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英語句子剖析,,非謂語,二、句子成分了解,主語（subject）、 謂語（predicate）、 表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、 定語（attribute）、 狀語(adverbial)、 補(bǔ)語(complement)、 同位語(appositive)、插入語(parenthesis) 主語和謂語是句子成立的充分且必要的條件，兩者缺一不可。,主語：句子動(dòng)作的主體，表示句子要描述的對(duì)象, “誰”或是 “什么”,一般位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前 。 1、I may be wrong. 我可能是錯(cuò)的。 2、Who is speaking, please? (在電話中)請(qǐng)問你是誰？ 3、Two will be enough. 兩個(gè)就夠了。 4、Shopping is easy in a supermarket. 在超級(jí)市場(chǎng)購(gòu)物很容易。 5、It is difficult to answer that question. 回答這個(gè)問題很困難。 6、What he said does not matter.,謂語：說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語擔(dān)任 不及物 vt. Work, live, look, arrive, … 行為動(dòng)詞：（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞） 及物 vi. Spend, visit, see, reach,… 系動(dòng)詞link-v.：動(dòng)詞be，“五變”(go, get, turn, come, become)和“五感”(look, sound, smell, taste, feel).還有keep, stay ，appear, look as等，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),,謂語核心,助動(dòng)詞aux. v.:一般沒有詞義，幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語，以表示時(shí)態(tài)、語氣、語態(tài)等，有時(shí)幫助構(gòu)成疑問句或否定句① be (am, is, are ,was, were); ② have, has, had; ③ will, would，shall, should; ④ do, does, did. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞mod. v.：can, could; may, must, need, shall, should, ought to, will, would, dare.,賓語：及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語的對(duì)象或內(nèi)容，或用于介詞后構(gòu)成介詞短語；一般位于動(dòng)詞或介詞之后 1. Who │knows │the answer? 2. He │has refused │to help them. 3. He │enjoys │reading. 4. They │ate │what was left over. 5. We’ve │ been looking forward to │this day. 賓語包括直接賓語（動(dòng)作的承受者）和 間接賓語（對(duì)誰或?yàn)檎l 6. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 7. I │showed │him │my pictures.,賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。,名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞 The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞 New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松.,名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語 I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動(dòng)詞不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞 I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.,表語：說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)、或身份，位于連系動(dòng)詞之后 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. Our next step │ was │ to get the raw materials ready. 3. His face │turned │red. 4. Everything │looks │different. 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 6. The trouble│ is │that they are short of money.,定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。,定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞、介詞短語作定語、從句作定語時(shí)，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。,形容詞作定語： The little boy needs a blue pen小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個(gè)英俊的男孩。 數(shù)詞作定語： Two boys need two pens./兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語： His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。 介詞短語作定語： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。,名詞作定語： The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語： The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定語： The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。,分詞（短語）作定語： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 定語從句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。 The boy you will know is Tom./你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。,狀語：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，說明其程度\頻率；也可用于修飾全句，說明事件發(fā)生的方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、目的等,狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。,,副詞（短語）作狀語： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長(zhǎng)則狀語前置） The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時(shí)間狀語）,介詞短語作狀語： In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點(diǎn)狀語） Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語),分詞（短語）作狀語： He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)） =He sits there and asks for a pen. Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語） Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）,不定式作狀語： The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語） To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.,狀語從句： Because the boy has to finish his homework, he needs a pen. Tom works hard so that he can make his dream come true.,同位語：,同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’） We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）,英語句子概論,簡(jiǎn)單句,并列句,復(fù)合句,基本成分,附屬成分,獨(dú)立成分,省略成分,連接成分,主語 ＋ 系動(dòng)詞 ＋ 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語 ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語 ＋ 及物動(dòng)詞 ＋賓語 ( S + Vt. + O) 主語＋雙賓動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓(S +Vt. +IO+DO) 主語 ＋ 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 ＋賓語 ＋賓語補(bǔ)語 (S + Vt. + O + C),簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型,主語和謂語動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)詞)是句子的核心成分，賓語、表語及補(bǔ)語為基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分（主和謂），至多4個(gè)基本成分。,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主語,謂語,賓語,表語,Vt,V-l,Vi,,,,,,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英語句子基本成分示意圖,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,主語 ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 She came．/ My head aches. 主語 ＋ 及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 賓語 She likes English. 主語 ＋ 系動(dòng)詞 ＋ 主語補(bǔ)語 She is happy． 主語 ＋ 雙賓動(dòng)詞 ＋ 間接賓語 ＋ 直接賓語 She gave John a book． She bought a book for me. 主語 ＋ 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補(bǔ)語 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage.,,基本句型實(shí)例,特殊句式,1、There be\lies\.句型 There are many books on the desks. 2、反意疑問句 John works in the factory, doesn’t he? 3、強(qiáng)調(diào)句It is\was+強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that\who+句子 It was yesterday that I met Tom in the park. 4、倒裝句 Only in the class can I do my homework attentively. 5、It 句型 It is necessary for you to work harder now.,6、祈使句 v原型+其它 Open the door, please. Tom, wash the dish now. 7、感嘆句 What + (a\an) + adj. + n.+主+謂！ How + adj. + 主 + 謂！ What a beautiful flower it is! How beautiful the flower is! What beautiful flowers they are!,附屬成分,基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵?定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的單詞、短語或從句。,定 語 She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of interesting． Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,John often came to chat with me． John likes oranges very much． Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry． Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. （=She is sitting at the desk and doing her homework.) My father worked in this school ten years ago. You’d better stay here.,狀 語,,Examples: Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞） To tell you the truth, the girl is so beautiful! Come here，John．（呼語）,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。,獨(dú)立成分,,（You） Come here． （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave him praises，but others （gave him） rotten eggs． He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster than, you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,,連接成分實(shí)際上是一個(gè)連詞，用來連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞。(and, or, but, so, for, while “而、卻”，when “這時(shí)”） 另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個(gè)句子、且一個(gè)句子從屬于另一個(gè)句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。,連接成分,,簡(jiǎn)單句,簡(jiǎn)單句即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(包含并列主語或并列謂語），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。 作一種陳述(肯定句、否定句） 提出一個(gè)問題（一般\特殊\反意\選擇疑問句） 發(fā)出一種命令或請(qǐng)求（祈使句） 表示一種感嘆（感嘆句）,Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow train this is!,簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序,主語 動(dòng)詞部分 賓語 狀語 （謂語） 方式 地點(diǎn) 時(shí)間 I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展成份,簡(jiǎn)單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個(gè)短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。 I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock. He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語可以連詞and、but、bothand、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。 The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome. The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin. The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isn’t flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主語、謂語、賓語的合并,兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的賓語可由and、both…and等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。 I met Jane. I met her husband. I met Jane and her husband. I met both Jane and her husband. It was cold. It was wet. It was cold and wet. I didn’t meet Jane. I didn’t meet her husband. I didn’t meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband. 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定動(dòng)詞也可合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。 We sang all night. We danced all night. We sang and danced all night.,主語、謂語、賓語的合并,,并列句,需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號(hào)或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。,,用分號(hào)： We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.,,用分號(hào)，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞： We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing.,用并列連詞（如and、but、so、while、yet等） We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch a thing.,,并列句,常用并列連詞 coordinating conjunctions,平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞:,and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, and then,but, while, yet,for, so,or, either…or, neither… nor,并列句,并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡(jiǎn)單句的詞序。,主語 謂語 賓語 連詞 主語 動(dòng)詞 表語 Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasn’t hurt.,五種簡(jiǎn)單句型可用并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。,主 謂 狀（方式） 連 主 謂 表 Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect. 主 謂 賓 連 主 謂 地點(diǎn) I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed. 主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ) 連 主 謂 賓 They made him chairman, but (they) didn’t increase his salary.,Exercise: 請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child hid behind his mother's skirt. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.,He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it.,The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.,,由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句組成, 一個(gè)\些分句 （從句）做另一個(gè)分句（主句）的某個(gè)成分。 注意：分句之間一般要用連接詞 復(fù)合句 = 主句 + 連詞+從句,復(fù)合句,,復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 主語從句 賓語從句 1、名詞性從句： 表語從句 同位語從句 2. 定語從句（形容詞性從句）——限制性、非限制性 3. 狀語從句 （副詞性從句）——時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較等狀語從句）,,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,賓語,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his father was working in that school.,賓語從句,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,I don’t know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his work.,賓語從句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washington. whether he is leaving for Washington.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,the people,surprised,That,What he said what he did,主語,That he didn’t know the answer,in the room.,定語,who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,That,is,the fact.,表 語,what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. because he was ill. what has happened.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地點(diǎn)狀語,時(shí)間狀語,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地點(diǎn)狀語,where you found it.,,You can’t camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,指出下列各從句的類型,I know when Tom will come here. She was reading a novel when I came in. I remember the day when we visited the farm.,賓語從句,狀語從句,定語從句,Practice,用所給連詞連接句子。,He has found out. She was late. (why賓從),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when定從),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,以下句子連接為一個(gè)含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句。,Practice,He didn’t come yesterday. He was ill. (原因),He didn’t come yesterday because he was ill.,I’ll give the letter to him. I’ll see him. （時(shí)間） It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （結(jié)果） We’ll go to the Great Wall. It’ll be fine tomorrow. (條件) We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(讓步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.,I’ll give the letter to him when I see him. I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him. I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.,