外圓無心磨床導輪架結構設計
31頁 11000字數+論文說明書+任務書+3張CAD圖紙【詳情如下】
外圓無心磨床導輪架結構設計開題報告.doc
外圓無心磨床導輪架結構設計論文.doc
外圓磨床砂輪架部件圖.dwg
外圓磨總裝圖.dwg
外文翻譯--數控系統在平面磨床上應用現狀與發(fā)展趨勢.doc
導輪架裝配圖.dwg
目錄
第1章 緒論 2
1.1 磨床的類型與用途 2
1.1.1 磨床的類型及其特點 2
1.1.2 磨床的用途 3
1.1.3 外圓磨削和端面外圓磨床 4
1.2 磨床的現狀及其發(fā)展趨勢 5
第2章:課題意義及任務 7
第3章 磨床總體布局 8
3.1 磨床總體設計 8
3.2、總體設計注意事項 8
3.3 磨床總體布局設計 8
3.3.1 加工零件 8
3.3.2 初步估計組成部分 8
3.3.3 總體布局初步設計 8
3.3.4 縱向與橫向尺寸的確定 9
3.3.5 導輪架相關尺寸設計 11
3.3.6 頭架相關尺寸的確定 14
3.3.7 尾架相關尺寸的確定 15
3.3.8 工作臺 15
3.3.9 橫向進給機構 15
3.3.10 砂輪修整器 15
第4章 部件設計(導輪架) 16
4.1 導輪架設計的基本要求 16
4.2 主軸旋轉精度及其提高措施 16
4.3 主軸軸承系統的剛性 16
4.4 導輪架主軸初步設計 16
4.5 主軸剛度校核 18
4.6 動靜壓軸承 19
4.7 傳動裝置設計 20
結論 29
致謝 30
參考文獻 31
第1章 緒論
1.1 磨床的類型與用途
1.1.1 磨床的類型及其特點
用磨料磨具(砂輪、砂帶、油石和研磨料等)為工具進行切削加工的機床,統稱為磨床(英文為Grinding machine),它們是因精加工和硬表面的需要而發(fā)展起來的[1]。
磨床種類很多,主要有:外圓磨床、內圓磨床、平面磨床、工具磨床和用來磨削特定表面和工件的專門化磨床,如花鍵軸磨床、凸輪軸磨床、曲軸磨床等[2]。
對外圓磨床來說,又可分為普通外圓磨床、萬能外圓磨床、無心外圓磨床、 寬砂輪外圓磨床、端面外圓磨床等
以上均為使用砂輪作切削工具的磨床。此外,還有以柔性砂帶為切削工具的砂帶磨床,以油石和研磨劑為切削工具的精磨磨床等。
磨床與其他機床相比,具有以下幾個特點:
1、磨床的磨具(砂輪)相對于工件做高速旋轉運動(一般砂輪圓周線速度在35米/秒左右,目前已向200米/秒以上發(fā)展);
2、它能加工表面硬度很高的金屬和非金屬材料的工件;
3、它能使工件表面獲得很高的精度和光潔度;
4、易于實現自動化和自動線,進行高效率生產;
5、磨床通常是電動機---油泵---發(fā)動部件,通過機械,電氣,液壓傳動---傳動部件帶動工件和砂輪相對運動---工件部分組成[1]。
1.1.2 磨床的用途
磨床可以加工各種表面,如內、外圓柱面和圓錐面、平面、漸開線齒廓面、螺旋面以及各種成形表面。磨床可進行荒加工、粗加工、精加工和超精加工,可以進行各種高硬、超硬材料的加工,還可以刃磨刀具和進行切斷等,工藝范圍十分廣泛。
隨著科學技術的發(fā)展,對機械零件的精度和表面質量要求越來越高,各種高硬度材料的應用日益增多。精密鑄造和精密鍛造工藝的發(fā)展,使得有可能將毛坯直接磨成成品。高速磨削和強力磨削,進一步提高了磨削效率。因此,磨床的使用范圍日益擴大。它在金屬切削機床所占的比重不斷上升。目前在工業(yè)發(fā)達的國家中,磨床在機床總數中的比例已達30%----40%。
據1997年歐洲機床展覽會(EMO)的調查數據表明,25%的企業(yè)認為磨削是他們應用的最主要的加工技術,車削只占23%, 鉆削占22%,其它占8%;而磨床在企業(yè)中占機床的比例高達42%,車床占23%,銑床占22%,鉆床占14%[3]。由此可見,在精密加工當中,有許多零部件是通過精密磨削來達到其要求的,而精密磨削加工會要在相應的精密磨床上進行,因此精密磨床在精密加工中占有舉足輕重的作用。但是要實現精密磨削加工,則所用的磨床就應該滿足以下幾個基本要求:
1.高幾何精度。 精密磨床應有高的幾何精度,主要有砂輪主軸的回轉精度和導軌的直線度以保證工件的幾何形狀精度。主軸軸承可采用液體靜壓軸承、短三塊瓦或長三塊瓦油膜軸承,整體度油楔式動壓軸承及動靜壓組合軸承等。當前采用動壓軸承和動靜壓軸承較多。主軸的徑向圓跳動一般應小于1um,軸向圓跳動應限制在2—3um以內。
2.低速進給運動的穩(wěn)定性。 由于砂輪的修整導程要求10—15mm/min,因此工作臺必須低速進給運動,要求無爬行和無沖擊現象并能平穩(wěn)工作。
3.減少振動。 精密磨削時如果產生振動,會對加工質量產生嚴重不良影響。故對于精密磨床,在結構上應考慮減少振動。
4.減少熱變形。 精密磨削中熱變形引起的加工誤差會達到總誤差的50%,故機床和工藝系統的熱變形已經成為實現精密磨削的主要障礙
1.1.3 外圓磨削和端面外圓磨床
1.外圓磨削
在外圓磨削過程中,工件是安裝在兩頂尖的中心之間,砂輪旋轉是引起切削旋轉的主要來源和原因?;镜猛鈭A磨削方法有兩種,即橫磨法磨外圓和縱磨法磨外圓,如圖1-1和圖1-2所示。
事實上,外圓磨削可以通過其他以下幾種方法來實施:
(1)傳遞方法:在這種方法中,磨削砂輪和工件旋轉以及徑向進給都應滿足所有的整個長度,切削的深度是由磨削砂輪到工件的縱向進給來調整的。
(2)沖壓切削方法:在這種方法中,磨削是通過砂輪的縱向進給和無軸向進給來完成的,正如我們所看到的,只有在表面成為圓柱的寬度比磨削輪磨損寬度短時,這種方法才能完成。
為了克服現有無心磨床的導輪傳動裝置的技術不足,本實用新型提供一 種無心磨床的導輪傳動裝置,該導輪傳動裝置結構簡單、生產成本低,使磨 床的加工精度進一步提高,傳動裝置勿需經常進行調整,并且可降低對伺服 電機功率的要求。問題所采用的技術方案是:設有異輪機頭座,導 輪機頭座的下端經軸承安裝有導輪主軸,導輪主軸上固定有導輪,導輪主軸 的端部固定有蝸輪,導輪機頭座上固定有伺服電機,伺服電機的轉軸上安裝 有蝸桿,蝸桿與蝸輪相嚙合。用于無心磨床,結構簡單、生產成本低,蝸 輪與蝸桿之間傳動平穩(wěn)、無振動,可以保證旋轉體以很高的精密度旋轉,加 工高精密度產品,傳動動力大,可降低對伺服電機功率的要求,從而節(jié)約電能。
結論
經過三個多月的努力,我順利完成了畢業(yè)設計的任務,對磨床的設計過程有了一個基本的認識,特別對數控高速端面外圓磨床MKS1632A的設計過程有了深刻和清晰的了解。這次畢業(yè)設計是對我大學四年所學知識的一次綜合應用,它涉及到機械制圖、機械制造技術、機械原理、機械設計、機械裝備設計、液壓系統設計、數控技術、互換性和測量技術、單片機、電子信息技術等多門課程的內容,使我對知識的綜合知識的運用有了很大的提高。
本次設計的數控高速端面外圓磨床MKS1632A可以同時加工帶軸肩類零件的外圓和端面,從而提高了磨削效率,減少加工時間,節(jié)省工件的生產成本。
在數控高速端面外圓磨床MKS1632A的設計過程中,郭老師讓我們四個人每人負責一部分,我負責的是數控高速端面外圓磨床MKS1632A的導輪架部分。起初我們四個人在一起討論磨床的總體布局圖,每個人提出自己的想法,然后由大家來討論,在這樣的討論和交流中,我們都學到了不少知識,知道自己方案的優(yōu)點和缺點,最后我們討論出來一套最優(yōu)方案。
本次畢業(yè)設計我負責的部件是導輪架,導輪架是磨床上用來帶動砂輪作高速旋轉的關鍵部件,主要由傳動部件和主軸軸承部分組成,主軸與軸承是導輪架的主要組成部分。首先是根據導輪架主軸的要求進行軸的設計,然后再選取軸承,設計皮帶和皮帶輪等等。在這個過程中,軸的撓度校核、皮帶和皮帶輪的設計等用到了大量的計算。
由于磨床是高精密加工機床,對各部件的設計要求都較高。為了提高旋轉精度,我主要做了以下工作:
1.在選擇軸承的時候,我選用了動靜壓軸承。,動靜壓混合軸承是一種既綜合了液體動壓和靜壓軸承的優(yōu)點,又克服了兩著缺點的新型多油楔油膜軸承。它利用靜壓軸承的節(jié)流原理,使壓力油腔中產生足夠大的靜壓軸承載力,從而克服了液體動壓軸承啟動和停止時出現的干摩擦造成主軸與軸承磨損現象,提高了主軸和軸承的使用壽命及精度保持性;軸承油腔大多采用淺腔結構,在主軸啟動后,依靠淺腔階梯效應形成的動壓承載力和靜壓承載力疊加,大大地提高了主軸承載能力,而多腔對置結構又極大地增加了主軸剛度;高壓油膜的均化作用和良好的抗振性能,保證了主軸具有很高旋轉精度和運轉平穩(wěn)性。
動靜壓軸承廣泛用于高速精密設備中.目前,在改造舊精密磨削設備方面,用得較多的是北京中航設備改造廠的WMB型表面節(jié)流液體動靜壓混合軸承。
2.在導輪架傳動裝置設計中,采用了多楔帶皮帶和多楔帶帶輪。多楔帶兼有V帶和平帶的優(yōu)點,外輪廓尺寸小,比V型帶傳動平穩(wěn)。多楔帶以平帶為基體,內表面有等距離縱向楔型的環(huán)形帶傳動,工作面為楔側面。
3.為了減少外載荷對導輪架主軸的影響,提高導輪架主軸的承載能力,在帶輪的安裝方面,采用了卸荷皮帶輪的方案,即多楔帶皮帶輪不是直接安裝在導輪架主軸上,而是安裝在支架上,然后通過花鍵套來傳遞扭矩,帶動導輪架主軸旋轉。這種方案的好處是導輪架承受的軸向力大大地減小了,導輪架主要承受扭矩,達到減小導輪架主軸變形、提高導輪架主軸的承載能力和提高旋轉精度等目的。
需要補充一點的是,在導輪架主軸的設計中,因為軸的中間部分只有一部分需要進行精加工,以便安裝動靜壓軸承,其余部分則沒有什么特殊的加工要求??紤]到加工成本的問題,我采取將導輪架主軸中間一部分半徑減小的方法,從而減少了精加工的長度,減小了工件的加工成本,但這樣做會減小導輪架主軸的剛度。
這次畢業(yè)設計對我大學所學的知識進行了綜合,對我運用知識的能力有了很大提高,特別是培養(yǎng)了我理論結合實際的作風,改變了我以前設計不切合實際的想法,很多設計力求標準化和規(guī)范化。
致謝
經過三個多月的努力,畢業(yè)設計已接近尾聲了。在老師的指導下,我順利地完成了本次畢業(yè)設計的全部任務。老師淵博的知識、嚴謹的治學態(tài)度和高度的責任心給我留下了很深刻的印象,同時也給我的學習、工作、生活以很大的影響,使我受益匪淺。值此論文完成之際,謹向導師表示衷心的感謝,并感謝同組同學對我的合作和支持。
此外,具有豐富磨床設計經驗的老師給我們全組同學悉心講解圖紙和解答疑問,在次也表示衷心的感謝。最后,院里的領導和其他老師也給了我很大的關心,再一次對大家表示衷心的感謝!
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畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯學院 (系): 機械工程學院 專 業(yè): 機械工程及自動化 姓 名: 學 號: 外文出處: Digital system in the horizontal grinder application of the status quo and development trend 附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。 指導教師評語:本文簡單介紹了數控系統在平面磨床上應用的概念,詳細闡述了各種類型的平面磨床的切削性能及其特點,并簡單介紹了其發(fā)展趨勢。翻譯用詞比較準確,文筆也較為通順,為在以后工作中接觸英文資料打下了基礎。簽名: 年 月 日注:請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。附件 1:外文資料翻譯譯文數控系統在平面磨床上應用現狀與發(fā)展趨勢現代工業(yè)生產中,中、小批量零件的生產占產品數量的比例越來越高,零件的復雜性和精度要求迅速提高,傳統的普通機床已經越來越難以適應現代化生產的要求,而數控機床具有高精度、高效率、一機多用,可以完成復雜型面加工的特點,特別是計算機技術的迅猛發(fā)展并廣泛應用于數控系統中,數控裝置的主要功能幾乎全由軟件來實現,硬件幾乎能通用,從而使其更具加工柔性,功能更加強大。前言:制造業(yè)的競爭已從早期降低勞動力成本、產品成本,提高企業(yè)整體效率和質量的競爭,發(fā)展到全面滿足顧客要求、積極開發(fā)新產品的競爭,將面臨知識--技術--產品的更新周期越來越短,產品批量越來越小,而對質量、性能的要求更高,同時社會對環(huán)境保護、綠色制造的意識不斷加強。因此敏捷先進的制造技術將成為企業(yè)贏得競爭和生存、發(fā)展的主要手段。計算機信息技術和制造自動化技術的結合越來越緊密,作為自動化柔性生產重要基礎的數控機床在生產機床中所占比例將越來越多。一、數控平面磨現狀及主要數控系統 平面磨床相對于車床、銑床等采用數控系統較晚,因為它對數控系統的特殊要求。近十幾年來,借助 CNC技術,磨床上砂輪的連續(xù)修整,自動補償,自動交換砂輪,多工作臺,自動傳送和裝夾工件等操作功能得以實現,數控技術在平面磨床上逐步普及。在近年漢諾威、東京、芝加哥、及國內等大型機床展覽會上,CNC 磨床在整個磨床展品中已占大多數,如德國 BLOHM公司,ELB 公司等著名磨床制造廠已經不再生產普通磨床,日本的岡本、日興等公司也成批生產全功能 CNC平磨,在開發(fā)高檔數控平磨的同時,積極發(fā)展中、低檔數控平磨。前幾年德國 ELB公司生產的 BRILLIANT系列二坐標 CNC成型磨床,其垂直和橫向為數控軸,縱向為液壓控制,砂輪修整采用安裝在工作臺上的金剛石滾輪,適用范圍較廣;SUPER-BRILLIANT 系列是三坐標 CNC平面和成型磨床,床身用天然花崗巖制成,幾何精度極高,導軌用直線滾動導軌,機械驅動無反沖,從而保證工件有較好的表面光潔度;BRILLIANT-FUTURE 為以上二個系列的改進產品,床身用人造花崗巖制作,縱向用靜壓導軌,齒形帶傳動,垂直和橫向導軌為預加荷直線滾動導軌,滾珠絲杠傳動,三軸 CNC控制 AC伺服電機,0.5μm的測量分辨率。同時 ELB公司開發(fā)了具有當代最新技術的磨床產品,即以機電一體化和計算機技術為基礎的 CAM-MASTER系列柔性磨加工單元,CAD-MASTER系列和 COMPACT-MASTER系列磨削加工中心,控制軸最多可達到 24軸,另外由于全面推行模塊化設計,使專用磨床制造周期縮短,ELB 公司還開發(fā)了多種高效專用磨床,如 SFVG100/2專用磨床,具有可傾斜磨頭,連續(xù)修整,緩進給,斜切入磨削功能,用十一根 CNC控制軸,如同一臺磨加工中心。英國JONES&SHIPMAN公司與美國 A-B公司開發(fā)了 A-B8600數控系統用于 FORMAT5型數控平磨,由 CNC控制液壓閥,驅動縱向可調速運動,橫向與磨頭進給用滾珠絲杠副,直流伺服電機驅動,間斷式砂輪修整,CRT 圖形模擬顯示。同時還可以配用其他型號的數控系統,以滿足不同用戶的要求。目前,隨半導體集成度的不斷提高,新推出的系統在外型上越來越小,結構上越來越緊湊,功能上增加了遠程通訊,遠程診斷,多機聯網等等;操作界面向 WINDOWS系統靠近,增加鼠標,搖控器等操作件。FANUC 公司今年主要推出 18I、16I、20I、21I 系統,SIEMENS 是 840D、810D、802D 均為結構緊湊型系統。還有一些廠商如:臺灣精密機械研究發(fā)展中心開發(fā)的 PA8000NT系列 CNC控制器,就使用了 WINDOWS NC操作系統,和 NT即時多工處理核心,單節(jié)程序處理速度達 2000塊/秒,單節(jié)預讀處理數可達 1000塊,具有 AART(預適應調節(jié)技術)及參數最佳化學習功能,可使跟隨誤差趨近于零,軟件加工路徑濾波器可降低切削過程中,因加速度變化過大所產生的機械共振,從而改善表面粗糙度;配用伺服靈活,具備+、-10V 類比伺服界面,同時提供國際標準的SERCOS數字伺服通訊界面;PLC 程序設計有梯形圖、結構語句、功能塊、指令碼、流程圖等五種語法,便于設計、溝通和維護;具有計算機遠程通訊,即時遠程維護功能;控制軸和主軸最多可擴展到 64軸,I/O 點可擴展到 792/528點,采用奔騰處理器,高速 PLC處理速度達到 25K。 世界上除有名的 SIEMENS、FANUC 等數控系統專業(yè)廠已經開發(fā)生產了許多適用于平面或成型磨削的系統外,一些平磨生產廠本身也積極開發(fā)了適用于其磨床的數控系統。主要有:西門子公司的 SINUMERIK 840D 系統,該系統具有二十多根伺服軸,坐標連續(xù)行程控制,手動數據輸入或通過外部計算機輸入,遠程診斷,可隨砂輪直徑減小而變化行程,砂輪修整量自動補償,滾珠絲杠間隙誤差補償等。 西門子 3G系統是專為磨削加工而開發(fā)的,裝有用來人機對話的操作提示裝置,在軸線傾斜時,也可進行直線和圓弧插補,在磨削中經常出現的運行循環(huán),如主軸擺動,用外部信號中斷執(zhí)行程序,砂輪切入,砂輪修整等專用準備功能,編制固定循環(huán)程序。其不僅能使用外部測量裝置(開關信號),還能當連接上一個合適的測量頭時能直接去控制裝置與最終尺寸進行比較。 美國 ALLEY-BRANDLY公司生產的 8400CNC、8600CNC 數控系列,適用于車床、銑床和磨床,其 8400CNC最多可控制 6根伺服軸,任 2軸可進行圓弧插補,任3軸可進行螺旋線插補,6 軸直線插補。8600CNC 系列最多能控制 17個坐標,包括 8個參與插補軸,8 個位控制軸及 1個主軸,具有圖形顯示,擴展分支程序,顯示加工時間,高速程序校驗,刀具壽命監(jiān)測等功能。 日本 FANUC公司開發(fā)了 OG高速高性能數控系統,其中 O-GSG適用于平面磨床,可根據磨削零件不同形狀,有四種不同的磨削方法,具有砂輪軸角度傾斜控制功能,荒磨、粗磨、精磨、無火花磨削一整套磨削循環(huán),砂輪滾壓修整后位置補償功能,修整器相對于被修整輪法線方向控制功能,修整滾輪外緣圓弧半徑補償功能,砂輪形狀圖形顯示功能及磨削參數顯示等,系統最小設定單位0.1μm,屬"緊湊"型數控系統,價格較低。 另外還有如德國 ELB公司與大學聯合研制的 UNICON系統。日本大隈鐵工所OSP5000G-G,OSP30-NF 等自行開發(fā)的平面和成型磨削數控系統,其 OSP5000G-G最多可控制 9個坐標,其中 6個坐標可聯動,帶 12英寸彩顯,人機對話編程,自動確定切削系數,可采用軟盤輸入,納入 FMS系統,最小脈沖當量、移動當量和檢測當量均為 0.1μm,平磨上還采用了感應同步器全閉環(huán)方式。 還有的平磨制造廠雖采用數控主機廠的系統,但自行開發(fā)軟件,使用之更適合平面和成型磨削,如德國 JUNG公司以西門子 SINUMERIK 810 為基礎,采用該公司專用軟件,用 JUNG KONTUR 編程語言對砂輪進行成型修整,并有圖形輔助操作功能。日本岡本公司在 FANUC公司數控系統硬件上,開發(fā)了 OPL語言用于磨削加工,等等。 當今直線電機、動平衡等技術、工藝的日益發(fā)展應有,又大大提高了機床的工效,適宜的測量技術應用對數控系統的開發(fā)利用,增強機床的電氣自動控制功能如虎添翼。二、國內數控平磨的發(fā)展我國從 80年代開始生產數控平面磨床,各開發(fā)廠家分別走過了自行研制,與大學及科研單位合作開發(fā)至直接引進成熟數控系統的發(fā)展道路。例如:杭州機床廠是一家具有五十年歷史,專業(yè)生產平面磨床的制造廠,它從 80年代中期開始生產數控平磨,先后開發(fā)生產了 MGK7132臥軸矩臺高精度平磨,MK7130 系列普通數控平磨,MLK7140 數控緩進給成型磨,MGK7120、MK7163、MK7150 臥軸矩臺數控平磨,MKY7760 立軸數控雙端面磨,MKY7660、MKY7650/101 臥軸數控雙端面磨,以及 HZ-K1610,HZ-K2010,HZ-050 CNC,HZ-KD2010、HZ-K3015、HZ-K3020、HZ-K4020 等專用數控龍門式平面與導軌磨床。數控系統的開發(fā)應用,有與大專院校及科研單位合作研制的單板機系統,也有自行開發(fā)的以單片機為主機的簡易控制系統,及采用數控主機廠生產的成熟數控系統等。 其生產的 MGK7120高精度平磨,采用了日本 FANUC公司的 POWER MATE-D雙軸數控系統,控制磨頭進給,最小進給量 0.1μm,具有自動完成磨削循環(huán)功能。MKY7650/101全自動數控雙端面磨床是與意大利 VIOTTO公司技術合作產品,采用西門子 SIMATIC S5-115U可編程控制器控制,CRT 顯示,機床的左、右磨頭由二軸直流伺服電機驅動,機床能進行手動調整和自動磨削循環(huán)選擇。配有意大利馬爾波斯 E9型測量系統,二個測量頭,一個測量砂輪,將砂輪磨損量反饋給控制系統,進行砂輪補償;另一個測量頭測量磨削后的工件,并將測量結果輸入控制系統,由伺服電機進行補償進給;左、右磨頭用 VIOTTO光柵作位置測量控制,實現了整機從工件上料到磨削完畢的全閉環(huán)和全自動加工。 HZ-050CNC數控直線滾動導軌專用磨床,是為上海市科技結合生產重點工業(yè)項目第三次科技攻關項目而開發(fā)的專用磨床。既具有平面磨削功能又有成型磨削功能,它采用了美國 A-B公司生產的 8400MP數控系統,機床有 7根數控軸,X、Y、Z 三根磨頭進給軸和 U、V、W 三根砂輪修整軸由系統直接控制,另一軸Q為臥式砂輪橫向進給(磨削平面用)通過 SLC可編程控制器加 IMC定位模塊,由系統 I/O口輸入 8400MP主機,控制其位置,具有在磨削中連續(xù)修整砂輪或間隙式砂輪修整補償進給等自動加工能力。 HZ-KD2010六軸數控龍門式雙磨頭平面磨床,采用 FANUC-0MC數控系統,用四根 CNC軸分別控制兩個磨頭的橫向和垂直進給,用一根 PMC軸控制周邊磨頭的砂輪修整器金剛筆進給,另一根 PMC軸控制萬能磨頭的分度旋轉。充分利用了系統性能,降低生產成本,提高了機床的性價比。 三、我廠數控磨床的發(fā)展展望 我廠數控磨床發(fā)展到現在,已經具有了相當的實力,作為主機生產廠,我們的數控系統應有開發(fā),已經走過了從完全依賴系統供應商到自己初步具有一般開發(fā)能力的過程,但數控系統的應用尚在提高機械傳動鏈性能、替代機械手輪、簡能、加工效率、可靠性等方面都有許多需要提高、突破的問題,有待解決。我認為應該對廠目前生產的各類產品的各種結構、產品的使用工藝加以總結,分析其長短得失,產品究競要實現怎樣的自動功能,如何逐步發(fā)展有個規(guī)劃,以利學習和工作;重視數控軟件的開發(fā),有條件引進技術或外派學習,跟上發(fā)展潮流,硬件上結合市場需要,單加工循環(huán)階段,與先進水平相比,還有著許多差距,在機床的精度、自動化功在產品制造中將新技術、新功能逐項實踐應用,以縮小與世界先進水平的差距。隨著數控系統性能與可靠性的提高,價格更趨合理,使數控磨床與普通磨床的比價為廣大用戶所接受,同時隨著先進制造與自動化技術在生產中的要求提高,數控磨床的使用也將越來越廣泛。數控平磨及其它磨床將向加工柔性更好的高檔磨加工中心和更加高效的專用數控磨床方向發(fā)展。我們相信伴隨著計算機、信息技術革命的深入,數控磨床在其智能化、系統信息控制等方面,將會有很大的進步。如何緊跟歷史前進的步伐,找到適合于我們自己特點的發(fā)展道路,尋找技術進步的突破點,是我們工作的重點,因為這是關系到企業(yè)未來發(fā)展及生存的關鍵問題。附件 2:外文原文Digital system in the horizontal grinder application of the status quo and development trendModern industrial production, small and large parts for the production of products of the increasing proportion of parts complexity and precision requirements rapidly increase, the traditional general machine tools has become increasingly difficult to meet the requirements of modern production, and a high-precision CNC machine tools, high-efficiency, the use of a machine can complete complex type face processing characteristics, in particular the rapid development of computer technology and the widespread use of digital systems, digital devices from almost all major software functions to achieve, almost to a hardware, thereby making it more flexible processing, functional stronger. Keywords:Manufacturing competition from lower labour costs early, product cost and improve their overall efficiency and quality of competition, to meet customer demands comprehensive, actively develop new products competitive, will face knowledge -- technical -- updated products has become shorter and shorter, an increasing number of small products, and the quality, performance requirements are higher, Meanwhile community to environmental protection, the growing awareness of green manufacturing. Therefore advanced manufacturing technology will be quickly won the competition and survival of the enterprise, the principal means of development. Computer information technology and manufacturing automation technology more closely integrated, flexible production automation as an important foundation for digital machine in the production of machine tools to share more. First, digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primaril. First, digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primarily. Horizontal grinder compared to the lathe, milling machine, using digital systems later, the special requirements because of its digital systems. In the past decade, with the technical facility, grinder, the grinding wheel for repair, automatic compensation, automatic exchange grinding wheel, and more workstations, such as automatic transmission and Zhuangjia working inoperable realized, and digital technology in the horizontal grinder, gradually spread. In recent Hanover, Tokyo, Chicago, and other large domestic machine tool exhibition, CNC grinder throughout the grinder, for the majority of the exhibits, such as Germany Blohm company ELB companies such famous grinder factories no longer produce ordinary grinder Japanese Forces, Japan, the company also Hing bulk production facility-wide functional ping himself. in the development of high-grade digital ping himself while actively developing, low digital ping himself. German production company a few years ago ELB brilliant series two coordinates facility shaped grinder, the vertical and horizontal axis for digital, vertical for hydraulic control, grinding wheel repair work platform installed in a roller diamonds, the application of broader; SUPER-BRILLIANT series is one-dimensional and shaped grinder Sanzuobiao facility, the beds are manufactured using natural granite, high geometric accuracy, slide away from straight rolling guide, driving without recoiling machinery, thus ensuring a better working surface smoothness; BRILLIANT-FUTURE series of improvements to the above two products, using artificial granite bed was produced by static pressure vertical guide, Chixing belt transmission, vertical and horizontal guide for pre reinforced straight rolling guide, Gunzhusigang transmission, three-axis CNC control AC servo electrical, measuring 0.5 m 16ug image. ELB company has also developed the latest technology grinder contemporary products, and integration with computer and technology-based series of soft skills CAM-MASTER processing modules CAD-MASTER series and COMPACT-MASTER series grinding processing center, a maximum of up to 24 axis control axis, As the full implementation of modular design and manufacture of dedicated grinder cycle shortened ELB company has also developed a variety of highly efficient dedicated grinder, such as SFVG100/2 dedicated grinder, which will tilt Motou, continuous improvements, to ease into, ramps while grinding function with 11 root axis CNC control, as one finds processing center. British and American companies JONES&SHIPMAN A-B company developed A-B8600 digital systems for digital FORMAT5 type ping himself from the facility hydraulic control valves, driven vertical movement can be governor, to the use of horizontal and Motou into Gunzhusigang deputy, Electrical DC servo-driven, intermittent style grinding wheel repair, CRT graphics simulation showed. Also be used with other types of digital systems to meet different user requirements. Currently, the semiconductor master degrees continual increase in the newly introduced system in the appearance of smaller, more compact structure, functions increased distance communications, remote diagnosis, multiple plane networking etc.; Interface to the Windows operating system to increase the mouse, remote operation of vehicles. Fanuc major company this year launched 18I, 16I, 20I, 21I system Siemens is 840D, 810D, 802D are tight structure type system. There are a number of manufacturers such as : Taiwan Precision Machinery Research and Development Center developed PA8000NT series CNC controls on the use of the Windows operating system of NC, and NT immediate multi-processing core, single-section procedures for processing speed 2,000 pieces / s, single-section pre-1000 time to deal with a few pieces, with Aart (pre-adaptation technologies) and the parameters of the best learning function would follow error convergence to zero, the software processing path filter to reduce machining process generated by the acceleration changes excessive mechanical resonance, thereby improving surface roughness; with the use of servo flexible, with +, -10V analogy servo interface It also provides international standards SERCOS digital servo communications interface design Tixingtu ;PLC procedures, structure expressions, functional pieces, instructions code, flowcharts, five grammar, facilitate design, communication and maintenance; long-range communications with the computer, instant remote maintenance functions; control can be extended to a maximum axle and spindle axis 64. I/O points which can be expanded to 792/528 point, the introduction of Pentium processors, high-speed Plc processing speed to 25K. Apart from the world famous Siemens, Fanuc digital systems, such as professional development and production of the plant has been applied to many horizontal or shaped grinding system, a number of production plants Ping finds itself actively developed application in the digital grinder system. Notably : Siemens SINUMERIK 840D of the system, the system has more than 20 roots servo axis, the coordinates for the trip control, manual data entry or imported through external computer, remote diagnosis may reduce the grinding wheel diameter change itinerary, grinding wheel repair of automatic compensation Gunzhusigang gap error compensation. Siemens 3G system is specifically for grinding and processing development, for both dialogue with the presentation devices operate in axis tilt, can also be straight and arc widely in grinding, recurring operational cycle, such as the main axis swing, and use external signal interruption implementation procedures, grinding wheel cut, grinding wheel repair, and other special functions for the preparation of a fixed cycle procedures. Not only can use its external measurement devices (switches signal), but when connected to a suitable time to first measurement and control devices directly to the ultimate size comparison.American companies ALLEY-BRANDLY production 8400CNC, 8600CNC digital series apply lathe, milling machine and grinder, 8400CNC up to 6 roots servo axis control, the Section 2 axle may drain, the three axis may helix spaced, six axle straight drain. 8600CNC series of coordinates to control 17, including eight in the drain axle, eight spaces control axle and one allegation that a graphic shown that the expansion of branch procedures that processing time, high-speed access procedures, cutlery life monitoring function. Japanese companies developed FANUC OG high-speed high-performance digital systems, which O-GSG applicable to horizontal grinder, the grinding parts under different shapes, four different methods of grinding, a grinding wheel axle angle control function shortage grinding, Cumo, Jingmo, no spark grinding a grinding cycle of grinding wheel flow position after finishing compensation function, Compared to repair vehicles were repaired round normal line direction control functions roller outer arc radius compensation for the rehabilitation of the functional, grinding wheel shape graphics and grinding parameters show that the functional, system smallest unit set 0.1 16ug m, a "tight" - type digital systems, lower prices. There are also companies such as Germany and the University jointly developed by ELB UNICON system. Japanese big cove ironworker OSP5000G-G,OSP30-NF such as self-development and shaped grinding digital print system, the maximum control OSP5000G-G nine coordinates, which can be linked six coordinates, a 12-inch hall, interactive programming, automatic identification of cutting factor used diskettes imported, into automated systems, the smallest pulse equivalent, the mobile equivalent and testing equivalent 16ug are 0.1 m, Ping himself also used simultaneously by the entire loop detectors. Although there is the ping himself factory using digital Zhujichang system, but self-development of software, use it more suitable for horizontal and shaped grinding, such as German company Siemens SINUMERIK 810 Jung based, the company specialized software used by Jung Kontur programming language for a shaped grinding wheel repair, and graphics supporting operational functions. Japan sincerely companies in Fanuc digital systems hardware companies, the OPL development language for grinding processing, and so on. The linear electrical, balance, technology, the growing due process, and greatly enhance the efficacy of machine tools, the application of appropriate measurement techniques for the development and use of digital systems, machine tools and electrical automatic control functions to redouble their might. Second, the development of domestic digital Ping finds. Since the start of production digital horizontal grinder 1980s, the development of the manufacturers have developed separately, the development of cooperation with universities and research units direct to introduce mature digital systems development. For example : Hangzhou Machine Tool Plant is a history of 50 years of professional graphic grinder of factory production, which began production in the mid-1980s from digital ping himself, has developed a production MGK7132 straight axle rule Taiwan high-precision ping himself, MK7130 series ordinary digital ping himself, MLK7140 digital relief to shape himself into, MGK7120, MK7163, MK7150 straight axle rule Taiwan digital ping himself, MKY7760 vertical shaft digital double carry noodles himself, MKY7660, MKY7650/101 straight axle digital double carry noodles himself, and HZ-K1610,HZ-K2010,HZ-050 CNC,HZ-KD2010, HZ-K3015, HZ-K3020, such as dedicated digital Dragon Gate Type HZ-K4020 horizontal grinder and guide. The development and application of digital systems, developed in cooperation with universities and scientific research units in the Shanbanji system, but also for self-development to the mainframe Chanpianji the simple control system, and the use of digital Zhujichang mature digital production system. Ping finds its production MGK7120 high-precision, the company introduced Japan Fanuc MATE-D purchased digital recording system to control Motou chin, chin to the smallest volume 0.1 16ug m, a complete automatic grinding cycle functions. MKY7650/101 carry noodles grinder is fully automatic digital double technical cooperation with the Italian company Viotto products using Siemens Simatic S5-115U programmable controller control CRT display, machine tools left, right Motou driven by the two axis DC servo electrical, machine tools capable of manual and automatic grinding cycle of adjustment options. Equipped with Italian Maerbosi E9-measurement systems, the first two measurements, a measurement grinding wheel, grinding wheel wear and tear of feedback to the control system, Abrasive Wheels compensation; Another measure after her first measurements grinding, and measurements of the control system into the servo compensation for electrical; Left and right Motou used for position measurement Viotto raster control, Having achieved a whole sets from the expected completion of the entire loop grinding and fully automatic processing. HZ-050CNC digital linear rolling guide dedicated grinder is the Shanghai Science and Technology for the production of key industrial projects in the third research and development project dedicated grinder. Both functional and shaped grinding flat grinding function, and it has adopted the U.S. company A-B 8400MP digital production system, a seven-kan digital axis machine tools, X, Y, Z into three roots Motou to axle and U, V, W 3 root grinding wheel repair axle direct control by the system, Another Q for the horizontal grinding wheel horizontal axis into the (one-dimensional with grinding) through SLC programmable controller plus wife positioning module, the mainframe system I/O imported 8400MP control its position, with continuous improvements in the grinding, grinding wheel or gap-type grinding wheel to repair such automatic processing into compensation. HZ-KD2010 six-axle double-Motou Dragon Gate digital graphic grinder, using FANUC-0MC digital systems, using four roots CNC axis control two separate horizontal and vertical into Motou to use a PMC peripheral Motou control of the grinding wheel axle repair vehicles lords-chin to the other roots PMC axis control Almighty Motou sub-degree rotation. Take full advantage of the system performance, reduce production costs and enhance the Xingjiabi of machine tools. Third, I look at the development of digital grinder.I plant digital grinder development to the present, already has considerable strength as mainframe production plant, our digital systems have developed have come from totally dependent on the system vendor to its initial capacity of a general development process, but the application of digital systems is increasing mechanical transmission chain performance, alternative mechanical hand round, simpl