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,語法精講系列,講座六 名詞性從句,,名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。名詞性從句是一種具有名詞功能的非獨立分句。 名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有以下幾種： 1．連詞 that(無意義)，whether，if(意為“是否”，多引導(dǎo)賓語從句)，起連接作用；在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時?？墒÷浴?2．連接代詞 who，whom，whose，which，what，whatever，whoever，whichever起連接作用，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語。 3．連接副詞 when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever起連接作用，在從句中作狀語，表示時間、地點、方式或原因。,[考點一] 四大名詞性從句 1．主語從句 主語從句多放在主句謂語動詞前，構(gòu)成：主語從句＋謂語動詞＋其他 That we must master English words as many as possible is very important. 我們必須盡可能多地掌握英文單詞，這是很重要的。 What was most important to her，she told me，was her family.(主語從句，what作主語) 她告訴我，對她來說最重要的是她的家庭。,(1)that從句作主語時，常用it作形式主語，常見的句型有： ①It＋be＋形容詞(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.)＋that從句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 可以肯定她會考得很好。 ②It＋be＋名詞詞組(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise etc.)＋that從句。如： It's no surprise that our team has won the game. 我們隊贏了比賽并不驚奇。,③It＋be＋過去分詞(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.)＋that從句。如： It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到北京了。 It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 已經(jīng)定下來了，會議推遲到了下周一。 (2)在口語中，that常可省略，尤其是在非常短的句子中，但that從句位于句首時，that是不能省略的。如： It's a pity(that) you're leaving.真遺憾你要離開。 That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us. 我們被邀請去參加今晚的音樂會，這對我們來說是個好消息。,(3)whether連接從句時，表示懷疑，不能省略，意為“是否”，在句首時不能用if替換。 Whether he is free now is uncertain. 不能確定他現(xiàn)在是否有空。 (4)特殊疑問詞連接從句時，特殊疑問詞不能省略，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。 When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided. 何時何地開會還沒有定下來。,2．賓語從句 賓語從句可以作謂語動詞的賓語、介詞的賓語，還可作非謂語動詞的賓語。 (1)that引導(dǎo)賓語從句 that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that本身無任何意義，只起連接作用，常可以省略。 I don't think (that) he will succeed. 我認(rèn)為他不會成功的。 (但多個并列的賓語從句中只能省略第一個that。) He said (that) he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining. 他說他非常喜歡下雨，下雨天他都不愿打傘。,(2)由who，whom，which，whose，what，when，where，why，how，whoever，whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。 I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣把工作做好。,(3)whether與if引導(dǎo)賓語從句 whether/if都可引導(dǎo)動詞后的賓語從句，?？梢曰Q。但以下幾種情況下，只能用whether： ①后面直接跟or not時。 Let me know whether or not you can come. 請讓我知道你是否能來。 ②引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句時。 We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting or not. 我們對你是否參加會議感興趣。,(4)it作形式賓語的情況 如果賓語從句后跟有補語，通常用it作形式賓語，將賓語從句放到補語之后。 I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. 我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是有必要的。,(5)有些動詞或動詞短語，如like，hate，appreciate，hide，depend on，see to等，一般不直接跟賓語從句，需要在從句前加上it。 He took it that we were to stay here for the night. 他以為我們要在這里過夜。 I don't like it when you look at me like that! 我不喜歡你那樣看我。 You may depend on it that I shall always help you. 你要相信我會一直幫助你的。,3．表語從句 引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。 that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，一般不省略。如： My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning. 我的決定是我們所有人明天早上6點出發(fā)。 This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問題所在。 Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient. 明天是最方便的時候。,表語從句的幾種常見句型： ①The reason why從句＋be＋that從句 The reason why she called me was that she will not attend the party. 她給我打電話的原因是因為她將不參加聚會。 ②This is because.這是因為…… because引導(dǎo)表語從句，強調(diào)原因。 It may be because I didn't have a good sleep yesterday evening. 也許是因為我昨天晚上沒睡好。,③That is why.那就是……的原因 why引導(dǎo)的表語從句，強調(diào)結(jié)果 That is why he didn't come to the meeting. 那就是他沒來開會的原因。 ④It looks/seems as if/as though從句 It looked as if it was going to rain. 天好像要下雨。 It looks as if she was drunk. 看上去她好像喝醉了似的。(虛擬語氣),4．同位語從句 (1)that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，應(yīng)在某些抽象名詞如fact，hope，desire，thought，suggestion，idea，news，problem，possibility等后，對前面的名詞起補充說明的作用，that只起引導(dǎo)同位語從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，一般不省略。如： There's a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is. 我有一種感覺，我們將永遠(yuǎn)不會知道不明飛行物是什么。 The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. 他可能恢復(fù)的希望還沒有破滅。,(2)whether連接從句時從句來源于一般疑問句，whether不能省略，意為“是否”，不能用if替換。 He asked her the question whether they can be friends. 他問了她一個問題，他們能否成為朋友。 (3)特殊疑問詞連接從句時從句來源于特殊疑問句，特殊疑問詞不能省略，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。 He showed us his way how he worked out that problem. 他向我們展示了他是如何解決那個問題的。 (4)同位語從句要用陳述語序，即主謂語序。,特別注意：同位語從句與名詞之間有時會出現(xiàn)插入成分，形成間隔性同位語從句。 The news came that Patrick Modiano won the 2014 Nobel Prize in literature. 消息傳來說帕特里克·莫迪亞諾獲得了2014諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。,[考點二] 易混點辨析 1．連接詞的用法區(qū)別,The problem is that we don't have enough money. What he said is very important to us. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. The hope (that) she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.,2．wh-ever與no matter wh-的用法區(qū)別 wh-ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句，又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；而no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。如： Whatever I said，he wouldn't listen to me. ＝No matter what I said，he wouldn't listen to me. 無論我說什么，他都不會聽我的。(讓步狀語從句) He would believe whatever I said. 我說什么他都信。(賓語從句),