1495-乳化液泵的設(shè)計,乳化,設(shè)計 BackFigure 4-16.-機械的駕駛-Stratopower 的泵. -機械的駕駛-Stratopower 的泵. 提高流動的力量 -機械的駕駛-Stratopower 的泵. 提高流動的力量 下一個第 5 章流動的線和配件
圖 4-17.-流動的換置-Stratopower 的泵. 活瓣 ?何時 ?那 ?活塞 ?進(jìn)步 ?到 ?它的 ?最初的位置. 在圓筒中發(fā)生的低壓區(qū)域在活塞回返期間導(dǎo)致液體流動 ?從 ?那 ?水庫 ?進(jìn)入 ?之內(nèi)那 ?圓筒. 那 ??內(nèi)在的 ??特征 ????那 ??變數(shù)- 換置 ?Stratopower?泵 ?是 ?舉例 ?在圖 4-18. 這一個泵同樣地對固定-換置 Stratopower 泵操作; 然而, 這 ?泵 ?提供 ?那 ?另外的 ?功能 ?自動地 ?改變 ?那 ?體積 ?輸出. 這功能被水力的系統(tǒng)的壓力控制. 舉例來說，讓我們拿在 3000 個 psi 是定格的一個泵 , 而且提供對一個 3000 psi 系統(tǒng)的流程. 當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力接近,說 2850 個 psi ，泵開始卸貨 (遞送對系統(tǒng)的比較少的流程) 而且完全被卸貨 (零流程)? 在 ?3000?psi. 那 ?壓力 ?規(guī)則 ?而且 ?流程 ?被控制 ?被 ?內(nèi)在的 ?旁路 ?哪一 ?自動地調(diào)整 ?液體 ?遞送 ?到 ?系統(tǒng) ?要求. 那 ?旁路 ?系統(tǒng) ?是 ?提供 ?到 ?補給自我潤滑, 特別地當(dāng)泵在非流程的時候 ?操作. ?那 ?戒指 ??旁路 ?洞 ?在活塞中每個被使旁路通道一致 ?時間 ?一 ?活塞 ?延伸 ?那 ?真正的 ?結(jié)束 ??它的向前 ?旅行. ?這 ?泵 ?一 ?小的 ?量 ?液體離開旁路通道回到補給水庫 ?而且 ?提供 ?一 ?常數(shù) ?變更 ?液體在泵中. 旁路被設(shè)計為使用給水庫增壓的抽對抗相當(dāng)多的后面壓力. Figure 4-18.—Internal features of Stratopower variable-displacement pump. 4-15Figure 4-17.—Fluid displacement—Stratopower pump. valve when the piston advances to its foremost position. The low-pressure area occurring in 當(dāng)閥的位置接近他的最主要位置時，低壓范圍內(nèi)柱塞返回汽缸內(nèi)引起流體流動是水進(jìn)入汽缸的結(jié)果，國內(nèi)柱塞變量泵的特性如插圖 4-18。泵的操作類似于定量的往復(fù)泵，然而，泵能提供自動的調(diào)節(jié)輸出量變化的額外功能。這個功能受水壓系統(tǒng)壓力的制約。例如：我們采用一個定量泵 3000psi，提供流量為 3000psi 的系統(tǒng)。因為系統(tǒng)壓力接近，假定 2850psi,泵開始卸載（系統(tǒng)的流量較小時）和完全卸載（零流量）在 3000psi,壓力調(diào)節(jié)和流動被內(nèi)在的自動調(diào)節(jié)流量運輸?shù)南到y(tǒng)需求所控制。旁路系統(tǒng)用來提供自身的潤滑油，特別是當(dāng)泵在快速運轉(zhuǎn)時 ，旁路活塞孔的響聲是每次活塞恰好到達(dá)最前端所傳播的聲響與旁路通道的聲響相結(jié)合。這種泵有少量的來自旁路通道的液體返回儲料器并且提供一個流量可持續(xù)變化的一種泵。次泵通道的設(shè)計是有意圖的，它可以阻止使用沖壓油箱過程中較大的背壓。the cylinder during the piston return causes fluid to flow from the reservoir into the cylinder. The internal features of the variable- displacement Stratopower pump are illustrated in figure 4-18. This pump operates similarly to the fixed-displacement Stratopower pump; however, this pump provides the additional function of automatically varying the volume output. This function is controlled by the pressure in the hydraulic system. For example, let us take a pump rated at 3000 psi, and providing flow to a 3000 psi system. As system pressure approaches, say 2850 psi, the pump begins to unload (deliver less flow to the system) and is fully unloaded (zero flow) at 3000 psi. The pressure regulation and flow are controlled by internal bypasses that automatically adjust fluid delivery to system demands. The bypass system is provided to supply self-lubrication, particularly when the pump is in nonflow operation. The ring of bypass holes in the pistons are aligned with the bypass passage each time a piston reaches the very end of its forward travel. This pumps a small quantity of fluid out of the bypass passage back to the supply reservoir and provides a constant changing of fluid in the pump. The bypass is designed to pump against a considerable back pressure for use with pressurized reservoirsFigure 4-15.–Relationship of the universal joint in operation of the axial piston pump. UpFluid NextFigure 4-17.—Fluid displacement—Power Stratopower pump. rods, beyond the fixed wheel, and insert them into cylinders. The rods must be connected to the pistons and to the wheel by ball and socket joints. As the assembly rotates, each piston moves back and forth in its cylinder. Suction and discharge lines can be arranged so that liquid enters the cylinders while the spaces between the piston heads and the bases of the cylinders are increasing, and leaves the cylinders during the other half of each revolution when the pistons are moving in the opposite direction. The main parts of the pump are the drive shaft, pistons, cylinder block, and valve and swash plates. There are two ports in the valve plate. These ports connect directly to openings in the face of the cylinder block. Fluid is drawn into one port and forced out the other port by the reciprocating action of the pistons桿必須與活塞和輪子被球窩接頭相連。由于旋轉(zhuǎn)裝配，每個活塞在它的缸體內(nèi)來回運動。吸入和排出的路線已經(jīng)計劃好，所以當(dāng)活塞頭和缸體之間的空間逐漸增大時液體進(jìn)入汽缸內(nèi)，當(dāng)活塞向反向移動時汽缸的另一部分在旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵的主要部分包括傳動軸，活塞，汽缸體，閥和沖洗金屬板等。它們是二對端在閥體上，這些端口直接對著汽缸體。液體被活塞的往復(fù)運動使其從一端吸入從另一端口排出。同軸的變量的軸向柱塞泵—當(dāng)傳動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時，它的活塞和汽缸體也一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤傾斜放置當(dāng)活塞桿，活塞，缸體，和旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤一起旋轉(zhuǎn)時引起活塞在液缸體中的來回移動。（活塞桿、氣缸體、旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤的組合有時會涉及到由于旋轉(zhuǎn)式組合或者裝配）由于活塞在氣缸體內(nèi)的互換，液體從一端吸入從另一端排出。如圖 4-13 所示，活塞 A 在其底部。當(dāng)活塞 A 旋轉(zhuǎn)到活塞 B 的位置時，它將在它的氣缸內(nèi)繼續(xù)向上移動，在整個行程過程中強迫液體從廢液排出口排出，當(dāng)其他的旋轉(zhuǎn)回到其原始位置時，活塞的行程在汽缸內(nèi)是向下的IN-LINE VARIABLE-DISPLACEMENT AXIAL PISTON PUMP.— When the drive shaft is rotated, it rotates the pistons and the cylinder block with it. The swash plate placed at an angle causes the pistons to move back and forth in the cylinder block while the shaft, piston, cylinder block, and swash plate rotate together. (The shaft, piston, cylinder block, and swash plate together is sometimes referred to as the rotating group or assembly.) As the pistons reciprocate in the cylinder block, fluid enters one port and is forced out the other. Figure 4-13 shows piston A at the bottom of its stroke. When piston A has rotated to the position held by piston B, it will have moved upward in its cylinder, forcing fluid through the outlet port during the entire distance. During the remainder of the rotation back to it original position, the piston travels downward in the cylinder. This action creates a low-pressure area in the cylinder. The difference in pressure between the cylinder inlet and the reservoir causes fluid to flow into the inlet port to the cylinder. Since each one of the pistons performs the same operation in succession, fluid is constantly being taken into the cylinder bores through the inlet port and discharged from the cylinder bores into the system. This action provides a steady, nonpulsating flow of fluid. The tilt or angle of the swash plate determines the distance the pistons move back and forth in their cylinders; thereby, controlling the pump output. When the swash plate is at a right angle to the shaft, and the pump is rotating, the pistons do not reciprocate; therefore, no pumping action takes place. When the swash plate is tilted away from a right angle, the pistons reciprocate and fluid is pumped. Since the displacement of this type of pump is varied by changing the angle of the tilting box, some means must be used to control the changes of this angle. Various methods are used to control this movement—manual, electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic. 這種情況在汽缸內(nèi)引起了一個低壓區(qū)域。汽缸的進(jìn)口處和儲層兩者間在壓力上的差異致使液體從進(jìn)口端流入汽缸。因為每個活塞都在連續(xù)的執(zhí)行一樣的操作，所以液體在不斷的被吸入腔膛穿過入口然后被釋放從腔膛進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)。這一動作提供了一個穩(wěn)定的沒有規(guī)律的流動的液體。知道旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤的傾斜或角度能確定活塞在汽缸內(nèi)往復(fù)移動的距離，因此，可以控制泵的排量。當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤在桿的垂直位置時，泵的活塞不能進(jìn)行互換旋轉(zhuǎn)，因此不可能有抽吸動作的發(fā)生。當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤傾斜到遠(yuǎn)離直角的位置時，活塞開始互換液體可以來回的抽取。 自從這種類型的各種各樣的泵被角度式的擺動箱體所替換后，必須要采取一些措施去控制這種角度式的替換。各種各樣的方法被采用去控制這種動作—手動的，電動的，氣動的或水力的。另一種典型的軸向活塞泵，有時提到作為一種同軸的泵，通常被提到作為一種能量泵，？？？？？這種泵是可用的不論是在定排量的還變排量型式的。兩個主要的功能均能被這種定量型式的泵的內(nèi)在部分所體現(xiàn)出來。這些功能是指機械驅(qū)動和流動的置換。這個機械的驅(qū)動機構(gòu)如圖 4-16 所示。在這種型式的泵中，活塞和滑塊不能旋轉(zhuǎn)?；钊\動導(dǎo)動由每個活塞桿旋轉(zhuǎn)期間凸輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)取代每個活塞全部的凸輪傳動所引起。活塞的末端附加一個通過一個自由中心支點和變化無常的凸輪表面接觸的一個搖晃的盤支撐。當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)動凸輪高的一側(cè)壓低一側(cè)的搖晃盤時，另一側(cè)的搖晃盤將被壓縮到同等的數(shù)量，活塞也跟著一起移動。STRATOPOWER PUMP.— Another type of axial piston pump, sometimes referred to as an in-line pump, is commonly referred to as a Stratopower pump. This pump is available in either the fixed-displacement type or the variable-displacement type. Two major functions are performed by the internal parts of the fixed-displacement Strato- power pump. These functions are mechanical drive and fluid displacement. The mechanical drive mechanism is shown in figure 4-16. In this type of pump, the pistons and block do not rotate. Piston motion is caused by rotating the drive cam displacing each piston the full height of the drive cam during each revolution of the shaft. The ends of the pistons are attached to a wobble plate supported by a freed center pivot and are held inconstant contact with the cam face. As the high side of the rotating drive cam depresses one side of the wobble plate, the other side of the wobble plate is withdrawn an equal amount, moving the pistons with it.兩個爬行盤被用來減少凸輪的慢慢旋轉(zhuǎn)。一個流體排水量的示意圖如圖 4-17 所示。流動被活塞的軸向運動所取代。當(dāng)活塞在各自的液缸體內(nèi)徑移動時，壓力打開止回閥，一些液體在壓力的作用下流過去。組合的后部壓力和止回閥的彈簧壓力的強度要接近。The two creep plates are provided to decrease wear on the revolving cam. A schematic diagram of the displacement of fluid is shown in figure 4-17. Fluid is displaced by axial motion of the pistons. As each piston advances in its respective cylinder block bore, pressure opens the check valve and a quantity of fluid is forced past it. Combined back pressure and check valve spring tension close the check Figure 4-16.—Mechanical drive—Stratopower pump. 4-14igure 4-12.—Nine-piston radial piston pump. UpFluid NextFigure 4-15.–Relationship of the universal joint in Power operation of the axial piston pump. Axial Piston Pumps In axial piston pumps of the in-line type, where the cylinders and the drive shaft are parallel (fig. 4-13), the reciprocating motion is created by a cam plate, also known as a wobble plate, tilting plate, or swash plate. This plate lies in a plane that cuts across the center line of the drive shaft and cylinder barrel and does not rotate. In a fixed-displacement pump, the cam plate will be rigidly mounted in a position so that it intersects the center line of the cylinder barrel at an angle approximately 25 degrees from perpendicular. Variable-delivery axial piston pumps are designed so that the angle that the cam plate makes with a perpendicular to the center line of the cylinder barrel may be varied from zero to 20 or 25 degrees to one or both sides. One end of each piston rod is held in contact with the cam plate as the cylinder block and piston assembly rotates with the drive shaft. This causes the pistons to reciprocate within the cyIinders. The length of the piston stroke is proportional to the angle that the cam plate is set from perpendicular to the center line of the cylinder barrel. A variation of axial piston pump is the bent-axis type shown in figure 4-14. This type does not have a tilting cam plate as the in-line pump does. Instead, the cylinder block axis is varied from the drive shaft axis. The ends of the connecting rods are retained in sockets on a disc 軸向活塞泵 軸向活塞泵是一種典型的同軸的泵，它的汽缸和傳動軸是平行的（如圖 4—13），它的往復(fù)運動被一個平板形凸輪帶動，也叫擺動盤，傾斜盤，或旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤。這個盤位于一個平面穿過主動軸和汽缸筒的同一軸線所以不能旋轉(zhuǎn)。在定量泵中，凸輪盤必須要嚴(yán)格的安裝在合適的位置上結(jié)果它與汽缸筒的中心線以垂線方向傾斜 25 度的角度交叉。變量傳輸?shù)妮S向柱塞泵的設(shè)計是有意圖的所以凸輪盤與汽缸筒中心線的正交處角度的變化范圍在 0o 到 20o 或25o 到一或兩側(cè)。每個活塞桿的末端被用來與凸輪盤相接觸因為汽缸體和活塞的裝配同傳動軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。這引起了活塞在汽缸內(nèi)的互換?；钊拈L度是與角度成比例的這個角度是凸輪盤的位置與汽缸筒中心線垂直方向的角度。一個變化的軸向柱塞泵是一個傾向軸的類型如圖 4-14。這種型式的泵沒有傾斜的凸輪盤類似于同軸的泵。取而代之，汽缸體軸不同于傳動軸。連桿的末端保留在圓盤上面的孔內(nèi)這樣與傳動軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。氣缸體隨傳動端一起旋轉(zhuǎn)在傳動軸與汽缸體活塞桿的通用交叉點的帶動下。為了去改變泵的排量，氣缸體和閥盤被連接好并且整個裝置是搖動的在一對裝備樞軸的周圍放在泵房上。軸向活塞泵的動作是由萬向接頭或鏈接促成的。that turns with the drive shaft. The cylinder block is turned with the drive shaft by a universal joint assembly at the intersection of the drive shaft and the cylinder block shaft. In order to vary the pump displacement, the cylinder block and valve plate are mounted in a yoke and the entire assembly is swung in an are around a pair of mounting pintles attached to the pump housing. The pumping action of the axial piston pump is made possible by a universal joint or link. Figure 4-13.—In-line axial piston pump. 4-12 Figure 4-15 is a series of drawings that illustrates how the universal joint is used in the operation of this pump. First, a rocker arm is installed on a horizontal shaft. (See fig. 4-15, view A.) The arm is joined to the shaft by a pin so that it can be swung back and forth, as indicated in view B. Next, a ring is placed around the shaft and secured to the rocker arm so the ring can turn from left to right as shown in view C. This provides two rotary motions in different planes at the same time and in varying proportions as may be desired. The rocker arm can swing back and forth in one arc, and the ring can simultaneously move from left to right in another arc, in a plane at right angles to the plane in which the rocker arm turns. Next, a tilting plate is added to the assembly.圖 4-15 是一系列的圖那些是舉例說明在泵的操作過程中怎樣使用萬向接頭。首先搖桿臂被安裝在水平桿上（看圖 4-15.圖片 A）臂被一個銷釘連接在桿狀物上所以能來回的搖動，就象圖 B 所示。接下來，一個環(huán)放在桿狀物的周圍來保護(hù)搖桿臂，所以環(huán)可以左右來回轉(zhuǎn)如圖 C 所示。這樣可以提供你可能需要的在同一時間不同位面變化比例時的兩個旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。搖桿臂能在一弧形內(nèi)來回?fù)u擺并且環(huán)能同時在另一弧形內(nèi)前后的搖擺，在平面內(nèi)以一個恰當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌冗@個平面使搖桿臂旋轉(zhuǎn)。下一個在總裝中增加一個傾斜的平面。這個傾斜的平面放在桿狀物軸心傾斜的位置上，象圖 4-15 中圖 D 描述的那樣。搖桿臂在這時傾斜的位置與傾斜盤是同一位置，所以基本上是與傾斜盤上平行的。這個環(huán)也是平行的，它與傾斜盤相接觸。環(huán)的位置與搖桿臂是有關(guān)聯(lián)的而且是無法改變的，從圖 4-15C 和 4-15E 中可知，桿體裝完以后，仍然在一水平位置，使其直角轉(zhuǎn)彎旋轉(zhuǎn)。搖桿臂仍然和傾斜盤在同一位置上而且正交于桿狀物的軸線。環(huán)可以在搖桿銷上旋轉(zhuǎn)，與搖桿臂相比它能改變自己的位置，但是他必須要保持平行，并且要與傾斜盤相接觸。圖 4-15F 所示桿狀物在另一個直角拐彎處被旋轉(zhuǎn)。這些零部件處于同一位置如圖 D 所示，但是同搖桿臂的末端一起翻轉(zhuǎn)。環(huán)仍然承擔(dān)著反向的傾斜盤。當(dāng)桿繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)時，伴隨各自相互關(guān)聯(lián)的變化和環(huán)總是對盤施加壓力使搖桿臂和環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)變它們的支點。圖 4-45G 所示有一個附加輪子的裝置The tilting plate is placed at a slant to the axis of the shaft, as depicted in figure 4-15, view D. The rocker arm is then slanted at the same angle as the tilting plate, so that it lies parallel to the tilting plate. The ring is also parallel to, and in contact with, the tilting plate. The position of the ring in relation to the rocker arm is unchanged from that shown in figure 4-15, view C. Figure 4-15, view E, shows the assembly after the shaft, still in a horizontal position, has been rotated a quarter turn. The rocker arm is still in the same position as the tilting plate and is now perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. The ring has turned on the rocker pins, so that it has changed its position in relation to the rocker arm, but it remains parallel to, and in contact with, the tilting plate. View F of figure 4-15 shows the assembly after the shaft has been rotated another quarter turn. The parts are now in the same position as shown in view D, but with the ends of the rocker arm reversed. The ring still bears against the tilting plate. As the shaft continues to rotate, the rocker arm and the ring turn about their pivots, with each changing its relation to the other and with the ring always bearing on the plate. Figure 4-15, view G, shows a wheel added to the assembly. 這個輪子是豎直放置并固定在軸上，所以它和軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。另外，兩桿 A 和 B ，松散的連接在傾斜的環(huán)上并伸出穿過兩個直的洞相互對立的安裝在輪子上。因為桿是旋轉(zhuǎn)的，固定的輪一直垂直的轉(zhuǎn)向桿。傾斜的環(huán)一直隨桿一起旋轉(zhuǎn)而且一直保持傾斜的狀態(tài)，之后始終保持著與傾斜盤的接觸。提到的圖 G，沿著桿 A 從傾斜環(huán)到固定輪的距離比沿著桿 B 的距離要重要的多。隨著使總裝的旋轉(zhuǎn)，然而，沿著桿 A 的距離隨著把它的尖端放在傾斜環(huán)上并向固定輪附近移動而減小，沿著桿 B 時會增加。這些變換會繼續(xù)直到旋轉(zhuǎn)一半以后，在此刻桿的初始位置被翻轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)另一半旋轉(zhuǎn)后，兩個桿將再次回到其初始位置。當(dāng)總裝旋轉(zhuǎn)時，桿將在固定輪子的孔內(nèi)來回的移動。這就是軸向活塞泵的工作方式。The wheel is placed upright and fixed to the shaft, so that it rotates with the shaft. In addition, two rods, A and B, are loosely connected to the tilting ring and extend through two holes standing opposite each other in the fixed wheel. As the shaft is rotated, the fixed wheel turns perpendicular to the shaft at all times. The tilting ring rotates with the shaft and always remains tilted, since it remains in contact with the tilting plate. Referring to view G, the distance along rod A, from the tilting ring to the fixed wheel, is greater than the distance along rod B. As the assembly is rotated, however, the distance along rod A decreases as its point of attachment to the tilting ring moves closer to the fixed wheel, while the distance along rod B increases. These changes continue until after a half revolution, at which time the initial positions of the rods have been reversed. After another half revolution, the two rods will again be in their original positions. As the assembly rotates, the rods move in and out through the holes in the fixed wheel. This is the way the axial piston pump works. To get a pumping action, place pistons at the ends of the