電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)28頁(yè) 11000字?jǐn)?shù)+論文說(shuō)明書(shū)+任務(wù)書(shū)+14張CAD圖紙【詳情如下】任務(wù)書(shū).doc圖片.zip大軸.dwg大軸前端蓋.dwg大軸后端蓋.dwg大軸套.dwg大軸承座.dwg大齒輪.dwg小軸.dwg小軸前端蓋.dwg小軸后端蓋.dwg小軸套.dwg小軸承座.dwg小齒輪.dwg彎曲模.dwg彎管機(jī)零件.pdf文獻(xiàn)翻譯-世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念.doc電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)裝配圖.dwg電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告.doc電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)答辯稿.ppt電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)論文.doc目   錄目錄1第一章 緒論21.1  彎管機(jī)在工業(yè)中的地位和各種彎管機(jī)的性?xún)r(jià)比21.2  彎管機(jī)的基本原理與選擇3第二章  彎管機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)42.1  工件的工藝分析52.2  計(jì)算彎曲力矩52.3  電機(jī)的選取62.4  傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算與各傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)82.5  皮帶與皮帶輪的計(jì)算與選取92.6  蝸輪蝸桿減速箱的計(jì)算與選取92.7  聯(lián)軸器的計(jì)算與選取102.8  軸承的選取102.9  軸的初步計(jì)算與設(shè)計(jì)及校核142.10 齒輪的計(jì)算與設(shè)計(jì)172.11 大小齒軸前后端蓋及軸承座的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)182.12 軸套的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)192.13 蓋板的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算202.14 機(jī)身的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算212.15 彎管機(jī)的主要參數(shù)22第三章 擋料架的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)233.1  擋料架的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)23第四章 用電器選擇與電路244.1  各用電器的選擇與電路設(shè)計(jì)24設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)27參考文獻(xiàn)28第1章緒  論1.1彎管機(jī)在自工工業(yè)中的地位和各種彎管機(jī)的性?xún)r(jià)比：現(xiàn)今工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，無(wú)論是哪一種機(jī)器設(shè)備、健身器材、家具等幾乎都有結(jié)構(gòu)鋼管，有導(dǎo)管，用以輸油、輸氣、輸液等，而在飛機(jī)、汽車(chē)及其發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，健身器材，家具等等占有相當(dāng)重要的地位。各種管型品種之多、數(shù)量之大、形狀之復(fù)雜，給導(dǎo)管的加工帶來(lái)了不少的困難。對(duì)于許多小企業(yè)，家庭作坊，或者大企業(yè)中需要配管的場(chǎng)合，如工程機(jī)械上的壓力油管，機(jī)床廠的液壓管道發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的油管健身器材的彎管等等，這些場(chǎng)合可能不需要功能全的彎管機(jī)，且加工的管件的難度不高，簡(jiǎn)易手動(dòng)型的彎管機(jī)很可能適應(yīng)。這系列彎管機(jī)采用手動(dòng)夾緊，機(jī)械彎曲，機(jī)器結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，控制元件極少，因此價(jià)格上比較容易被用戶(hù)接受。市面上現(xiàn)有的自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)大多數(shù)是液壓的，數(shù)控的(如圖1-1,1-2)，也有機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的，但它們的占地面積較大(長(zhǎng)度在2.54m之間)，價(jià)格昂貴(25萬(wàn)元人民幣或更多)，然而大多數(shù)用戶(hù)都需求是是小占地面積小價(jià)格便宜使用方便的自動(dòng)本設(shè)計(jì)便是朝這方面的用途方面設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)，設(shè)計(jì)出一種價(jià)格便宜,占地面積少,使用方便的自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)（長(zhǎng)0.9M，寬0.8M，高1.1M，價(jià)格9000元人民幣左右），并著手對(duì)彎管機(jī)的性能更進(jìn)一步的強(qiáng)化，使其能彎曲不同口徑或不同的鋼型、采用制動(dòng)電機(jī)以提高彎曲機(jī)的彎曲精度。大大的簡(jiǎn)化了電器控制系統(tǒng)，方便操作。1.2彎管機(jī)的基本原理與選擇彎管機(jī)的彎曲原理,在普通情況下有以下二種情況，即滾彎式與纏繞式。如下圖1-1、1-2分別是彎管原理圖。二者各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：纏繞式主要用于方管的彎曲其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而滾彎式主要用于圓管彎曲也可用于方管彎曲但沒(méi)有纏繞式好，但結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。故本彎管機(jī)采用滾彎式。彎管的步驟大致是：    1.留出第1段直線段長(zhǎng)度，并夾緊管子。    2.彎曲。    3.松開(kāi)夾緊塊，取出管子，使模具復(fù)位。按管形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣件在檢驗(yàn)夾具上檢查管形，并校正。其工作過(guò)程，電源線接上，把電源打開(kāi)，此時(shí)電機(jī)是不通電的。當(dāng)按下SB1時(shí)接觸器KM1線圈得電，此時(shí)三對(duì)主觸頭閉合,一個(gè)常開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)KM1閉合通電，而另一個(gè)常閉開(kāi)關(guān)KM1則打開(kāi)斷電，且此時(shí)電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)，進(jìn)行彎曲工作，當(dāng)彎曲到定角度時(shí)（此角度由彎曲角度的大小而調(diào)整）碰到了行程開(kāi)關(guān)X1,則接觸器KM1線圈斷電, 三對(duì)主觸頭斷開(kāi),一個(gè)常開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)KM1斷開(kāi) ,即電機(jī)斷電，由于電機(jī)是旁磁制動(dòng)電機(jī),故電機(jī)很快停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，常閉開(kāi)關(guān)閉合。此時(shí)彎曲過(guò)程已經(jīng)完成，之后按下SB2,則接觸器KM2線圈得電，此時(shí)三對(duì)主觸頭閉合,一個(gè)常開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)KM2閉合通電，而另一個(gè)常閉開(kāi)關(guān)KM2則打開(kāi)斷電,此時(shí)電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)回到初始位置時(shí)由于碰到了行程開(kāi)關(guān)X2,則接觸器KM2線圈斷電，三對(duì)主觸頭斷開(kāi)，一個(gè)常開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)KM2斷開(kāi)，電機(jī)停止。當(dāng)再次按下SB1時(shí)，則得反復(fù)工作。其中電路中設(shè)有過(guò)載保護(hù)、短路保護(hù)。當(dāng)在工作中時(shí)，電路中具有自鎖功能，因而不用怕操作者不小心按錯(cuò)鍵而出事故。但當(dāng)工作中出現(xiàn)意外時(shí)，只要轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)電源開(kāi)關(guān)，把電源開(kāi)關(guān)斷開(kāi)即可使電機(jī)停轉(zhuǎn)，之后處理意外后轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)電源開(kāi)關(guān)使電源通電便可繼續(xù)進(jìn)行正轉(zhuǎn)或反轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行工作。 操作過(guò)程及其分析設(shè)鋼管所需的成形角為 ，彎曲模設(shè)置的旋轉(zhuǎn)角為 ，剎車(chē)后的空行程角為 ，鋼管回彈角為 ，那么 + - 。由公式得，當(dāng) ， 很小時(shí) = 據(jù)此先將彎曲模下的調(diào)角桿按要求在轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)刻度上調(diào)至接近所需的 角，然后將方鋼穿過(guò)彎曲模的上下底板，使用注銷(xiāo)、固定塊將鋼管固定下來(lái)。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)擋料架的手柄，使擋料架的浚住頂住鋼管。按下正轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)關(guān)SB1，彎曲模工作。通過(guò)試彎1一2次后，設(shè)定一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的 角，以后即可作批量生產(chǎn)。在電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)停后，取出鋼管，再啟動(dòng)反轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)關(guān)彎曲彎回復(fù)到原位。由回彈系數(shù)   K =                                 （4-1）由于材料是10鋼，且彎曲半徑為R=100mm，管厚t=2mm則 = =25故其回彈系數(shù)K=0.97剛 = = =      故回彈角 =3.70由于電動(dòng)機(jī)采用旁磁制動(dòng)方式剎車(chē)，故回空行程角很小或是約等于0所以彎曲模的轉(zhuǎn)角 設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)近兩個(gè)月的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)終于結(jié)束了，通過(guò)這些天的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)習(xí)，自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和獨(dú)立思考問(wèn)題的能力有了很大的提高，對(duì)我走向社會(huì)從事專(zhuān)業(yè)工作有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。現(xiàn)在就談?wù)剬?duì)本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的認(rèn)識(shí)和體會(huì)。首先，我學(xué)會(huì)了查閱資料和獨(dú)立思考。我的課題是自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)裝置及其電器設(shè)計(jì)。當(dāng)開(kāi)始拿到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目時(shí)，心里面是一片迷茫，不知從何入手，甚至連彎管機(jī)是什么樣的都不知道，幸好在黃老師的指導(dǎo)下及時(shí)理清了頭緒，避免了走很多的彎路。認(rèn)真翻閱相關(guān)資料如機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)，自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與鋼筋彎曲機(jī)的改進(jìn)論文與書(shū)籍等，我開(kāi)始了自己的設(shè)計(jì)思想，確定了自己的設(shè)計(jì)方案。我的課題除了彎管機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)之外，還有其控制電路設(shè)計(jì)。由于，彎管機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜且零件較多但由于論文上已有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)模型，故我憑著模型以及黃老師對(duì)我的講解，我慢慢的認(rèn)清了彎管機(jī)的全部結(jié)構(gòu)，故我對(duì)我自己的一些想法與應(yīng)用思想都設(shè)計(jì)到彎管機(jī)中去，把原有的模型做適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn)。使結(jié)構(gòu)更合乎生產(chǎn)安裝以及多樣化使用的要求。每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)都是一個(gè)創(chuàng)新、完善的過(guò)程。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中運(yùn)用所掌握的知識(shí)，發(fā)揮自己的想象力，完美原有的結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)過(guò)程也是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程。其次，認(rèn)識(shí)到實(shí)踐的重要性。這次設(shè)計(jì)我做了很多重復(fù)工作、無(wú)用功，但是這些重復(fù)工作和無(wú)用功積累了設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。同時(shí)也認(rèn)識(shí)到設(shè)計(jì)不能只在腦子里想其結(jié)構(gòu)、原理，必須進(jìn)行實(shí)際操作。另外，也應(yīng)從多個(gè)角度來(lái)思考問(wèn)題的所在，嘗試其它的方法，以求找到最佳方法，因?yàn)榧词瓜氲暮芡昝溃綄?shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)會(huì)遇到很多想不到的實(shí)際問(wèn)題。在設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中，也出現(xiàn)了一些客觀不足的問(wèn)題，就是彎管機(jī)的、以及各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件如蝸輪減速器，接觸器等沒(méi)有親眼見(jiàn)過(guò)不知道其具體大小與工作情況，只能憑著手冊(cè)的說(shuō)明而想像，彎管力矩的計(jì)算方法也沒(méi)有一條統(tǒng)一的式的，只能憑著經(jīng)驗(yàn)式子來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，其次由于條件不足缺乏實(shí)驗(yàn)性，等等多種原因使我的設(shè)計(jì)是沒(méi)有完全的根據(jù)實(shí)際的情況來(lái)作合適、客觀地修改，而做出來(lái)的，難免有些缺點(diǎn)和不足，由于諸多原因，本次設(shè)計(jì)存在一些不足和有待改善的地方，希望老師能夠提出寶貴修改意見(jiàn)。最后，衷心感謝黃開(kāi)有老師對(duì)我的悉心指導(dǎo)，使我在大學(xué)里最后一段時(shí)間里學(xué)習(xí)到了很多有用的東西。參考文獻(xiàn)1. 徐灝，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).第二版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001，92. 濮良貴、紀(jì)名剛，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì). 第七版.北京：高等教育出版社，2001，63. 羅圣國(guó)、李平林、張立乃，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書(shū). 第二版.北京：高等教育出版社，2001，44. 王光銓?zhuān)瑱C(jī)床電力拖動(dòng)與控制.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001，75. 曾紀(jì)進(jìn)，自動(dòng)彎管機(jī)與鋼筋管曲機(jī)的改進(jìn).廣州：輕工機(jī)械， 19986. 劉江南 郭克希, 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ). 湖南大學(xué)出版社,20057. 梁景凱, 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)與系統(tǒng). 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999 8. 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè)(第5卷)M.北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，20009. 東北工學(xué)院. 機(jī)械零件零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M.北京: 冶金工業(yè)出版社,197910. 李維榮.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緊固件實(shí)用手冊(cè)M.北京：中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社，200111. 劉鴻文. 材料力學(xué)M.北京：高等教育出版社，1992.912. 鄒慧君. 機(jī)械原理課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M.北京：高等教育出版社， 1998 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū) 課 題 電動(dòng)銅管彎管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 年 級(jí) 2007 級(jí) 姓 名 學(xué) 號(hào) 學(xué) 院（系）院長(zhǎng)（簽字） 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 （簽字） 2010 年 11 月 30 日 注：本任務(wù)書(shū)由上海電機(jī)學(xué)院教務(wù)處印制。 任務(wù)書(shū)反面： 課題 來(lái) 源 本課題來(lái)源于企業(yè)工程實(shí)際和對(duì)彎管設(shè)備的需要。彎管機(jī)的種類(lèi)很多，有電動(dòng)的和手動(dòng)的等等。本彎管機(jī)屬于小型電動(dòng)彎管設(shè)備，使用家庭等裝潢等常用的動(dòng)力電鉆，主要應(yīng)用于室內(nèi)或家庭裝潢等。 課 題 的 目 的 、 意 義 手動(dòng)彎管機(jī)使用很多，尤其是在歐美應(yīng)用極為廣泛。但彎管要求很多，如不能過(guò)扁和起褶皺等，而且非常 費(fèi)力。因此開(kāi)發(fā)一種家庭室內(nèi)裝潢用小型電動(dòng)彎管機(jī)很有必要。同時(shí)由于電鉆轉(zhuǎn)速高功率小，很難勝任，所以不得不考慮減速、離合和增力等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問(wèn)題。該課題需要綜合力學(xué)、機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)和強(qiáng)度、剛度、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)等各方面的知識(shí)，實(shí)用性強(qiáng)，可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生觀察問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力。 要 求 技術(shù)指標(biāo)和參數(shù) ： 彎管動(dòng)力：使用手電鉆（功率 700速 800r/右） 彎管角度： 90任意角度 彎管速度：彎成 90時(shí)，大約時(shí)間為 8 彎管要求：不起皺 彎管銅管尺寸兩種（ 兩管需同時(shí)彎曲 ）： 2厚 6厚 工作量要求： 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū) 字以上； 完成總裝圖， 紙 1 張； 完成零、部件圖，減速箱、增力機(jī)構(gòu)等， 紙 2 張； 英文資料翻譯 2 萬(wàn)個(gè)英文字符。 課 題 主 要 內(nèi) 容 及 進(jìn) 度 設(shè)計(jì)主要內(nèi)容： 1、分析彎管過(guò)程，分析確定主要技術(shù)規(guī)格 2、擬定總體設(shè)計(jì)方案 3、減速和增力機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 4、主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，強(qiáng)度、剛度校核計(jì)算 進(jìn)度計(jì)劃表： 集資料，分析主要技術(shù)規(guī)格，研讀資料 行方案比較，擬訂總體設(shè)計(jì)方案 行減速器、離合和增力機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，繪制原理圖 械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、繪制總裝圖 要零部件設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，繪制零件工作圖 寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū) 改及答辯 以上各項(xiàng)由指導(dǎo)教師填寫(xiě)（請(qǐng)用鋼筆填寫(xiě)） 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué)院 (系)： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 外文出處： China Science and Technology Journal 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 (用外文寫(xiě))指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)：簽名： 年 月 日注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念摘要：根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能。這幾種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品 方案設(shè)計(jì)方法 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)文獻(xiàn) 1將語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具，在其開(kāi)發(fā)的活性語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng) ASK中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程由抽象到具體的飛躍。一、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于 70年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者 Pahl和 Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn) VDI2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。1將用戶(hù)需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的宏觀過(guò)程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶(hù)需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。2將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。3將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問(wèn)題的角度以及考慮問(wèn)題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。4設(shè)計(jì)元素法用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素（功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù)）描述“產(chǎn)品解” ，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類(lèi)似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。5圖形建模法研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用 Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語(yǔ)義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類(lèi)型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。6 “構(gòu)思”“設(shè)計(jì)”法將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段。 “構(gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。 “設(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體” ， “功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素” ，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元(GE)” 、 “結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)” 、 “功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)” 、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)” 、 “結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)” 、 “結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家憑直覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。7鍵合圖法將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類(lèi)型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方法。提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過(guò)選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。 本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國(guó)結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和 CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級(jí)模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級(jí)、部件級(jí)、組件級(jí)和元件級(jí)，并利用專(zhuān)家知識(shí)和 CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素 進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評(píng)論每一個(gè)解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造，以及從用戶(hù)對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能需求設(shè)計(jì)加工裝配成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件愈來(lái)愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中初露鋒芒。目前，德國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn) STEP，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語(yǔ)言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿(mǎn)足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒(méi)有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類(lèi)型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國(guó)外在這方面的研究已初見(jiàn)成效，我國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到 CAD技術(shù)與國(guó)際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施?；诋a(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語(yǔ)言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。The worlds Latest Mechanical Design ConceptsAbstract: According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanical design product design features of the main ideas, product design method of the program summarized as systematic, modular structure, based on product characteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods and their organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computer product design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design Method Development TrendsDesign documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool in the design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes and lines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such as design tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust the lines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the design process all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of the early design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be defined by the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process, the leap from the abstract to the concrete.A systematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by a number of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, each element of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the design elements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design, advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on the basis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.1. The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structure design and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro from the product development process of starting the use of quality function deployment method and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational control procedures method.2. The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means of living systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successful hierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level and product level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used to express the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structure formation of product features.3. The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basic questions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way to determine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations; 2 is the product design process as a a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonably determine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the question of emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods.4. Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements, and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determine the value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristics of the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methods designed to describe the products original understanding.5. Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with the level of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associated abstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphical modeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology and exchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be used graphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integration conditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relations between any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integration and information technology to realize the design process of information between different abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6. Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Concept phase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the original understanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with the appropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of the original understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function is performed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector and structural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functional diagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements, and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts ( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram 3. Roper, H. using graph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structural elements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements (VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well as describe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of the interactions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive design professionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of an effective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas and design stage.7. Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produce energy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping to function-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure the automatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automatic conversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of design methods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has some features broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection and combination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operation department), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, agile, economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant design combined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification, will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level, component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledge and CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specifications of functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into different modules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure of the tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout, the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed to comment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is very beneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design and manufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrent engineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals one of the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensional visualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and more intelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut. At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on research hypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standard virtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtual environments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligent design and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture of direction, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation started late, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools 4. Author believes that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are more involved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-related knowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory, computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such as domain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD design technology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and its measures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using a computer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and the establishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achieve this stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical system design knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, the approach can be summarized into the following several.