of the suspension, and finally design the parts structure of the suspension system, so as to determine the car suspension system; 5 first determine the braking system adopts the scheme, select the form of brake and hydraulic tap system; then the main parameters of braking system and the related dimensions of disc brakes are calculated; Finally, the hydraulic drive mechanism of the whole brake system is designed and calculated, including the size of front and rear brake caliper and the size of the main cylinder of the rear wheel brake. 

Since the motor is the only power source for driving electric racing, its choice is particularly important, and it relates to the power and stability of the vehicle. Practical application, often because of a variety of circumstances leading to the actual torque and theoretical torque error, this article selects the Permanent Magnet brushless DC motor to be used as the driving motor driving system of electric racing car. According to Formula Car contest rules, the frame design of FSAE racing includes the structure arrangement of the frame, the choice of frame material, the interior design of the frame and the design to conform to the man-machine project. FSAE Racing Frame adopts truss frame structure, selects four kinds of 30CrMo steel of different thickness, minimizes the weight of the car, and improves the overall performance of the frame. Combining with the excellent design experience of the domestic and foreign fleet related suspension, this paper chooses the double wishbone suspension with unequal length. The main factors are: the unequal length double transverse arm hanging, processing convenience, high precision assembly, in line with the students ' technical level; The high center of gravity problem, because of the use of aluminum alloy parts and carbon fiber materials, can be effectively solved; the car is the transmission form of the design, select Chain drive. This paper selects the float clamp disc type for this design arrangement form, select the double-loop hydraulic brake circuit as our hydraulic shunt system layout form, considering that the acceleration of braking is relatively large, resulting in the change range of the dynamic system, it will also facilitate the process of the competition in accordance with different projects in time to adjust the front wheel and rear wheel braking force distribution. Requirements of high maintainability, rapid adjustment, good control stability, the rod unequal long double-wishbone suspension are satisfied. Through the research and analysis, it is advantageous to provide the theoretical basis for the whole vehicle layout design of the electric racing car.

Keywords: Electric equation racing car; motor vehicle layout, performance analysis;

目錄

摘要 I

Abstract III

1  緒論 1

1.1  引言 1

1.2  國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 1

1.2.1 國內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀 1

1.2.2 國外研究現(xiàn)狀 1

1.3 本文研究內(nèi)容 2

1.3.1 汽車懸架系統(tǒng)的作用 2

1.4 本章小結(jié) 2

2.FSAE電動賽車總體設(shè)計 4

2.1 電動賽車結(jié)構(gòu)布置 4

2.1.1 電動賽車結(jié)構(gòu)布置 4

2.1.2 電動賽車車架 5

2.1.3 電動賽車懸架系統(tǒng) 5

2.1.4 電動賽車傳動、制動系統(tǒng) 5

2.2 整車參數(shù)設(shè)計 5

2.3 本章小結(jié) 7

3.賽車車架設(shè)計 8

3.1 車架結(jié)構(gòu)選擇 8

3.2 車架材料選擇 8

3.3 車架三維模型建立 9

3.4 本章小結(jié) 9

4.賽車懸架設(shè)計 10

4.1 懸架類型與設(shè)計參數(shù)確定 10

4.2 設(shè)計計算 11

4.3 懸架硬點確定 16

4.4 懸架零部件設(shè)計 17

4.4.1 立柱設(shè)計 17

4.4.2 搖臂設(shè)計 18

4.4.3 叉臂總成設(shè)計 19

4.4.4 吊耳設(shè)計 19

4.4.5輪輻設(shè)計 20

4.5 本章小結(jié) 21

5.賽車制動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 22

5.1 制動系統(tǒng)方案確定 22

5.1.1 制動器形式選擇 22

5.1.2 液壓分路系統(tǒng)選擇 22

5.2 制動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計計算 23

5.2.1 制動系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)設(shè)置 23

5.2.2 盤式制動器相關(guān)計算 29

5.3 液壓驅(qū)動機構(gòu)設(shè)計計算 30

5.3.1 前后輪制動卡鉗尺寸確定 30

5.3.2 前后輪制動主缸尺寸確定 32

5.4 本章小結(jié) 33

6.賽車傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 34

6.1 傳動比計算 34

6.2 傳動形式選擇 35

6.3 主要零件設(shè)計計算 35

6.4 本章小結(jié) 37

7.總結(jié)與展望 38

7.1 總結(jié) 38

7.2 展望 38

參 考 文 獻 39

致  謝 40

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