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走向高考 · 英語(yǔ),路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮 吾將上下而求索,人教版(課標(biāo)卷地區(qū)) · 高考總復(fù)習(xí),基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)聚焦,第一部分,解題策略(十一) 閱讀理解之主旨大意題,第一部分,主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中不可缺少的閱讀題型之一，而且難度比較大。此類(lèi)題目跟文章的主題有關(guān)，因此準(zhǔn)確把握文章的大意對(duì)于提高解題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率就顯得格外重要。,(一)主旨大意類(lèi) 1．主題句定位法 有些文章有明確的主題句，對(duì)于這類(lèi)文章尋找主題句多采用瀏覽法(skimming)。瀏覽意味著不用逐句細(xì)看，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句等，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。主題句的位置一般有以下幾種： (1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想，這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式。新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫(xiě)法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是所謂的主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。,(2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)以概括主題，這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式。 (3)主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為常見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往是進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展。 (4)主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由提問(wèn)后陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。這種寫(xiě)法較為少見(jiàn)。,[典例1](2014·遼寧·C篇) Would it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation? UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true:_trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”．,. “We didn't take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly. “Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.,32．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Old Trees Communicate Like Humans B．Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection C．Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think D．Trees Contribute To Our Society 答案：C 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。樹(shù)比我們大多數(shù)人曾經(jīng)想象的都要復(fù)雜，樹(shù)通過(guò)合作和支持，通過(guò)營(yíng)養(yǎng)傳遞來(lái)生存。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段第一句“UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined”可知全文主題：樹(shù)比我們大多數(shù)人曾經(jīng)想象的都要復(fù)雜。故選C。,2．主題歸納法 有些文章沒(méi)有明確的主題句，主題句隱含在全文之中，這種寫(xiě)作方法是最令考生感到頭痛的。在這種情況下，考生要把所有的細(xì)節(jié)綜合起來(lái)，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，概括歸納出主題句，要特別注意那些反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)和詞語(yǔ)，找出這些相同或相似的詞語(yǔ)，文章主題就很明顯了。,[典例2](2014·四川·D篇)． All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警報(bào))systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the “night owl” schedule of sleep.,This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”— the other 70 percent are in the middle.,46．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Functions of the body clock. B．The “night owl” phenomenon. C．Human beings' sleep behaviour. D．The school schedule of “early birds”． 答案：B 本文為研究報(bào)告。文中分析部分青年的“夜貓子”生活模式。全文沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，但從文中的“This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the ‘night owl’ schedule of sleep Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as ‘night owls’”可歸納出，文章主要是針對(duì)部分青年的“夜貓子”生活模式進(jìn)行分析，所以B項(xiàng)正確。,(二)標(biāo)題判斷類(lèi) 標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，概括性強(qiáng)，簡(jiǎn)潔新穎。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為能夠概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組或一句簡(jiǎn)短的話。,要選好標(biāo)題，還要注意三個(gè)原則：概括性、針對(duì)性、醒目性。一是概括性原則，要求標(biāo)題應(yīng)在最大程度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨要義。二是針對(duì)性原則，該原則是對(duì)標(biāo)題外延的一種界定。針對(duì)性原則要求標(biāo)題直接指向文章的主要內(nèi)容，即標(biāo)題的外延既不能太大也不能太小，要量體裁衣，大小適度。三是醒目性原則。標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門(mén)面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響文章的可讀性，故標(biāo)題往往比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以吸引讀者的注意。,[典例3](2014·福建·A篇) It was Mother's Day morning last year and I was doing shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on the concrete. Her husband was with her, but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock. Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple. He said to me, “Mum, it's not much fun falling over in front of everyone.”,…… Instead I gave the flower to the woman's husband and told him, “My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better.” At that, the old man started crying and said, “Thank you so much, you have a wonderful son. Happy Mother's Day to you.” The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.,59．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Flower Power B．Mother's Day C．An Accidental Injury D．An Embarrassing Moment 答案：A 這是一篇記敘文。文章主要敘述了作者在母親節(jié)和她五歲的兒子去購(gòu)物時(shí)所發(fā)生的一件事：作者兒子給一位受傷的老人送了一束鮮花，這讓大家都很感動(dòng)。文章最后凸顯的是花的力量，所以A項(xiàng)最能概括文章大意。其余選項(xiàng)過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不具有針對(duì)性。,[誤區(qū)警示] 選擇標(biāo)題時(shí)要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤： ·以偏概全(多表現(xiàn)為范圍太小) ·主題過(guò)大(多表現(xiàn)為擴(kuò)大范圍) ·斷章取義(以次要的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代全文大意),