數(shù)控銑床X-Y工作臺的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
數(shù)控銑床X-Y工作臺的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,數(shù)控,銑床,工作臺,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
數(shù)控銑床X-Y工作臺的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
X-Y數(shù)控工作臺機電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計是一個開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。實現(xiàn)方便而且能夠保證一定的精度。降低成本，是微機控制技術(shù)的最簡單的應(yīng)用。它充分的利用了危機的軟件硬件功能以實現(xiàn)對機床的控制;使機床的加工范圍擴大，精度和可靠性進一步得到提高。X-Y數(shù)控工作臺機電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計是利用8031單片機，及2764,?6264存儲器及8155芯片等硬件組成，在控制系統(tǒng)的硬件上編寫一定的程序以實現(xiàn)一定的加工功能。
? 其基本思想是通過圓弧或者直線插補程序以實現(xiàn)對零件進行幾何加工，每進行一段加工都要產(chǎn)生一定的脈沖以驅(qū)動電機正反轉(zhuǎn)，同時通8155將相應(yīng)的加工進刀信息送至刀架庫中以實現(xiàn)以之相應(yīng)的走刀，電機和刀具的相對運動所以實現(xiàn)了刀具對工件的加工。該控制系統(tǒng)采用軟件中斷控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)及子程序結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，條件明確在經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控中應(yīng)用較多。中斷結(jié)構(gòu)采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計因為這種結(jié)構(gòu)便于修改和擴充，編制較為方便，便于向多處理方向發(fā)展。X-Y
數(shù)控工作臺機電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計采用步進電機作為驅(qū)動裝置。步進電機是一個將脈沖信號轉(zhuǎn)移成角位移的機電式數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換器裝置。其工作原理是每給一個脈沖便在定子電路中產(chǎn)生一定的空間旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場;由于步進電機通的是三相交流電所以輸入的脈沖數(shù)目及時間間隔不同，轉(zhuǎn)子的旋轉(zhuǎn)快慢及旋轉(zhuǎn)時間的長短也是不同的。由于旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場對放入其中的通電導(dǎo)體既轉(zhuǎn)子切割磁力線時具有力的作用，從實現(xiàn)了旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場的轉(zhuǎn)動迫使轉(zhuǎn)子作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)動，所以轉(zhuǎn)子才可以實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)子帶動絲杠作相應(yīng)的運動。本題目是步進電機，微型計算機，插補原理，匯編語言的綜合應(yīng)用。
?當今世界電子技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展，微處理器、微型計算機在各技術(shù)領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，對各領(lǐng)域技術(shù)的發(fā)展起到了極大的推動作用。一個較完善的機電一體化系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)包含以下幾個基本要素：機械本體、動力與驅(qū)動部分、執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳感測試部分、控制及信息處理部分。機電一體化是系統(tǒng)技術(shù)、計算機與信息處理技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、檢測傳感技術(shù)、伺服傳動技術(shù)和機械技術(shù)等多學(xué)科技術(shù)領(lǐng)域綜合交叉的技術(shù)密集型系統(tǒng)工程。新一代的CNC系統(tǒng)這類典型機電一體化產(chǎn)品正朝著高性能、智能化、系統(tǒng)化以及輕量、微型化方向發(fā)展。 工作臺作為數(shù)控機床的重要組成部分，也是影響加工精度的重要組成環(huán)節(jié)。從一開始為了滿足加工簡單的零件而設(shè)計的直線運動的X—Y工作臺，到現(xiàn)在為了實現(xiàn)多工位加工而制造的分度工作臺和回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺等。為了滿足現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，也為了環(huán)境的要求，一作臺的驅(qū)動裝置從原來的機械驅(qū)動變?yōu)橐郝抿?qū)動，現(xiàn)在更多的采用了氣動裝置，更好的保護了環(huán)境，節(jié)約了資源。由于工作臺是一臺機床的關(guān)鍵配套部件，因此世界各國都有對其進行研究，我國在工作臺的研究開發(fā)方面也取得了長足的進步。目前工作臺的種類繁多，傳統(tǒng)的工作臺只能安裝在某一指定機床上，伴隨著科技的與時俱進，它們的功能也由傳統(tǒng)單一性向現(xiàn)代的功能性方向發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在一些工作臺，它不僅可以安裝在鉆床上，還可以安裝在銑床和鏜床等機床上。并且目前部分工作臺還可以作為機床的第四回轉(zhuǎn)軸，大大提高了機床的性能。例如：可傾回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺，它可以實現(xiàn)用于數(shù)控機床和加工中心機床上，可利用原機床的兩個控制坐標控制轉(zhuǎn)臺的回轉(zhuǎn)和傾斜，也可直接利用本轉(zhuǎn)臺配套的數(shù)控裝置與機床聯(lián)接完成所需的工作循環(huán)。它可以完成任意角度的孔、槽、平面類機械加工，以及曲線、凸輪等的加工，并可達到較高的精度另外也可用于非數(shù)控鉆、銑鏜類機床上，獨立完成等分和不等分的角
度分度工作。國外工作臺的功能與我國所生產(chǎn)的工作臺功能基本相似，但是在其精度方面，
國外的一些公司所生產(chǎn)的工作臺要略高于我國所生產(chǎn)的工作臺。
因此我國與國外相比，還是有一定的差距，因此工作臺的設(shè)計具有重要意義，我們要借助時代的步伐，與時俱進，開拓創(chuàng)新，使我國成為具有領(lǐng)先技術(shù)的綜合性強國。本設(shè)計所設(shè)計的X-Y工作臺采用了低摩擦的直線滾動導(dǎo)軌和精密的絲杠，它的工作原理是通過MCS-51單片機來控制步進電機，使X-Y工作臺實現(xiàn)了數(shù)控控制。工作臺的自動化能大大減輕勞動強度，提高勞動生產(chǎn)效率。本設(shè)計的X-Y數(shù)控工作臺機電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計是一個開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，實現(xiàn)方便而且能保證一定的精度。通過微機控制技術(shù)的簡單的應(yīng)用，實現(xiàn)對機床的控制，使機床的加工范圍擴大，精度和可靠性進一步提高。本設(shè)計所設(shè)計的X-Y工作臺不僅可用于銑床上進行數(shù)控銑削加工，而且還能夠用于鉆床上數(shù)控鉆削加工，所以其功能遠高于傳統(tǒng)的普通工作臺是新一代機電一體化的典型產(chǎn)品。通過對X-Y工作臺的設(shè)計，能夠正確運用機床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)等課程的基本理論個有關(guān)知識學(xué)會設(shè)備數(shù)控化改造方案的擬定、比較、分析及進行必要的計算；通過對設(shè)備改造的機械部分設(shè)計，掌握數(shù)控設(shè)備典型零件的計算方法和步驟以及正確的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計方法；通過設(shè)備的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件設(shè)計，掌握簡單的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件及軟件設(shè)計的基本方法；通過課程設(shè)計，初步樹立正確的設(shè)計思想，培養(yǎng)自己分析問題和解決問題的能力；提高自己應(yīng)用手冊、標準以及編寫文件等資料的能力。
?在本設(shè)計中著重介紹了如何對X-Y工作臺進行設(shè)計，對導(dǎo)軌、絲杠、電機、選用和數(shù)控控制電路的設(shè)計和其控制程序的編制等方面進行了深入的分析。
數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程 ：數(shù)控銑床品種繁多，規(guī)格不一，可按通用銑床的分類方法分為以下3類：
數(shù)控立式銑床：數(shù)控立式銑床主軸軸線垂直于水平面，這種銑床占數(shù)控銑床的大多數(shù)，應(yīng)用范圍也最廣。目前三坐標數(shù)控立式銑床占數(shù)控銑床的大多數(shù)，一般可進行三軸聯(lián)動加工。
臥式數(shù)控銑床：臥式數(shù)控銑床的主軸軸線平行于水平面。
為了擴大加工范圍和擴充功能，臥式數(shù)控銑床通常采用增加數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺或萬能數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺的方式來實現(xiàn)四軸和五軸聯(lián)動加工。這樣既可以加工工件側(cè)面的連續(xù)回轉(zhuǎn)輪廓，又可以實現(xiàn)在一次裝夾中通過轉(zhuǎn)臺改變零件的加工位置也就是通常所說的工位，進行多個位置或工作面的加工。
立臥兩用轉(zhuǎn)換銑床：這類銑床的主軸可以進行轉(zhuǎn)換，可在同一臺數(shù)控銑床上進行立式加工和臥式加工，同時具備立、臥式銑床的功能。 銑床是用銑刀進行切削加的機床,銑床的加工情況如圖1-1所示。在銑床上，用不同銑刀可以對平面、斜面、溝槽、臺階、T形槽、燕尾槽等表面進行加工，另外配上分度頭或回轉(zhuǎn)臺還可以加工齒輪、螺旋面、花鍵軸、凸輪等各種成型表面。故銑床的萬能性強，應(yīng)用范圍很廣。銑床的主參數(shù)是工作臺面寬度及長度。圖1-1 銑床上的典型工作銑床的工藝特點如下：
(1)銑床的主軸帶動銑刀作旋轉(zhuǎn)主運動；
(2)銑刀是多齒、多刃連續(xù)進行切削；
(3)多數(shù)銑床由工作臺帶動工件作直線進給運動；
(4)銑刀在切削時，每個刀齒的切削過程是斷續(xù)的，同時參加切削的齒數(shù)是變化的，每個刀齒的切削厚度也是變化的，因此容易引起機床振動；
(5)銑削時，銑刀同時參加切削的齒數(shù)較多，便于采用較大的銑削速度和進給給量，因而生產(chǎn)效率高。我國的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)正處在由研究開發(fā)階段向推廣應(yīng)用階段過渡的關(guān)鍵時期。也是由封閉型系統(tǒng)向開放型系統(tǒng)過渡的時期。我國數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在技術(shù)上已趨于成熟，在重大關(guān)鍵技術(shù)上（包括核心技術(shù)），已達到國外先進水平。目前，已新開發(fā)出數(shù)控系統(tǒng)80種。自“七五”以來，國家一直把數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展作為重中之重來支持，現(xiàn)已開發(fā)出具有中國版權(quán)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，掌握了國外一直對我國封鎖的一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
我國數(shù)控機床產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是國內(nèi)市場占有率偏低。據(jù)有關(guān)資料表明,年國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機床的市場占有率僅為38.88%。造成這種嚴峻的形勢,除客觀原因外,主要是產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、可靠性不過硬?！笆濉逼陂g,我國機械制造工業(yè)正朝著精密化、柔性化、集成化、自動化、智能化方面迅速發(fā)展,國內(nèi)數(shù)控機床需求強勁,我國數(shù)控機床產(chǎn)業(yè)適逢極好的發(fā)展機遇。然而,我國加入ＷＴＯ后,國外生產(chǎn)的數(shù)控機床將會更多的進入我國市場市場競爭更為激烈。提高國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機床市場占有率,關(guān)鍵在于提高質(zhì)量和可靠性。幾年來,經(jīng)過對國內(nèi)外數(shù)控機床的機械結(jié)構(gòu)剖析和使用性能的調(diào)研,探索和總結(jié)了數(shù)控機床機械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和制造的新技術(shù)?，F(xiàn)時主要存在有以下幾個問題：
（1）缺乏產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模
（2）缺乏發(fā)展數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策和技術(shù)配套體系
（3）缺乏技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，產(chǎn)品更新和產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整的內(nèi)在動力
（4）面臨國外強手競爭的巨大壓力
回顧數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了兩個階段，六代的發(fā)展歷程。第一個階段叫做NC階段，經(jīng)歷了電子管、晶體管、和小規(guī)模集成電路三代。自1970年開始小型計算機開始用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就進入了第二個階段，叫做CNC階段，成為第四代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)：從1974年微處理器開始用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)即發(fā)展到第五代。經(jīng)過十多年的發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)從性能到可靠性都得到了根本性的提高。實際上從20世紀末期直到今天，在生產(chǎn)中使用的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)大部分都是第五代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。但第五代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)以及以前各代都是一種專用封閉的系統(tǒng)，而第六代——開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將代表著數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來發(fā)展方向，將在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展、制造技術(shù)的進步和人類生活水平的提高，以及社會對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和品種的多樣化的要求趨勢日益增強。中、小批量生產(chǎn)的比例明顯增加，對數(shù)控機床的柔性和通用性提出了更高的要求，希望市場能提供不同加工需求，能迅速高效、低成本地構(gòu)筑面向用戶的控制系統(tǒng)，并大幅度地降低維護和培訓(xùn)的成本，同時還要求具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能，以適應(yīng)未來車間面向任務(wù)和定單的生產(chǎn)組織和管理模式。為此，近10年來，隨著計算機技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，各種不同層次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)應(yīng)運而生，發(fā)展很快。目前正朝標準化開放體系結(jié)構(gòu)的方向前進。就體系結(jié)構(gòu)而言，當今世界上的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)大致分為4種類型：傳統(tǒng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、“PC嵌入NC結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、“NC嵌入PC”結(jié)構(gòu)的開放式數(shù)控統(tǒng)、開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。特別是進入20世紀90年代以來，隨著國際上計算機技術(shù)突飛猛進的發(fā)展，數(shù)控技術(shù)正在不斷采用計算機、控制理論等領(lǐng)域的最新技術(shù)成就。目前外數(shù)控機床的性能正朝著高速化、高精度、高效率、高柔性、高自動化、高可靠性、智能化、復(fù)合化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)等方向迅速發(fā)展這將對數(shù)控機床機械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和制造的質(zhì)量和可靠性提出更高的要求?！笆濉逼陂g,我國機械制造行業(yè)必須瞄準國際數(shù)控機床發(fā)展的科學(xué)前沿,開拓創(chuàng)新,消化吸收國外先進技術(shù),開創(chuàng)我國數(shù)控機床設(shè)計和制造技術(shù)的新局面。
X-Y Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.o do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed airo make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger.
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading.X-Y The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacityrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technicalpare-maters,transmitingsystemwas analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger
This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.umatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger
This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.gn, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.It can replace the heavy labor in ordeSmall twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and other foot .Small twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced X-Y meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and other food, small power requirements, powered by the motor drive, reasonable structure design, can meet the family kitchen generally meat food consisting mainly of minced required.
Key word: pneumatic manipulator；cylinder；pneumatic loop；Four degrees of freedom.
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