上下料機械手的設(shè)計
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What Is Robot?A robot is basically a highly automated machine that is created to duplicate one or more physical of a person. It is a product of comprehensive techniques utilizing automatic control , electronics ,mechanics, computer science and other applied sciences. Robot are designed and manufactured to help us do our work faster, better, and easier, with little intervention from human operators. Ever in terms of mechanical structure , most are made with a number of parts mimicking human anatomy or that of some animals or insects, but they do not necessarily resemble man. There are two basic types of robots now widely used types of robots now widely used in industry and service. They are the manipulator and the mobile robot. The manipulator, is fixed but with a movable arm, commonly known as the robotic arm. It is usually mouted on a base in a location close to where it will perform its tasks .The most frequent application of manipulators in manufacturingis welding, painting, material handling ,assembling, spraying, adhesive binding grinding, packaging, riveting, etc. Jobs like these are repetitive, simple and reprogrammable and are thus particularly suitable for robotic arms, which can perform the jobs with high efficiency and accuracy over a long period of time. A mobile robot, is capable of moving around when it performs its tasks. It is usually mounted on a small vehicle-like structure with wheels or legs to enjoy greater mobility in difficult terrain. Some mobile robots are excellent for replacing humans in hazardous environments, for example, a robot can be sent into the reactor of a nuclear plant to remove expired fuel rods. or into a polluted mine to clean up toxants, or into a burning building to rescue victims. The typical structure of industrial robots consists of four major components: the manipulator arm, the end effector, the actuator and the controller. The manipulator arm is the major working component of a robot .It often has a shoulder joint, an elbow and a wrist. The end effector or attached to the end of the robotic arm. It Is the device intended for performing the designated operations as a human hand. One of the most popular types of end effector is a gripper ,a pinch-type clamp that simulates a thumb and a finger.The tactile ensors are installed on their skin. They can sense the shape, texture, hardness and orientation of the object they hold. The actuator is the power source for moving the robotic arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. Three basic types of power source are used: electric, hydraulic and pneumatic.The controller sends signals to the power source to move the robotic arm to a specific position and to actuate the end effector. Most controllers were electronic circuits in a form of NC servo control or CNC.Intelligent Robots We understood from a broad sense, the so-called intelligent robot, which gives the most profound impression is a unique self-control of living. In fact, this controlled living on the main organ is not a real person, as delicate and complex. Intelligent Robot with all kinds of internal information and external sensor information sensors, such as vision, hearing, touch, smell. In addition to a receptor, it also effects, as in the role of the environment means. This is rheumatism, or the entire motor, which brought arms and legs, long noses, such as moving tentacles. Intelligent robot is called intelligent robot, it is because it has developed a brain. In the role of the brain is a central computer, this computer operating its people with a direct link. The most important thing is, this can be carried out by computer for purposes of action. Because of this, we can truly say that this robot is a robot, despite their appearance may be different. Intelligent robots can understand human language, the language of human dialogue with the operator in its own consciousness in the formation of a separate enable it to the survival of the external environment - the actual situation of the detailed model. Analysis of the case it can adjust its own action by the operator to achieve all the requests made by the hope that can be prepared by the actions, and insufficient information in the circumstances and the environment under the conditions of a rapidly changing completion of these actions. Of course, it should be the same and our human thinking, it is impossible to do. However, there are still attempting to set up a computer can understand a certain kind of micro-world. For example Weinuogele at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Laboratory production of robots. This machine trying to completely learn to play building blocks: the order of building blocks, mobile structure and geometric patterns, to the extent of a child. The robot can walk alone and picked up certain items, can see things to see and analyze things, to obey instructions and use human language to answer questions. What is more important is that it is understandable capability. To this end, it has been in an artificial intelligence academic conference that, less than 10 years, we have computer intelligence increased by 10 times as Weinuogele pointed out, the computer has obvious artificial intelligence component. However, despite the artificial intelligence robot made remarkable achievements in the control theory, experts believe that it could have the intelligence did not reach the limit. Computer problem is not only the computing speed is not sufficient and feel less sensor types, but also in other areas, such as a lack of rational procedures for the preparation of the robot design. You just think, now even the most ordinary people in resolving the question of the thinking process have not deciphered, human intelligence will be how it - this process of understanding the progress is very slow, how can we let the computer control of the thinking speed quickly ? Therefore, there is no awareness of this issue has become its own human robot obstacle on the road to development. Create life is not fixed in the environment intelligent robot this topic, in recent years so that people in biological systems, animal and human brain in the process of self-awareness and understanding of a profound study. Results will appear grade adaptive system that this doctrine is effectively developing. As organizations intelligent robot behavior consistent with the purpose of the theoretical foundation of the brain is how we control our body? From a purely mechanical standpoint rough estimate, our body also has more than 200 degrees of freedom. When we write in, walking, running, swimming, playing the piano when these complex movements, what is the brain of each one muscle orders? How the brain can in the shortest possible time dealing with so much information? Our brain is not involved in these activities. The brain - the center of our information processors disdain to control this. It is not our body monitoring the various sports sites, movements in the detailed design is much lower than the level of the cerebral cortex, as well. Much like using a high-level language programming, as long as that an interval from 1 to 20 for a group of figures, the robot will be this group of their own detailed instruction in the operating system. The most obvious is that, access to a hot object to the retractable handle, The most obvious of these instructions even in the brain also do not realize that the time has been issued. To a large number of tasks in the allocation between the cortex, this is more than a system to control organ for each element of the strict requirements necessary action on the distribution of cost-effective, economical and effective. In resolving major issues, such decentralization will be the brain is too complicated, not only Naolu, and even the whole body to accommodate all over. The completion of this or that number of complex movements, we usually be decomposed into a series of petty actions generally (such as, sit down, step right, step left foot). Teach children a variety of actions can be summed up in the childrens memory in the formation and consolidation of the corresponding little tricks. The same token, the process is perceived such an organisation together. Sentimental image - that is auditory, visual or tactile pulse sequence or combination of a fixed (horse), or a sequence and combination of both. The problem is that control robot simulation animal movement and the ability to adapt. The establishment of robot control hierarchy - is the first robot in the various levels of hierarchy between the subsystems and a perceived function, information processing and control functions of the distribution function. Third generation of robots with large-scale processing capacity, in which case information processing and control the complete reunification of algorithms, in fact inefficient, and even launched. Therefore, the grading structure of the emergence of adaptive first is to enhance the quality control of the robot, which is to reduce the level of uncertainty, and the rapid increase of action. In order to play all levels and the role of subsystems, the need to significantly reduce the amount of information. So the algorithm so that people can perform their duties in the greatly reduced uncertainty of the situation down fulfil its mandate. In short, the intelligent robot developed the third generation is an important feature. According to the intelligence robot people to determine their own level of the other robots. Some people even so a robot into the following categories: controlled robot - zero generation robots, and do not have any intellectual property is controlled by the people to master manipulator; the robot can be trained - the first generation of robots with memory, from person operation, action plans and procedures specified by the person, it is only remember (the ability to receive training) and reappearance out; feeling robots - robots who remember arrangement plan, and then one way or another based on external data (feedback) calculated actions of specific procedures; intelligent robot - were designated target, the robot independently prepared operational plans, according to the actual situation determined action procedures, and then moves into the campaign operation. Therefore, it has a wide range of sensory systems, intelligent, analog devices (and its surrounding circumstances - robot awareness and self-consciousness). 什么是機器人機器人基本上是一種高度自動化的機器,可模仿人的一個或多個身體動作。機器人是涉及自動控制、電子學(xué)、機械學(xué)、計算機科學(xué)以及其它應(yīng)用科學(xué)等學(xué)科的綜合技術(shù)的產(chǎn)物。人們設(shè)計和制造機器人用于幫助我們在不需要操作者過多參與的情況下,更好、更快更方便的工作。盡管按機械結(jié)構(gòu)的術(shù)語,大多數(shù)機器人都做成有一定數(shù)量的按解剖學(xué)模仿人類、動物和昆蟲的零件,但機器人不必要和人的模樣相似。目前廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)及服務(wù)行業(yè)的機器人主要有兩種基本類型,即機械手和移動機器人。機械手是固定安裝的,但其手臂可移動。通常稱機械手為機器人手臂。機械手通常安裝在位于其工作區(qū)域附近的地方。制造業(yè)中機械手應(yīng)用最多的是焊接、油漆、抓取材料、裝配、噴涂、粘貼、磨削、包裝、鉚接等工作。像這樣的一些工作都是重復(fù)、簡單、可重新編程的,因而特別適用于機械手,它可以長時間高效、高精度地完成工作。移動機器人用于在工作時需要來回走動的場合。常將機器人安裝在帶有輪子或者腿看似小車的結(jié)構(gòu)上,以滿足為不利工作場地提供較大移動范圍的需要。有些用于水下作業(yè)的機器人還需要裝上推進系統(tǒng),如螺旋槳或船舵等。有些移動機器人在代表人類在惡劣的環(huán)境下工作方面有優(yōu)越性。例如:將機器人派到核電站的反應(yīng)堆中去拆換用完了的燃料桿,或?qū)⑵渑傻接卸镜V井內(nèi)去消除有毒氣體,或派往著火的大樓去搶救傷員等。工業(yè)機器人的典型結(jié)構(gòu)由四個主要部分組成:操作手臂、前端操作手、執(zhí)行件和控制器。操作手臂是機器人的主要工作部件,通常有肩關(guān)節(jié)、肘關(guān)節(jié)、和腕關(guān)節(jié)。前端操作手安裝在手臂最前端,它是用來完成類似于人手動作的裝置。最通用的形式是手爪,即:是一種模仿拇指和食指的挾起式夾鉗。在它們的皮膚上裝有觸覺傳感器。它們能感覺出所抓取物體的形狀、材質(zhì)、硬度及方向。執(zhí)行件是移動手臂、控制關(guān)節(jié)、操作手抓的動力源。最基本的三種動力源是電動、液壓和氣動??刂破鲗⑿盘杺鹘o動力源,將手臂移動到指定位置并操作手抓。大多數(shù)控制器是以數(shù)控或伺服控制或計算機數(shù)控為形式的電子線路。智能機器人我們從廣泛意義上理解所謂的智能機器人,它給人的最深刻的印象是一個獨特的進行自我控制的“活物”。其實,這個自控“活物”的主要器官并沒有像真正的人那樣微妙而復(fù)雜。智能機器人具備形形色色的內(nèi)部信息傳感器和外部信息傳感器,如視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺。除具有感受器外,它還有效應(yīng)器,作為作用于周圍環(huán)境的手段。這就是筋肉,或稱自整步電動機,它們使手、腳、長鼻子、觸角等動起來。智能機器人之所以叫智能機器人,這是因為它有相當發(fā)達的“大腦”。在腦中起作用的是中央計算機,這種計算機跟操作它的人有直接的聯(lián)系。最主要的是,這樣的計算機可以進行按目的安排的動作。正因為這樣,我們才說這種機器人才是真正的機器人,盡管它們的外表可能有所不同。智能機器人能夠理解人類語言,用人類語言同操作者對話,在它自身的“意識”中單獨形成了一種使它得以“生存”的外界環(huán)境實際情況的詳盡模式。它能分析出現(xiàn)的情況,能調(diào)整自己的動作以達到操作者所提出的全部要求,能擬定所希望的動作,并在信息不充分的情況下和環(huán)境迅速變化的條件下完成這些動作。當然,要它和我們?nèi)祟愃季S一模一樣,這是不可能辦到的。不過,仍然有人試圖建立計算機能夠理解的某種“微觀世界”。比如維諾格勒在麻省理工學(xué)院人工智能實驗室里制作的機器人。這個機器試圖完全學(xué)會玩積木:積木的排列、移動和幾何圖案結(jié)構(gòu),達到一個小孩子的程度。這個機器人能獨自行走和拿起一定的物品,能“看到”東西并分析看到的東西,能服從指令并用人類語言回答問題。更重要的是它具有“理解”能力。為此,有人曾經(jīng)在一次人工智能學(xué)術(shù)會議上說過,不到十年,我們把電子計算機的智力提高了10倍;如維諾格勒所指出的,計算機具有明顯的人工智能成分。不過,盡管機器人人工智能取得了顯著的成績,控制論專家們認為它可以具備的智能水平的極限并未達到。問題不光在于計算機的運算速度不夠和感覺傳感器種類少,而且在于其他方面,如缺乏編制機器人理智行為程序的設(shè)計思想。你想,現(xiàn)在甚至連人在解決最普通的問題時的思維過程都沒有破譯,人類的智能會如何呢這種認識過程進展十分緩慢,又怎能掌握規(guī)律讓計算機“思維”速度快點呢?因此,沒有認識人類自己這個問題成了機器人發(fā)展道路上的絆腳石。制造“生活”在具有不固定性環(huán)境中的智能機器人這一課題,近年來使人們對發(fā)生在生物系統(tǒng)、動物和人類大腦中的認識和自我認識過程進行了深刻研究。結(jié)果就出現(xiàn)了等級自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)說,這種學(xué)說正在有效地發(fā)展著。作為組織智能機器人進行符合目的的行為的理論基礎(chǔ),我們的大腦是怎樣控制我們的身體呢?純粹從機械學(xué)觀點來粗略估算,我們的身體也具有兩百多個自由度。當我們在進行寫字、走路、跑步、游泳、彈鋼琴這些復(fù)雜動作的時候,大腦究竟是怎樣對每一塊肌肉發(fā)號施令的呢?大腦怎么能在最短的時間內(nèi)處理完這么多的信息呢?我們的大腦根本沒有參與這些活動。大腦我們的中心信息處理機“不屑于”去管這個。它根本不去監(jiān)督我們身體的各個運動部位,動作的詳細設(shè)計是在比大腦皮層低得多的水平上進行的。這很像用高級語言進行程序設(shè)計一樣,只要指出“間隔為一的從120的一組數(shù)字”,機器人自己會將這組指令輸入詳細規(guī)定的操作系統(tǒng)。最明顯的就是,“一接觸到熱的物體就把手縮回來”這類最明顯的指令甚至在大腦還沒有意識到的時候就已經(jīng)發(fā)出了。把一個大任務(wù)在幾個皮層之間進行分配,這比控制器官給構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)的每個要素規(guī)定必要動作的嚴格集中的分配合算、經(jīng)濟、有效。在解決重大問題的時候,這樣集中化的大腦就會顯得過于復(fù)雜,不僅腦顱,甚至連人的整個身體都容納不下。在完成這樣或那樣的一些復(fù)雜動作時,我們通常將其分解成一系列的普遍的小動作 (如起來、坐下、邁右腳、邁左腳)。教給小孩各種各樣的動作可歸結(jié)為在小孩的“存儲器”中形成并鞏固相應(yīng)的小動作。同樣的道理,知覺過程也是如此組織起來的。感性形象這是聽覺、視覺或觸覺脈沖的固定序列或組合 (馬、人),或者是序列和組合二者兼而有之??刂茩C器人的問題在于模擬動物運動和人的適應(yīng)能力。建立機器人控制的等級首先是在機器人的各個等級水平上和子系統(tǒng)之間實行知覺功能、信息處理功能和控制功能的分配。第三代機器人具有大規(guī)模處理能力,在這種情況下信息的處理和控制的完全統(tǒng)一算法,實際上是低效的,甚至是不中用的。所以,等級自適應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)首先是為了提高機器人控制的質(zhì)量,也就是降低不定性水平,增加動作的快速性。為了發(fā)揮各個等級和子系統(tǒng)的作用,必須使信息量大大減少。因此算法的各司其職使人們可以在不定性大大減少的情況下來完成任務(wù)??傊?,智能的發(fā)達是第三代機器人的一個重要特征。人們根據(jù)機器人的智力水平?jīng)Q定其所屬的機器人代別。有的人甚至依此將機器人分為以下幾類:受控機器人“零代”機器人,不具備任何智力性能,是由人來掌握操縱的機械手;可以訓(xùn)練的機器人第一代機器人,擁有存儲器,由人操作,動作的計劃和程序由人指定,它只是記住 (接受訓(xùn)練的能力)和再現(xiàn)出來;感覺機器人機器人記住人安排的計劃后,再依據(jù)外界這樣或那樣的數(shù)據(jù) (反饋)算出動作的具體程序;智能機器人人指定目標后,機器人獨自編制操作計劃,依據(jù)實際情況確定動作程序,然后把動作變?yōu)椴僮鳈C構(gòu)的運動。因此,它有廣泛的感覺系統(tǒng)、智能、模擬裝置(周圍情況及自身機器人的意識和自我意識)。 - 7 -題目:上下料機械手的設(shè)計姓名: 學(xué)號: 專業(yè):機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化指導(dǎo)老師: 職稱:副教授時間:二八年四月五號 上下料機械手的設(shè)計1 、科學(xué)依據(jù) 課題的科學(xué)意義通過設(shè)計出上下料機械手來提高工作效率,降低工人的工作強度,使我們的工廠向無人化、機械化、高效化發(fā)展。通過設(shè)計,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生調(diào)研、文獻檢索及應(yīng)用的獨立工作能力,使學(xué)生掌握機電系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控的一般方法及步驟,熟練掌握各類資料、手冊以及計算機等工具的使用方法,提高學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力、動手能力與創(chuàng)新能力。 課題的提出 進入21世紀,隨著我國人口老齡化的提前到來,近來在東南沿海還出現(xiàn)在大量的缺工現(xiàn)象,迫切要求我們提高勞動生產(chǎn)率,降低工人的勞動強度,提高我國工業(yè)自動化水平勢在必行,本設(shè)計的目的就是設(shè)計一個氣動上下料機械手,應(yīng)用于工業(yè)自動化生產(chǎn)線,實現(xiàn)自動化生產(chǎn),減輕產(chǎn)業(yè)工人大量的重復(fù)性勞動,同時又可以提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。 現(xiàn)在的機械手大多采用液壓傳動,液壓傳動存在以下幾個缺點: 1) 液壓傳動在工作過程中常有較多的能量損失(摩擦損失、泄露損失等):液壓傳動易泄漏,不僅污染工作場地,限制其應(yīng)用范圍,可能引起失火事故,而且影響執(zhí)行部分的運動平穩(wěn)性及正確性。 2)工作時受溫度變化影響較大。油溫變化時,液體粘度變化,引起運動特性變化。 3)因液壓脈動和液體中混入空氣,易產(chǎn)生噪聲。 4)為了減少泄漏,液壓元件的制造工藝水平要求較高,故價格較高;且使用維護需要較高技術(shù)水平。鑒于以上這些缺陷,本機械手擬采用氣壓傳動。氣動技術(shù)有以下優(yōu)點: 1)介質(zhì)提取和處理方便。氣壓傳動工作壓力較低,工作介質(zhì)提取容易,而后排入大氣,處理方便,一般不需設(shè)置回收管道和容器:介質(zhì)清潔,管道不易堵存在介質(zhì)變質(zhì)及補充的問題。2)動作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏。氣動系統(tǒng)一般只需要0.02s-0.3s即可建立起所需的壓力和速度。氣動系統(tǒng)也能實現(xiàn)過載保護,便于自動控制。 3)能源可儲存。壓縮空氣可存貯在儲氣罐中,因此,發(fā)生突然斷電等情況時,機器及其工藝流程不致突然中斷。 2、 研究內(nèi)容本課題將要完成的主要內(nèi)容如下:1)廣泛收集相關(guān)資料,擬定多種設(shè)計方案,并比較其優(yōu)劣,選擇合理的設(shè)計方案。2) 完成系統(tǒng)機械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,對主要零部件進行計算并校核;設(shè)計出機械手的各執(zhí)行機構(gòu),包括:手部、手腕、手臂等部件的設(shè)計。3)繪出主要零部件圖及系統(tǒng)裝配圖。4)完成控制系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計,并用計算機繪出電路原理圖;本機械手擬采用可編程序控制器(PLC)對機械手進行控制,本課題將要選取PLC型號,根據(jù)機械手的工作流程編制出PLC程序。5) 對氣壓傳動系統(tǒng)原理圖的參數(shù)化繪制進行研究,提高繪圖效率,改善繪圖質(zhì)量。 3、 擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線首先對上下料機械手進行一個總體設(shè)計,形成一個總體概念,再根據(jù)機械手要完成的工作按先后順序分部設(shè)計。具體如下:總體方案設(shè)計機械手總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計機械手液壓驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的計算計與校核上下料機械手液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理機械手的PLC控制設(shè)計4、本課題進度安排1)第1-2周 查閱和收集設(shè)計資料,完成系統(tǒng)初步設(shè)計方案;2)第3-4周 完成系統(tǒng)的主要零部件設(shè)計、計算;3)第4-5周 繪制系統(tǒng)的主要零部件圖;4)第6-7周 繪制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖;5)第8周 完成控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計,繪出控制系統(tǒng)原理圖;6)第9周 編寫設(shè)計說明書;7)第10周 準備答辯。 題目:上下料機械手的設(shè)計姓名:胡文才學(xué)號:043003010324專業(yè):機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化指導(dǎo)老師:張錚職稱:副教授時間:二八年四月五號 上下料機械手的設(shè)計 前言 機械手是一種能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬運對象或操作工具的自動操作裝置。機械手是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來,隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用,機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展,使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。隨著現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,無人化操作已逐步取代了原始的工作方式。本文主要討論了上下料機械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,繪出了主要零部件圖及系統(tǒng)裝配圖,完成控制系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計,并用計算機繪出電路原理圖.關(guān)鍵詞:機械手 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 上下料Forword Manipulator is a kind of manpower and arms to imitate some of the motor function to crawl at a fixed procedure, removal of the object or operation of the automatic installation tools. Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process to develop a new device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially the extensive application of the electronic computer, the robot has been the development and production of a high-tech field with the rapid development of a new and emerging technologies, it has more to promote the development of manipulator, making manipulator can better achieve and the mechanization and automation organic integration. It can be a substitute for the arduous work to achieve production mechanization and automation, in the environmentally harmful to operate under the protection of personal safety, thus widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear energy sectors. With the rapid development of modern technology, unmanned operation, has been gradually replacing the primitive methods of work. This paper mainly discusses the upper and lower material manipulator structural design, drawn map of the main components and system assembly, complete control system hardware design, and drawn by computer circuit schematics.Keywords: manipulator structural design top and bottom anticipate研究的目的和意義機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè)是為了培養(yǎng)從事機械設(shè)計、制造行業(yè)的人才而開設(shè)的專業(yè)。而工業(yè)機械手課程設(shè)計不僅培養(yǎng)設(shè)計者對機械的認識、運用能力,而且也增進了對機械工業(yè)發(fā)展的了解和認知。機械手的種類,按驅(qū)動方式可分為液壓式、氣動式、電動式、機械式機械手;按適用范圍可分為專用機械手和通用機械手兩種;按運動軌跡控制方式可分為點位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機械手等. 此次設(shè)計目的主要是培養(yǎng)我們的機械設(shè)計能力,擴展我們的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和幫助我們培養(yǎng)綜合運用能力,是一個從理論向?qū)嶋H轉(zhuǎn)換的過程。意義:通過設(shè)計出上下料機械手,它可以減輕工人的工作強度,提高工作效率,使我們的工廠逐步向無人化和機械化發(fā)展。國內(nèi)外研究狀況國外機器人領(lǐng)域發(fā)展近幾年有如下幾個趨勢: (1)工業(yè)機器人性能不斷提高(高速度、高精度、高可靠性、便于操作和維修),而單機價格不斷下降,平均單機價格從91年的10.3萬美元降至97年的65萬美元。 (2)機械結(jié)構(gòu)向模塊化、可重構(gòu)化發(fā)展。例如關(guān)節(jié)模塊中的伺服電機、減速機、檢測系統(tǒng)三位一體化:由關(guān)節(jié)模塊、連桿模塊用重組方式構(gòu)造機器人整機;國外已有模塊化裝配機器人產(chǎn)品問市。 (3)工業(yè)機器人控制系統(tǒng)向基于PC機的開放型控制器方向發(fā)展,便于標準化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化;器件集成度提高,控制柜日見小巧,且采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu):大大提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性、易操作性和可維修性。 (4)機器人中的傳感器作用日益重要,除采用傳統(tǒng)的位置、速度、加速度等傳感器外,裝配、焊接機器人還應(yīng)用了視覺、力覺等傳感器,而遙控機器人則采用視覺、聲覺、力覺、觸覺等多傳感器的融合技術(shù)來進行環(huán)境建模及決策控制;多傳感器融合配置技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品化系統(tǒng)中已有成熟應(yīng)用。 (5)虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)在機器人中的作用已從仿真、預(yù)演發(fā)展到用于過程控制,如使遙控機器人操作者產(chǎn)生置身于遠端作業(yè)環(huán)境中的感覺來操縱機器人。 (6)當代遙控機器人系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展特點不是追求全自治系統(tǒng),而是致力于操作者與機器人的人機交互控制,即遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成完整的監(jiān)控遙控操作系統(tǒng),使智能機器人走出實驗室進入實用化階段。美國發(fā)射到火星上的“索杰納”機器人就是這種系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用的最著名實例。 (7)機器人化機械開始興起。從94年美國開發(fā)出“虛擬軸機床”以來,這種新型裝置已成為國際研究的熱點之一,紛紛探索開拓其實際應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。我國的工業(yè)機器人從80年代“七五”科技攻關(guān)開始起步,在國家的支持下,通過“七五”、“八五”科技攻關(guān),目前己基本掌握了機器人操作機的設(shè)計制造技術(shù)、控制系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件設(shè)計技術(shù)、運動學(xué)和軌跡規(guī)劃技術(shù),生產(chǎn)了部分機器人關(guān)鍵元器件,開發(fā)出噴漆、弧焊、點焊、裝配、搬運等機器人;其中有130多臺套噴漆機器人在二十余家企業(yè)的近30條自動噴漆生產(chǎn)線(站)上獲得規(guī)模應(yīng)用,弧焊機器人己應(yīng)用在汽車制造廠的焊裝線上。但總的來看,我國的工業(yè)機器人技術(shù)及其工程應(yīng)用的水平和國外比還有一定的距離,如:可靠性低于國外產(chǎn)品:機器人應(yīng)用工程起步較晚,應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域窄,生產(chǎn)線系統(tǒng)技術(shù)與國外比有差距;在應(yīng)用規(guī)模上,我國己安裝的國產(chǎn)工業(yè)機器人約200臺,約占全球已安裝臺數(shù)的萬分之四。以上原因主要是沒有形成機器人產(chǎn)業(yè),當前我國的機器人生產(chǎn)都是應(yīng)用戶的要求,“一客戶,一次重新設(shè)計”,品種規(guī)格多、批量小、零部件通用化程度低、供貨周期長、成本也不低,而且質(zhì)量、可靠性不穩(wěn)定。因此迫切需要解決產(chǎn)業(yè)化前期的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),對產(chǎn)品進行全面規(guī)劃,搞好系列化、通用化、模塊化設(shè)計,積極推進產(chǎn)業(yè)化進程.我國的智能機器人和特種機器人在“863”計劃的支持下,也取得了不少成果。其中最為突出的是水下機器人,6000m水下無纜機器人的成果居世界領(lǐng)先水平,還開發(fā)出直接遙控機器人、雙臂協(xié)調(diào)控制機器人、爬壁機器人、管道機器人等機種:在機器人視覺、力覺、觸覺、聲覺等基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)的開發(fā)應(yīng)用上開展了不少工作,有了一定的發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)。但是在多傳感器信息融合控制技術(shù)、遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)遙控機器人、智能裝配機器人、機器人化機械等的開發(fā)應(yīng)用方面則剛剛起步,與國外先進水平差距較大,需要在原有成績的基礎(chǔ)上,有重點地系統(tǒng)攻關(guān),才能形成系統(tǒng)配套可供實用的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,以期在“十五”后期立于世界先進行列之中。此外,國內(nèi)外好多知名企業(yè)也逐步朝著無人化和高效率化這個方向發(fā)展。文獻給我們的啟示隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用,機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進了機械手的發(fā)展,使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動.通過查找資料和不斷思考,上下料機械手在當今這個飛速發(fā)展的時代起著越來越重要的作用。做畢業(yè)設(shè)計是一個長期的學(xué)習(xí)過程,需要我們不斷的去思考,去挖掘有用的知識。這也是一個從理論向?qū)嵺`的轉(zhuǎn)換過程。參考文獻 1張建民.工業(yè)機器人.北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,1988 2蔡自興.機器人學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略.機器人技術(shù),2001, 4 3金茂青,曲忠萍,張桂華.國外工業(yè)機器人發(fā)展勢態(tài)分析.機器人技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 , 2001 4王雄耀.近代氣動機器人(氣動機械手)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用.液壓氣動與密封,1999, 5 5嚴學(xué)高,孟正大.機器人原理.南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,1992 6機械設(shè)計師手冊.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1986 7黃錫愷,鄭文偉.機械原理.北京:人民教育出版社,1981 8成大先.機械設(shè)計圖冊.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 9鄭洪生.氣壓傳動及控制.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1987 10吳振順.氣壓傳動與控制.哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1995
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