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2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ) Unit 18 Inventions知識(shí)精講 人教版第二冊(cè) 【本講教育信息】 一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容： Unit 18 Inventions （一）重點(diǎn)單詞 （二）重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) （三）重點(diǎn)句型 二. 本周知識(shí)精講： （一）重點(diǎn)單詞 1. reject vt.拒絕；排斥；拋棄；剔除 其后跟名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)，但不接that及其他wh-引導(dǎo)的從句，不接動(dòng)詞不定式。 短語(yǔ)：reject a request 拒絕請(qǐng)求 reject different ideas拒絕不同的觀點(diǎn) 1）Disappointingly, after the transplant, his body rejected the new heart. 令人失望的是，他的身體排斥他新移植的心臟。 2）When we make jam, we usually reject the over ripe fruit. 制果醬時(shí)，我們通常除去熟透的水果。 3）Most of the people present at the meeting reject what you said just now. 大多數(shù)出席會(huì)議的人不接受你剛在會(huì)上說(shuō)的話。 區(qū)分：reject 和refuse reject意為“拒絕；拒收；扔掉”，只可接名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，主語(yǔ)只能是人，不能用于拒絕別人的邀請(qǐng)或幫助。 refuse“拒絕”，可接名詞、代詞、不定式，主語(yǔ)可以是人或物，指拒絕請(qǐng)求、幫助、邀請(qǐng)等。 1）My colleague rejected the saying that he was a liar. 我的同事拒不接受別人說(shuō)他是說(shuō)謊者。 2）He is so kind a person that she can’t refuse him anything. 他是如此好心的人以至她什么也不能拒絕他。 3）With her parents quarreling continuously, she refused to go home. 因?yàn)楦改咐鲜浅臣埽芙^回家。 Exercises : ① We shouldn’t ___different ideas just because we disagree on them. A. realize B. reject C. recognize D. remind ② I felt very disappointed when my repeated request that I join the club was___. A. replaced B. resisted C. refused D. removed 答案：1. B 2. C 2. aware adj. 察覺(jué)到的；感覺(jué)到的；意識(shí)到的…… be/bee aware of…“意識(shí)到……”， be/bee aware that…“知道……；意識(shí)到……” 1）Finally we were aware of the mistake that couldn’t be corrected. 最后我們才意識(shí)到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是無(wú)法改正的。 2）The woman became aware of footsteps hurrying after her. 那位婦女覺(jué)察到身后有匆忙的腳步聲。 3）The unexpected disaster happened without my being aware of it. 意料不到的災(zāi)難在我不知不覺(jué)中發(fā)生了。 4）As her close friend, I became aware how she might feel. 作為她最好的朋友，我覺(jué)察到她會(huì)有怎樣的感受。 5）The soldier is well aware that it’s an adventure to save the child trapped in the flood. 那個(gè)戰(zhàn)士清醒的意識(shí)到去救被困在洪水中的那個(gè)孩子是件冒險(xiǎn)的事。 Exercises : ①You must be aware___ you are doing is quite illegal. A. that B. that what C. what D. that how ②What seems the most dangerous is that they haven’t been___ of this ing disaster. A. sensitive B. tired C. aware D. known ③__________________________(你可知你坐在我的帽子上了嗎？) ④__________________________（我們十分明白）the importance of the exam. 答案：1. B 2. C 3. Are you aware that you are sitting on my hat. 4. We are well aware of 3. otherwise （1）用作連詞，意思為“否則；要不然”，相當(dāng)于 or，or else 或 if not . 1）We’ll go early，otherwise we may not get a seat. 我們得早點(diǎn)去，要不然就沒(méi)有座位了。 2）Seize the chance，otherwise you will regret it. 抓住機(jī)會(huì)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。 3）I was ill that day，otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meeting. 那天我病了，否則我會(huì)去參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的。 4)We didn’t know you were in trouble at that time，otherwise we would have given you a hand. 我們當(dāng)時(shí)不知道你遇到了困難，要不然我們會(huì)幫助你的。 注意：如果說(shuō)的只是一種與事實(shí)不符的假設(shè)，otherwise后的句子要采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。otherwise本身相當(dāng)于一個(gè)虛擬條件句，所以它后邊的句子采用主句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式。 （2）otherwise 用作副詞，具有下列意義： a. 意為“另外；別樣”。相當(dāng)于 differently 或 in another way.例如： 1)He evidently thinks otherwise. 他顯然有不同的想法。 2)She is otherwise engaged. 她另外有事。 3)We were going to play football，but it was so hot that we decided to do otherwise. 我們?cè)蛩闾咦闱?，可是天氣太熱，我們就決定去干別的事情了。 b. 意為“在其他方面”。相當(dāng)于 in other 或 different ways. 1)The rent is high，but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 房租是貴，可這房子在別的方面倒令人滿意。 2)He is noisy，but otherwise a nice boy. 他愛(ài)吵鬧，但在其他方面倒是個(gè)好孩子。 3)The article is long，but not otherwise blameworthy. 這篇文章就是長(zhǎng)，其他倒沒(méi)什么不好的。 c. 意為“相反地；要不然；否則”。相當(dāng)于 in the other way 或 on the contrary . 例如： 1)He is guilty until proved otherwise. 在證明他無(wú)罪之前他是有罪的。 2)He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten. 幸虧他提醒了我，要不然我就忘了。 3)I hate her and I won’t pretend otherwise. 我討厭她，而且我不愿裝作喜歡她。 4. possibility （1）Un. 可能性，可實(shí)現(xiàn)性；后常跟of或that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句 1)There is a good possibility of rain tonight. 今晚很可能要下雨。 2)Is there any possibility that he will be elected chairman? 他有被選為主席的可能嗎？ (2）Cn. 可能的事, 可能發(fā)生的事 Life on other planets is a possibility. 其他行星上有生命是有可能的。 (3)發(fā)展的潛力，希望；一般用復(fù)數(shù) 1)He is a man of possibilities. 他是一個(gè)有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ娜恕? 2)I see great possibilities in this project. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目有很大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α? 5. attempt嘗試；企圖 a. 用作vt. 其后常接： (1)名詞： 1）I didn’t attempt the last question in the exam. 我沒(méi)有試圖去做試卷中最后一題。 2）He has attempted a difficult task. 他開(kāi)始了一項(xiàng)艱難的工作。 (2) 后加不定式構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)：attempt to do sth (=try to do sth /seek to do sth)嘗試做某事（暗含不成功的意思） 1)He attempted to lie. 他企圖說(shuō)謊。 2)He attempted to leave but was stopped. 他試圖要走，但被攔住了。 3)I’d rather not attempt to guess what the result will be. 我不愿去猜測(cè)會(huì)有什么結(jié)果。 (3) 動(dòng)名詞 (不如用不定式常見(jiàn))： He attempted swimming across the river. 他試圖要游過(guò)河去。 注意：以上用法有時(shí)可互相轉(zhuǎn)換，且含義上沒(méi)有多少變化： ①不要企圖一個(gè)人去做這件事。 正：Don’t attempt to do it by yourself. 正：Don’t attempt doing it by yourself. ②犯人企圖逃走，但失敗了。 正：The prisoner attempted to escape but failed. 正：The prisoner attempted an escape but failed. b. 用作名詞，是可數(shù)名詞，其后常接： (1) 不定式： 1) He made no attempt to carry it out. 他沒(méi)有設(shè)法把它付諸實(shí)施。 I failed in my attempt to finish it in time. 我未能及時(shí)把它完成。 2 介詞短語(yǔ) attempt at： 1)My first attempt at English position was poor. 我第一次試寫(xiě)的英語(yǔ)作文很差。 2)He made an attempt at winning the first prize. 他試圖要獲頭獎(jiǎng)。 Exercises: ①The professor reminded me of what I would ___have forgotten. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. whenever ②Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact there is no___ of it being tried out in the film festival. A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt ③He___ to escape from the prison, but he couldn’t find anybody to help him. A. succeeded B. attempted C. advised D. offered 答案：CCB （二）重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) 1. Inventors often rephrase a problem to allow for creative solutions and also try “impossible” or “crazy” solutions. 發(fā)明家常常會(huì)換一種說(shuō)法來(lái)表述一個(gè)問(wèn)題，考慮那些具有創(chuàng)造性的解決辦法，嘗試一些“不可能的”或者“不切實(shí)際”的解決辦法。 allow for顧及；考慮到；為……做準(zhǔn)備。后接名詞、代詞、或名詞性從句。 1)We must allow for the train being late—it always is. 我們一定要考慮到火車晚點(diǎn)，它一向如此。 2)You can’t make it in an hour; you must allow for the heavy traffic. 一小時(shí)你是到不了的，你必須考慮到擁擠的交通。 3)You have to allow for how the work is finished. 你必須考慮如何完成這項(xiàng)工作。 拓展： allow vt. “允許；準(zhǔn)許；容許；供給；使……得到”，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)： allow sb. to do sth.允許某人做某事；allow doing sth允許做某事 1)The mother allows his son ten dollars a month at school. 媽媽每月給兒子10美元在學(xué)校里花。 2)Please allow me to thank the firefighters for the immediate help. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我感謝消防戰(zhàn)士的及時(shí)幫助。 3)As is ruled, we don’t allow smoking in public places. 按照規(guī)定，我們不允許在公眾場(chǎng)合吸煙。 allow of 容許；容得；容忍；多用于否定句 The problem our physics teacher gave us allows of only one solution. 物理老師給我們的這道題只能有一種解法。 allow into允許進(jìn)入 At that time, black people were not allowed into such places. 當(dāng)時(shí)，黑人不允許到這些地方來(lái)。 2. If we look only for the correct answer and reject ideas that do not provide a plete answer, we may get stuck. 如果我們只找正確答案，拒絕那些不能給我們完整答案的想法，那么我們就可能被難住。 get/be stuck. 遇到困難；陷入困境；被難??；被困?。幌葸M(jìn)去 1)By no means can we lose heart when we get stuck. 遇到困難時(shí)，我們絕不應(yīng)該灰心。 2)The well-known scientist was stuck by this question asked by a three-year-old child. 那個(gè)著名的科學(xué)家被一個(gè)三歲的孩子問(wèn)的問(wèn)題難住了。 3)John bought an old car and got stuck with it. 約翰購(gòu)進(jìn)了一輛舊車，無(wú)法脫手。 4)Our press truck was stuck in the mud and couldn’t get through. 我們的采訪車陷在泥里，無(wú)法通過(guò)。 歸納：“get/be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)，意為“受/被……”常用此結(jié)構(gòu)的有g(shù)et married結(jié)婚;get dressed穿衣;get lost迷路;get killed被殺;get burnt燒傷，燙傷;get separated分離;get charged充電;get washed洗臉;get beaten挨打;get changed換衣服;get wounded受傷;get drunk醉酒 例： 1)The several young men got beaten only because of a quarrel with the woman. 那幾個(gè)青年人僅僅因?yàn)楹湍莻€(gè)婦女吵了幾句就挨了一頓揍。 2)He must have got caught in the rain, for he was all wet. 他全身都濕了，肯定遇上了大雨。 Exercises: ①I(mǎi)t takes about two hours to get to their office building, ___possible traffic delays. A. allowing for B. to allow for C. allowing D. to allow ②The old woman begged to be allowed__ her son who had been put in prison two days before. A. having seen B. seeing C. to be seen D. to see ③His weakened condition would not___ his being questioned by the police. A. allow for B. allow of C. allows D. allow in ④The man tried to break into the shop during the night but got___ in the chimney. A. stuck B. to be stuck C. sticking D. to stick ⑤Cleaning women in big cities usually get___ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay 3. Creative thinking is a conscious effort to break away from old thought patterns in order to explore new possibilities. break away from擺脫；脫離 1)Children must be educated to break away from such bad habits. 必須教育孩子們擺脫這些壞習(xí)慣。 2)People who break away from group can’t be happy. 脫離了群體的人是不會(huì)感到愉快的。 3)Taiwan attempts to break away to form an independent state, which can by no means be carried out. 臺(tái)灣企圖分裂出去成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家，這絕不可能得逞。 break的其他短語(yǔ): break down破壞；拆散；（和談）破裂；（計(jì)劃）失敗；身體垮掉；精神崩潰；（機(jī)器）壞了；拋錨 break up分裂；解散 break out（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，疾病）爆發(fā) break in闖入；強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入；打斷；插嘴 break through突破；突圍；沖垮 break off終止；折斷 例： 1)The rescue car broke down on our way to the flooded area. 這輛援救車在我們?nèi)ニ疄?zāi)地區(qū)的路上就壞了。 2)To our surprise, the hero and the model worker’s marriage broke up. 使我們吃驚的是，那位英雄和那位勞動(dòng)模范的婚姻破裂了。 3)It was found out that the thief broke in through the window. 已經(jīng)查清，竊賊是從窗子闖進(jìn)來(lái)的。 4) We might break through soon in search of a cure for AIDS. 我們可能不久就會(huì)在尋找艾滋病的治療方法上有所突破。 5) The two panies broke off business relations. 這兩個(gè)公司斷絕了生意往來(lái)。 4. After all, what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do something we couldn’t do before. 畢竟，使一項(xiàng)新發(fā)明成為如此奇妙的事情就在于它可以讓我們做以前不能做的事情。 after all （1）“畢竟；終究” 在句中起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用 1)Don’t get discouraged by setbacks, we are new to the work after all. 別因挫折而灰心，這份工作對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)畢竟還是新的。 2)I thought I was going to fail in the exam, but I passed after all. 我以為這次考試要不及格了，可是到頭來(lái)還是及格了。 （2）“別忘了；記著”用來(lái)提醒別人要注意或者可能忘了的事情。 Don’t expect too much of your son, after all, he is still a child. 不要對(duì)你的兒子期望太多，別忘了他還是個(gè)孩子。 （3）“盡管；雖然；”相當(dāng)于 “in spite of” After all my care in packing it, many of the vases arrived broken. 盡管我包的非常小心，許多花瓶運(yùn)到時(shí)還是壞了。 拓展： all構(gòu)成的其他短語(yǔ)：above all首先；首要；最重要的; all along自始至終；一直; in all總共（相當(dāng)于altogether）; not at all完全不；全然不；確實(shí)；根本; first of all首先; all of a sudden突然; all the same盡管如此；仍舊（照樣）；全都一樣; all in all總的來(lái)說(shuō)（作狀語(yǔ)） 1)Children need many things, but above all they need love from parents. 孩子們需要許多東西，但最重要的是來(lái)自父母的愛(ài)。 2)I knew all along that China’s economic development will need proper control. 我始終認(rèn)為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展需要適當(dāng)調(diào)控 3)Everybody opposed it, but Mary and Tom got married all the same. 盡管大家都反對(duì)，可是瑪麗和湯姆還是結(jié)婚了。 5. Now that we are developing new technology at such a high pace, the true challenge is to find new ways of using it. 既然我們正高速的發(fā)展新技術(shù)，真正的挑戰(zhàn)在于尋找新的使用途徑。 now that既然；由于；相當(dāng)于連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，表示顯而易見(jiàn)的原因，其中that可以省略。但now that不與so, then, therefore等詞連用。 1)Now that so many old friends have e, all my grief is removed. 因?yàn)檫@么多的老朋友來(lái)了，我的悲傷一掃而光。 2)Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like. 既然你干完了活，你喜歡干什么就干什么。 3)Now that you have passed your driving test, you can drive on your own. 既然你已經(jīng)通過(guò)了駕駛考試，就可以獨(dú)立開(kāi)車了。 區(qū)分：now that; since; as; because和for because表示充分的、必然的因果關(guān)系，常用來(lái)回答以why開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句，可以置于主句前后。 now that和since; as相同，表示顯而易見(jiàn)的原因，多位于主句之前，但as有時(shí)可置于主句之后。 for用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列句, 起對(duì)上下文補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，不能放在句首。 1)Young people love this time of year, because it is good time for sports in the open air. 年輕人喜歡一年的這個(gè)時(shí)候，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)適合戶外活動(dòng)。 2)Now that you don’t have faith in me, I will never give you any advice. 既然你不信任我，我將不再給你提任何建議。 3)Since you can’t answer the question, perhaps we’d better ask someone else. 既然你不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，或許我們最好問(wèn)別人。 4)As there was no paper in those countries at the time, no written records were kept. 由于那些國(guó)家當(dāng)時(shí)還沒(méi)有紙，因而沒(méi)有留下任何書(shū)面記錄。 5)Surely there must be nobody in the classroom, for there is no electricity. 教室里肯定沒(méi)有人，因?yàn)闆](méi)有電。 6. Keep track of your mistakes and try to learn from them. 記住你的錯(cuò)誤，從中吸取教訓(xùn)。 keep track of保持對(duì)……的聯(lián)系；掌握……的線索；跟上……的進(jìn)程或發(fā)展；記錄 1)As young students, it’s necessary to keep track of current events. 作為青年學(xué)生，有必要隨時(shí)關(guān)心時(shí)事動(dòng)態(tài)。 2)To be better equipped, James has to keep track of the latest developments in medicine. 為了使自己掌握更多的東西，詹姆斯必須了解醫(yī)學(xué)的最新發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)。 3)It’s always a good habit to keep track of every cent one spends. 記錄你花掉的每一分錢(qián)總是一個(gè)很好的習(xí)慣。 4)Keep track of what the announcer on the radio said. 記下錄音機(jī)里播音員所說(shuō)的話。 注意：keep track of當(dāng)“記錄”講時(shí)，與make/keep a record of互換。 track n. 足跡；痕跡；行蹤；軌跡；思路 常用短語(yǔ)：lose track of失去……的線索；失掉與……的聯(lián)系；跟不上……的進(jìn)程或發(fā)展; make tracks for去某地be on the track of sb.=be on sb’s track跟蹤某人；掌握某人的線索; off the track出軌；離題；離開(kāi)目標(biāo)；搞錯(cuò)的; on the track在軌道上；未離題或目標(biāo)；對(duì)頭的 Exercises: (1)The police found the house___ and a lot of things___. A. has broken into ;has been stolen B. had broken into ;had been stolen C. has been broken into ; stolen D had been broken into ; stolen (2)—You are two hours late. —The car___ half way for no reason. A. broken away B. broke down C. broken up D. broken into (3)If Tim carries on working like this, he will___ sooner or later. A. break down B. give out C. get down D. hold on (4)As you may know I enjoyed all the other school subjects but history___. A. in all B. after all C. at all D. above all (5)Bob thought he couldn’t go to the party because he had too much homework, but he went___. A. after all B. along all C. at all D. above all (6)I won’t invite Mr. Smith, your neighbour:___ I don’t really know him. A. at all B. above all C. after all D. in all (7)___you’ve got a chance, you might make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as (8)—___you like the car so much, why not drive it back? —Well, I can’t afford that big a car. A. Now that B. If C. When D. So long as (9)Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses___ eyes protection is necessary in sunny weather. A. because B. though C. unless D. if (10)With time going by so rapidly, it’s really hard for us to keep___ of it. A. speed B. track C. touch D. relation (11)They never asked you to quarrel with the customers, you were___ the track. A. on B. for C. off D. to （三）重點(diǎn)句型 1. Each new way of looking at a situation improves our understanding and makes it easier to discover new possibilities. 每一種考慮情況的新方法都能加深我們的理解，使我們更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)新的可能性。 make +賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)，此結(jié)構(gòu)中，充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的可以是名詞、形容詞、不帶to的不定式或介詞短語(yǔ) 1）We make the retired official our head of the club. 我們選退休的那位干部來(lái)當(dāng)俱樂(lè)部的主任。 2）The news that his house was destroyed in this typhoon made him sad. 他的家在臺(tái)風(fēng)中被毀的消息使他傷心。 3）The director made me repeat what I should say at the stage. 導(dǎo)演讓我重述一下在舞臺(tái)上將要說(shuō)的話。 4）The host of that family tried his effort to make ourselves at home. 那家的主人盡力使我們不拘束。 5）The lazy students are often made to clean the window. 經(jīng)常讓那些懶惰的孩子擦窗子。 拓展： make sb. / sth. +過(guò)去分詞“使……被……” I do my best to make myself understood. 我盡力讓人們明白我的意思。 The speaker raised his voice to make himself heard. 為了讓人們能聽(tīng)到，演講者提高了聲音。 make it+adj. /adj +(for sb.)to do…句型中，it作形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作真正的賓語(yǔ)。 The war between the two countries made it inconvenient to travel in the Middle East. 兩國(guó)之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使得到中東旅行不方便了。 2. By thinking about the way we think and practicing good thinking strategies, we can bee more creative. 3. To “think outside the box” is to try new ways to solve a problem. 4. As with thinking outside the box, the process includes a series of different attempts and several false starts. 5. A drawing or a model will help you see things that may otherwise remain hidden. 觀察下面句子中的黑體部分，指出其語(yǔ)法功能。 1. The problem must be solved soon. _________________________________________. 2. The homework needs to be done with care. _________________________________________. 3. The baby is looked after carefully. _________________________________________. 4. They will be taken good care of. _________________________________________. 5. The story was told by her. _________________________________________. 6. The road is being widened. _________________________________________. 7. A new tool was being made. _________________________________________. 8. The novel has been read. _________________________________________. 9. He said that the work had been finished. _________________________________________. 10. He said that the trees would be planted soon. _________________________________________. 11. The classroom is always kept clean. _________________________________________. 12. Nobody was to blame for the accident. _________________________________________. 13. The classroom wants to be cleaned. _________________________________________. 【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：40分鐘） 一、完形填空 A land free from destruction（破壞），plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important ____1____ in helping England to bee the center for the Industrial Revolution. ____2____, they were not enough. Something ____3____ was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men _____4_____ individuals who could invent machines, find new _____5_____ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape （改造）society. The men who _____6_____ the machines of the Industrial Revolution ____7____ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were ____8____ inventors than scientists. A man who is a ____9____ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ____10____. He is not necessarily working ____11____ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is ____12____ trying to make something that has an actual ____13____. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories ____14____ science or by experimenting through correct and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a ____15____ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of ____16____ other objectives. Most of the people who ____17____ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had ____18____ or no training in science night not have made their inventions ____19____ a ground work had not been laid by scientists years ____20____. 1. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations 2. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even 3. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar 4. A. generating B. effective C. motivating（動(dòng)機(jī)） D. creative 5. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries 6. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled 7. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared 8. A. less B. better C. more D. worse 9. A. true B. practical C. pure D. clever 10. A. happily B. occasionally C. unwillingly D. accurately 11. A. now B. and C. all D. so 12. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never 13. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means 14. A. of B. with C. to D. as 15. A. single B. only C. specialized D. specific 16. A. few B. those C. many D. all 17. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered 18. A. little B. much C. some D. any 19. A. as B. if C. because D. while 20. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before 二、閱讀理解 A Humans have observed and explored the oceans since ancient times. But it wasn’t until the 19th century that the scientific study of oceans began. The first major scientific expedition, and the one that firmly established the field of oceanography, was the around the world voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Setting out from England in 1872, the Challenger spent almost three and a half years gathering a wealth of information about seawater, sea life, and the ocean floor. Major oceanographic expeditions since then have included the South Atlantic voyage of the German ship Meteor in 1926 and the Deep-Sea Drilling Project from 1968 to 1983. Many individuals also have played important roles in advancing our understanding of oceans, beginning with Matthew Fontaine Maury in the mid-1800s; his work on oceanography and navigation led to a uniform system of weather reporting at sea. Since Maury’s time, oceanography has progressed rapidly. Early oceanographers had to contend themselves with tossing buckets overboard to see what they might haul in. Today’s oceanog