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Die Life of cold stamping die and improvements
Overview of stamping die
Stamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method.
Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features:
1. According to the technical nature of
(1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold. If blanking die, punch die, cut off the mold, cut mode, cutting mode, split mode, etc..
(2) bending mode to blank or blank sheet along a straight line (curved line) to bend, deform, and thus obtain a certain angle and shape of the workpiece in the mold.
(3) The drawing die is made of the blank sheet opening hollow, or hollow pieces of further changes to the shape and size of the mold.
(4) Die rough or semi-finished workpiece is convex according to plan, direct copy the shape of the die shape, the material itself, generate only local plastic deformation of the mold. Such as the bulging mode, reducing the die, expansion die, forming die rolling, flanging mold, plastic mold.
2. According to the degree classification process combination
(1) single process model in a press tour, just completed a die stamping process.
(2) composite model is only one station, in a press tour, at the same station at the same time to complete more than two or two die stamping process.
(3) Progressive Die (also known as the modulus of continuity) in the feeding direction, rough, with two or more of the station, at the press of a visit, work in different places on the completion of two or two successive Road over stamping die process.
Chong called cold stamping die Die-wide.
Cold stamping die is used in cold stamping die mold industry, and accessories required for high-performance structural ceramic materials, preparation methods, high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories from the zirconium oxide and yttrium aluminum powder increases, Pr element composition, Preparation is the solution of zirconia, yttria solution, praseodymium oxide solution, according to a certain percentage of alumina solution when mixed liquor, ammonium bicarbonate infusion, by co-precipitation synthesis of ceramic materials, molds and accessories needed for raw materials, reaction precipitate generated by the treatment, drying, calcining and accessories by high performance ceramic mold material superfine powder, and then after forming, sintering, finishing, they will have high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories. Advantages of this invention is the invention made of cold stamping dies and parts and long service life, the process does not appear in the press and its parts and stamping die bond generated the phenomenon of stamping surface is smooth, no glitches, can replace traditional high-speed steel, tungsten steel.
Die with the main parts
Die stamping tools is the main process equipment, stamping rely on the relative movement under the mold completed. Processing time because the upper and lower mold between the constant division and, if continued operation of the fingers of workers to enter or remain in the mold closed, there will certainly pose a serious threat to their personal safety.
(A) of the mold main parts, function and safety requirements
1. Working parts is a direct punch to blank forming the working parts, therefore, it is the key to mold parts. Punch not only sophisticated and complex, it should meet the following requirements:
(1) be of sufficient strength, can not be broken or destroyed during stamping.
(2) should be appropriate to its material and heat treatment requirements, to prevent too high hardness and brittle fracture.
2. Positioning parts positioning part is to determine the location of the parts installed blank, there are pins (board), gauge pin (plate), lead is sold, guide plate, knife set from the side, side pressure etc.. Design should be considered when positioning parts easy to operate and should not have had orientation, location to facilitate observation, preferably in the forward position, contouring to correct the pin location and positioning.
3. Binder, unloading and discharging parts binder components are blank holder, binder board.
Blank holder pressure can drawing blank holder force, thereby preventing billets under the action of the tangential pressure arch formed folds. The role of pressure plate to prevent movement and bounce blank. Top of the device, discharge board's role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the air-cushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out empty-handed. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down.
4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operator's arms do not get to take over the lead column material.
5. Supporting and clamping the upper and lower parts which includes templates, die handle, fixed plate punch, plate, stopper, etc..
lthough China Die with the industry over the past decade has made remarkable development, but in many ways compared with the industrialized countries there is still a large gap. For example, the precision machining equipment, processing equipment in Die with the relatively low proportion; CAD / CAE / CAM technology penetration is not high; many advanced mold technology not widely so, resulting in a considerable number of large, sophisticated, complex and long Die life with dependence on imports.
With the continuous progress of science and technology, modern industrial production of increasingly complex and diverse, product performance and quality is ever increasing, thus the cold stamping technology put forward higher requirements. In order to adapt to the cold stamping technology industry needs, cold stamping technology itself also in innovation and development. cold stamping technology idea is to improve and expand as much as possible the advantages of the cold stamping process, to overcome its shortcomings. in the cold stamping technology development, should note the following aspects:
(1) cold stamping technology process parameters should be properly identified and Die with the work of some of the shape and size, to improve the quality of stamping parts and shorten the new product production cycle should be in strengthening the metal forming the basis of theoretical studies, to metal forming theory to practice can produce a direction, and gradually establish a close connection with the actual production of the advanced process of calculation. abroad have begun to use plastic finite element method, automobile parts forming process of the stress and strain analysis and computer simulation to predict the forming part of a process plan on the possibilities and potential problems.
(2) to accelerate product replacement, mold design to overcome the shortcomings of a long cycle. Should vigorously carry out computer-aided design and manufacture of molds (CAD / CAM) Research. In my country, paying particular attention to strengthening the multi-position progressive die CAD / CAM Technology.
(3) to meet the needs of mass production, and reduce labor intensity. Should strengthen cold stamping of mechanized and automated, so that the average, small pieces of high-speed presses in a multi-position progressive die production, production reached a high degree of automation to further improve stamping productivity.
(4) expand the scope of application of cold stamping production. So cold pressing both suitable for mass production, but also for small batch production; both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming high-energy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment.
In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened.
Die with life and Countermeasures
Die with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance.
1. Die Design on Life
(1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary.
(2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life.
(3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary.
(4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision.(5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small, easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage.
2. Die Die Life of
Die Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 ~ 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 ~ 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 ~ 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 ~ 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 ~ 60 000, but decreased to 50 ~ 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match.
3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on life
Mold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a material's potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc.. High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times.
4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die life
Precision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing.
5. Other aspects of the impact of die life
(1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage.
(2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operator's technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected.
(3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.
6. Conclusion
In actual production, sheet metal dies for use, rare case of non-normal wear and tear. But when the die plate was found prone to irregular wear, we always study for the problems summarized. Because of a cold die, from the design, manufacture, assembly, commissioning and installation and use, all spent many hours, while the convex die, die material used, mostly high-quality alloy steel. Therefore, the die cost is relatively high. Therefore, in the production of understanding the factors that affect the die life and take the appropriate measures to guide the production of great practical significance.
冷沖模具使用壽命的影響及對(duì)策
沖壓模具概述
沖壓模具--在冷沖壓加工中，將材料（金屬或非金屬）加工成零件（或半成品）的一種特殊工藝裝備，稱為冷沖壓模具（俗稱冷沖模）。沖壓--是在室溫下，利用安裝在壓力機(jī)上的模具對(duì)材料施加壓力，使其產(chǎn)生分離或塑性變形，從而獲得所需零件的一種壓力加工方法。
沖壓模具的形式很多，一般可按以下幾個(gè)主要特征分類：
１． 根據(jù)工藝性質(zhì)分
（1）沖裁模 沿封閉或敞開的輪廓線使材料產(chǎn)生分離的模具。如落料模、沖孔模、切斷模、切口模、切邊模、剖切模等。
（2）彎曲模 使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿著直線（彎曲線）產(chǎn)生彎曲變形，從而獲得一定角度和形狀的工件的模具。
（3）拉深模 是把板料毛坯制成開口空心件，或使空心件進(jìn)一步改變形狀和尺寸的模具。
（4）成形模 是將毛坯或半成品工件按圖凸、凹模的形狀直接復(fù)制成形，而材料本身僅產(chǎn)生局部塑性變形的模具。如脹形模、縮口模、擴(kuò)口模、起伏成形模、翻邊模、整形模等。
２．根據(jù)工序組合程度分類
（1）單工序模 在壓力機(jī)的一次行程中，只完成一道沖壓工序的模具。
（2）復(fù)合模 只有一個(gè)工位，在壓力機(jī)的一次行程中，在同一工位上同時(shí)完成兩道或兩道以上沖壓工序的模具。
（3）級(jí)進(jìn)模（也稱連續(xù)模） 在毛坯的送進(jìn)方向上，具有兩個(gè)或更多的工位，在壓力機(jī)的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成兩道或兩道以上沖壓工序的模具。
沖冷沖模全稱為冷沖壓模具。
冷沖壓模具是一種應(yīng)用于模具行業(yè)冷沖壓模具及其配件所需高性能結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷材料的制備方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化鋯、氧化釔粉中加鋁、鐠元素構(gòu)成，制備工藝是將氧化鋯溶液、氧化釔溶液、氧化鐠溶液、氧化鋁溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氫銨，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反應(yīng)生成的沉淀經(jīng)濾水、干燥，煅燒得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再經(jīng)過(guò)成型、燒結(jié)、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本發(fā)明的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是本發(fā)明制成的冷沖壓模具及其配件使用壽命長(zhǎng)，在沖壓過(guò)程中未出現(xiàn)模具及其配件與沖壓件產(chǎn)生粘結(jié)現(xiàn)象，沖壓件表面光滑、無(wú)毛刺，完全可以替代傳統(tǒng)高速鋼、鎢鋼材料。
冷沖模具主要零件
冷沖模具是沖壓加工的主要工藝裝備，沖壓制件就是靠上、下模具的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)完成的。加工時(shí)由于上、下模具之間不斷地分合，如果操作工人的手指不斷進(jìn)入或停留在模具閉合區(qū)，便會(huì)對(duì)其人身安全帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重威脅。
（一）模具的主要零件、作用及安全要求
1．工作零件凸凹模是直接使坯料成形的工作零件，因此，它是模具上的關(guān)鍵零件。凸凹模不但精密而且復(fù)雜，它應(yīng)滿足如下要求：
（1）應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度，不能在沖壓過(guò)程中斷裂或破壞．
（2）對(duì)其材料及熱處理應(yīng)有適當(dāng)要求，防止硬度太高而脆裂。
2．定位零件定位零件是確定坯件安裝位置的零件，有定位銷（板）、擋料銷（板）、導(dǎo)正銷、導(dǎo)料板、定距側(cè)刀、側(cè)壓器等。設(shè)計(jì)定位零件時(shí)應(yīng)考慮操作方便，不應(yīng)有過(guò)定位，位置要便于觀察，最好采用前推定位、外廓定位和導(dǎo)正銷定位等。
3．壓料、卸料及出料零件壓料零件有壓邊圈、壓料板等。
壓邊圈可對(duì)拉延坯料加壓邊力，從而防止坯料在切向壓力的作用下拱起而形成皺褶。壓料板的作用是防止坯料移動(dòng)和彈跳。頂出器、卸料板的作用是便于出件和清理廢料。它們由彈簧、橡膠和設(shè)備上的氣墊推桿支撐，可上下運(yùn)動(dòng)，頂出件設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)具有足夠的頂出力，運(yùn)動(dòng)要有限位。卸料板應(yīng)盡量縮小閉合區(qū)域或在操作位置上銑出空手槽。暴露的卸料板的四周應(yīng)設(shè)有防護(hù)板，防止手指伸入或異物進(jìn)入，外露表面棱角應(yīng)倒鈍。
4．導(dǎo)向零件導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種導(dǎo)向零件。其作用是保證凸凹模在沖壓工作時(shí)有精確的配合間隙。因此，導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的間隙應(yīng)小于沖裁間隙。導(dǎo)柱設(shè)在下模座，要保證在沖程下死點(diǎn)時(shí)，導(dǎo)柱的上端面在上模板頂面以上最少5至10毫米。導(dǎo)柱應(yīng)安排在遠(yuǎn)離模塊和壓料板的部位，使操作者的手臂不用越過(guò)導(dǎo)柱送取料。
5．支承及夾持零件它包括上下模板、模柄、凸凹模固定板、墊板、限位器等。
上下模板是冷沖模具的基礎(chǔ)零件，其他各種零件都分別安裝固定在上面。模板的平面尺寸，尤其是前后方向應(yīng)與制件相適應(yīng)，過(guò)大或過(guò)小均不利于操作。
有些模具（落料、沖孔類模具）為了出件方便，需在模架下設(shè)墊板。這時(shí)墊板最好與模板之間用螺釘連接在一起，兩墊板的厚度應(yīng)絕對(duì)相等。墊板的間距以能出件為準(zhǔn)，不要太大，以免模板斷裂。
6．緊固零件它包括螺釘、螺母、彈簧、柱銷、墊圈等，一般都采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。冷沖模具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件用量較多，設(shè)計(jì)選用時(shí)應(yīng)保證緊固和彈性頂出的需要，避免緊固件暴露在表面操作位置上，防止碰傷人手和妨礙操作。
冷沖模具的發(fā)展
改革開放以來(lái)，隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)對(duì)冷沖模具的需求量不斷增長(zhǎng)。近年來(lái)，冷沖模具工業(yè)一直以15%左右的增長(zhǎng)速度快速發(fā)展，冷沖模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化，除了國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠外，集體、合資、獨(dú)資和私營(yíng)也得到了快速發(fā)展。
隨著與國(guó)際接軌的腳步不斷加快，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的日益加劇，人們已經(jīng)越來(lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、成本和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力的重要性。而冷沖模具制造是整個(gè)鏈條中最基礎(chǔ)的要素之一，冷沖模具制造技術(shù)現(xiàn)已成為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志，并在很大程度上決定企業(yè)的生存空間。
近年許多冷沖模具企業(yè)加大了用于技術(shù)進(jìn)步的投資力度，將技術(shù)進(jìn)步視為企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿ΑＲ恍﹪?guó)內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已普及了二維CAD，并陸續(xù)開始使用UG、Pro/Engineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等國(guó)際通用軟件，個(gè)別廠家還引進(jìn)了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Opt