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2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ) Unit 17 Disabilities知識(shí)精講 人教版第二冊(cè) 【本講教育信息】 一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容： Unit 17 Disabilities （一）重點(diǎn)單詞 （二）重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) （三）重點(diǎn)句型 二. 本周知識(shí)精講： （一）重點(diǎn)單詞 1. assist vt.幫助；援助 (assisted, assisting, assists) 短語(yǔ)assist (sb.)with sth. assist (sb.) in doing sth 幫助某人做某事 assist (sb) to do sth. 1）Two students assisted the professor with the experiment. 兩個(gè)學(xué)生幫助教授做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。 2）She asked us to assist her in carrying out the plan. 她請(qǐng)我們幫她實(shí)施那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。 3）The new mayor assisted us to establish a new pany. 新市長(zhǎng)幫我們成立了一家新公司。 assistance n.幫助；協(xié)助(be of assistance=help) assistant n.助手；助理 1）I can’t move the heavy box without your assistance. 沒(méi)有你的幫助，我搬不動(dòng)這只重箱子。 2）Mary was accepted as the assistant of the professor. 瑪麗作為這位教授的助手被接受。 2. adjust vt.調(diào)整；調(diào)節(jié)；使適應(yīng)；使適合 1）Will you adjust this digital camera? It doesn’t work well. 這個(gè)數(shù)碼相機(jī)不好用，請(qǐng)你調(diào)一下好嗎？ 2）You can adjust this desk to the height of any child. 這桌子可以調(diào)整，以適應(yīng)任何孩子的身高。 3）Moving out of the well-lit office, my eyes haven’t adjusted to the dark. 剛從燈火通明的辦公室出來(lái)，我的眼睛還不適應(yīng)黑暗。 4）It needs some time for those new students to adjust (themselves)to the life of the school. 需要一段時(shí)間讓新同學(xué)適應(yīng)學(xué)校生活。 歸納：adjust vt.“調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié)”，后面直接跟名詞，代詞作賓語(yǔ)。vi. “調(diào)整;適應(yīng)”常與介詞to連用。構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)adjust (oneself)to 3. participate vi.參與；參加；分享 多與介詞in連用 1）Eighty-seven developing countries are expected to participate. 預(yù)計(jì)有87個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家參加。 2）The women model workers actively participate in local politics. 這些女勞模積極參與當(dāng)?shù)卣巍? 3）I am willing to participate in your suffering. 我愿意分擔(dān)你的痛苦。 participation n.參加 participant n.參加者 1）Now they can seek bigger participation in mainland. 現(xiàn)在他們可以在大陸尋求更大的參與機(jī)會(huì)。 2）Though he has retired, he is an active participant in social work. 盡管他已退休，他仍積極參與社會(huì)工作。 4. accessible adj.可以使用的；可以得到的；能進(jìn)入的；易受影響的；可以理解的 短語(yǔ)be accessible to sb.某人容易得到…… A telephone is put where it will be accessible. 電話要放在容易拿到的地方。 These documents are not accessible to the public. 這些文件是大眾無(wú)法得到的。 A manager should be accessible to his/her staff. 經(jīng)理應(yīng)該讓職員感到平易近人。 5. gifted adj.有天賦的；有天資的；有才華的 短語(yǔ)：have a gift for…（be gifted in/ at）有……的才能 They are gifted children. 他們是聰慧的兒童。 The children are gifted at singing. 孩子們有唱歌的天賦。 Many thanks for the gift you sent me on my birthday. 多謝你們?cè)谖疫^(guò)生日時(shí)送給我的禮物。 The blind man has a gift for recognizing sound. 盲人有識(shí)別聲音的才能。 6. ability n.能力；才能 （1）Un.表示“……能力，行事能力” I doubt his ability to do the job. 我認(rèn)為他沒(méi)有做這項(xiàng)工作的能力。 （2）表示“有能力做某事或具備做某事的能力” 常用“ability to do sth.”一般不用“ability of doing sth.” She has the ability to speak English fluently. 她能夠流利地說(shuō)英文。 （3）其復(fù)數(shù)abilities表示“才能；本領(lǐng)；能力” He is a man of many abilities. 他是位多才多藝的人。 （4）短語(yǔ)：have ability in doing“有……的才干” She has great ability in teaching English. 她有教英文的才干。 （5）ability的反義詞是inability，“沒(méi)有能力或沒(méi)有才能” disability“指因先天缺陷或受傷變殘而導(dǎo)致的無(wú)能” His inability to speak French puts him at a disadvantage. 他不會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，這使他很吃虧。 Physical disability causes mental anguish. 生理傷殘會(huì)引起心理苦悶。 Exercises : 1. The chief scientist asked us to___ them in carrying through the plan. A. provide B. encourage C. assist D. persuade 2. —Can I be of___? —That’s what I need. A. assist B. assistance C. assistant D. assisting 3. You can’t see through the telescope until it___ your eyes. A. adjusted to B. adjusts to C. is adjusted D. is adjusted to 4. Adjusting oneself___ the fire in the army is what you do at the moment. A. for B. at C. by D. to 5. More than ten countries___ the Iraq war, which has caused great suffering to the local people. A. attended B. joined C. participated in D. made 6. Young people are longing to have opportunities of___ the social activities. A. participation B. participating in C. participants D. participating by 7. Some of the houses on the hillside are___ to cars. A. inaccessible B. impossible C. inconvenient D. inadequate 8. In the classroom he doesn’t find a man to ask for help. He has lost all faith in his ability___. A. to succeed B. of success C. to success D. of succeeding 答案：1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A （二）重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) 1. She uses a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things. 她用輪椅到處走動(dòng)，在處理日常事情時(shí)，她所花的時(shí)間會(huì)比其他人稍微多一些。 get around vi.（1）到處走動(dòng)；（消息）傳播出去；避開(kāi)； 1) He can get around/about again after the leg operation. 腿部手術(shù)后，他又可以走動(dòng)了。 2)There is a rumour getting around that the boss has fallen in love with his secretary. 有謠傳說(shuō)老板愛(ài)上了他的秘書(shū)。 （2）逃避；繞過(guò)某困難；討好；籠絡(luò)某人 vt. 1)It’s wrong of them to get around the tax. 他們逃稅是錯(cuò)誤的。 2)We can get around the problem by building a space station. 我們可以通過(guò)建立太空站來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。 3)He is always trying to get around his heads. 他總是設(shè)法討好他的上司們。 (3)get的其他短語(yǔ) get along進(jìn)展；相處 get away離開(kāi)；離去 get back回來(lái)；收回 get by走過(guò)；避開(kāi) get down to靜下心來(lái)；處理；開(kāi)始認(rèn)真做某事 get in插話；收獲 get off下來(lái)；出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；脫下 get on乘車(chē)；進(jìn)步；相處 get on with sth繼續(xù)某事 get out公布；出版 get over越過(guò)；克服 get through with完成……；通過(guò)…… 2. Maybe it is time for the rest of the society to accept me as I am and get used to the fact that while I may not be able to walk, there are many other great things I can do. 也許是時(shí)候讓社會(huì)上的其他人接受像我這樣的人了。他們將會(huì)習(xí)慣這個(gè)事實(shí)：雖然我不會(huì)走路，但我可以做許多其他的大事。 (1)get/be used to sth習(xí)慣于某事；適應(yīng)于某事(to為介詞，后加n.;pron& v.-ing) 1)The two foreign teachers soon got used to eating with chopsticks. 兩名外教很快就習(xí)慣用筷子吃飯了。 2)It’s difficult for me to get/be used to this high-speed way of life. 適應(yīng)這種快節(jié)奏的生活方式對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)很難。 （2）used to do sth.過(guò)去常常干某事（現(xiàn)在不再干） There used to be a lot of trees around the villages. 過(guò)去這些村莊的周?chē)泻芏鄻?shù)。 （3）be used to do sth.被用來(lái)做某事 Wood can be used to make furniture and build houses. 木材能用來(lái)做家具和建房屋。 （4）It’s no use doing sth.做……沒(méi)用 There is no need to regret for what has happened. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 沒(méi)有必要后悔所發(fā)生的事情，哭也于事無(wú)補(bǔ)。 課文里的其他短語(yǔ)： 3. win/receive an rewards for 獲……獎(jiǎng) 4. achieve/reach one’s goal in life達(dá)到生活目標(biāo) 5. realize ones dream實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想 6. make a contribution to society為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn) 7. live with忍受；與……共存 8. develop one’s potential發(fā)揮某人的潛力 9. gain self-confidence獲得自信 10. have sympathy for sb.同情某人 Exercises : 1. All the snow and ice make it difficult for old people to___ very well. A. get around B. turn away C. pick up D. take off 2. I have no formal clothes for the occasion. Perhaps I can ___ in a dark suit. A. get around B. get down C. get by D. get at 3. The new secretary has lived here for more than three weeks and she___the life here. A. has got used to B. gets used to C. was used to D. is getting used to 4. He___ go to work by bus, but now he ___riding a bicycle to work. A. used to; used to B. used to; is used to C. is used to; used to D. is used to; is used to 5. I___ to be quite afraid to live in that country, but now I have___ to the life there. A. used; been used B. used; used C. was used; got used D. get used; been used （三）重點(diǎn)句型 1. …but I wish they wouldn’t treat me as if I were a child. 但是我希望他們不要把我看成小孩子。 wish that但愿……；要是……就好了 We wish it were spring all year round. 要是一年到頭都是春天就好了。 I wish the mittee would be set up tomorrow. 但愿委員會(huì)明天就成立。 I wish I had seen the Foreign Minister at the press meeting yesterday. 我要是昨天在記者招待會(huì)上見(jiàn)到外交部長(zhǎng)就好了。 歸納：wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，即與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想。 與現(xiàn)在相反時(shí)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式；與過(guò)去相反時(shí)，從句中使用“had+過(guò)去分詞”；與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句中用“would/could/might/should+動(dòng)詞原形”。 拓展：與wish…相同的句型： (1)If only句型中也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示“要是……多好”。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)形式；與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用“had+過(guò)去分詞”；表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用“would/could/might/should+動(dòng)詞原形” If only I had more time to think about this problem. 我要是能有更多的時(shí)間考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題就好了。 If only I hadn’t lost my wallet. 我要是沒(méi)有丟失錢(qián)包該多好呀。 If only we could graduate from university this year. 如果我們今年畢業(yè)就好了。 (2)as if…(as though…) “似乎……；好像……”此句型可引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中可用陳述語(yǔ)氣表示可能符合事實(shí)的情況，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)不符或與事實(shí)相反的情況。 a. 表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)不符，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 The teacher treats the pupils as if they were her own child. 這位老師對(duì)待這些學(xué)生就像她自己的親生孩子一樣。 b. 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)不相符，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 Mary spoke in such a way as if she had grown up. 瑪麗說(shuō)話的方式好像她已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了。 c. 表示與將來(lái)的事實(shí)不符，用would/might/could /should+動(dòng)詞原形 It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨） 比較： He looks as if he were young. 看樣子他好像很年輕。（實(shí)際上他不年輕） He looks as if he is young. 看樣子他好像很年輕。（用陳述語(yǔ)氣表示他就是年輕） 注意：①as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句可用省略形式，后面接名詞、形容詞、副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)，也可跟分詞或不定式。 1）The wounded soldier opened his mouth as if to speak. 那個(gè)受傷的戰(zhàn)士張開(kāi)嘴巴好像要說(shuō)話。 2）His eldest son acted as if a fool. 他的大兒子表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)傻子。 3）The old woman set upon the thief as if mad. 那個(gè)老婦人發(fā)瘋似地?fù)湎蛐⊥怠? 4）She talked to the stranger while walking, as if absent-mindedly. 她邊走邊應(yīng)付著那個(gè)陌生人，好像心不在焉。 5）He opened the archive, as if in search of some militant information. 他打開(kāi)檔案，好像要搜索什么重要軍事情報(bào)。 6）The boy is running impatiently here and there as if searching for something lost on the sports ground. 這個(gè)男孩子急躁地跑來(lái)跑去，好像在找丟在操場(chǎng)上的什么東西。 7）The football player is rolling on the ground as if hurt badly in the leg. 那個(gè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在地上滾來(lái)滾去，好像是腿部受了重傷。 ②as if 也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，用在look, seem, smell, taste, sound等聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后，可用陳述語(yǔ)氣或虛擬語(yǔ)氣；如從句表示的情況不是事實(shí)，通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 It looks as if we are going to miss the train. 好像我們趕不上火車(chē)了。 You look as if you were at least ten years younger. 你看上去好像至少年輕了十歲。 Exercises: 1. We wish you ___with us, but we know how busy you are. A. would have e B. could e C. could be ing D. had e 2. How I wish I___ you about the good news earlier. A. could tell B. had told C. will tell D. have told 3. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I___ your advice. A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow 4. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it___. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 5. He was working hard as if he___ last week. A. wasn’t ill B. wouldn’t be ill C. hadn’t been ill D. isn’t ill 6. The two girls talked as if they ___friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 翻譯： 7. 但愿我再年輕一次就好了。 __________________________________________. 8. 我希望能飛到月球上度假。 __________________________________________. 9. He walked____________(好像是喝醉了). 10. The young man with long hair________________________(看上去像個(gè)女的). 11. He looked_____________________(好像已經(jīng)知道一些情況). 答案：1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. I wish I were young again. 8. I wish I could fly to the moon for holiday. 9. as if he had been drunk. 10. looks as if he were a girl. 11. as if he had known something about it. 2. They need recognition, more than sympathy and help. A. “more than＋名詞”表示“不僅僅是”、“不只是……” 1)Modern science is more than a large amount of information. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)不僅僅是指大量的信息。 2) Jack is more than a lecturer, he is a writer, too. 杰克不僅是講師，他還是一名作家。 B. “more than＋數(shù)詞，表示“超過(guò)”，相當(dāng)于over 3)I have known David for more than 20 years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)大衛(wèi)二十多年了。 4) The old man standing over there is over /more than 60. 站在那里的那位老人六十多歲了。 C. “more than＋形容詞”相當(dāng)于“很”或“非?！钡囊馑? 5)In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. 在做科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，必須十分小心實(shí)驗(yàn)器具。 6)I assure you I am more than glad to help you. 我會(huì)讓你相信，我很樂(lè)意幫你。 D. 在“more...than...”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的，相當(dāng)于“是……而不是……” “與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……” 7) This book seems to be more a manual than a text. 這本書(shū)似乎是一本手冊(cè)，而非課本。 8)Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened. 聽(tīng)到那聲巨響，那個(gè)男孩很吃驚而不是害怕。 3. While I may not be able to walk, there are many other great things I can do. 連詞while大致有以下五種用法： （1）引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,意為"當(dāng)……的時(shí)候；和……同時(shí)",此時(shí)的主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句謂語(yǔ)通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如: 1）Mary watched TV while she ate her supper. 瑪麗邊吃飯邊看電視。 2）While she was listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她聽(tīng)著收音機(jī)睡著了。 注意：while引導(dǎo)從句時(shí),如主從句的主語(yǔ)一致,且從句謂語(yǔ)又含有be,則從句主語(yǔ)和be可省略。while后可直接跟現(xiàn)在分詞、名詞、形容詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。如: 1）We are teachers while (we are) serving as students. 我們邊當(dāng)老師邊當(dāng)學(xué)生。 2）While (he was) yet a youth, he gained many prizes. 他年輕時(shí)就曾多次獲獎(jiǎng)。 3）He caught a cold while(he was) on vacation. 他度假時(shí)患了感冒。 （2）表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折,意為"而;然而"。此時(shí),while一般位于句中。 1）Some people waste food while others havent enough. 有些人浪費(fèi)糧食,然而有些人卻吃不飽。 2）You like sports, while I prefer music. 你喜歡體育,而我更喜歡音樂(lè)。 （3）表示讓步,通常位于句首,意為"盡管;雖然"。如: 1）While I agree with your reasons, I cant allow it. 盡管我同意你的理由，但我不能允許你這樣做。 2）While he loves his students, he is very strict with them. 雖然他愛(ài)他的學(xué)生們，可是他對(duì)學(xué)生們很?chē)?yán)格。 3）While (he was) respected, he is not liked. 他雖受人尊敬,但并不被人喜歡。 （4）.表示條件,意為"只要",其意思和用法相當(dāng)于as long as。while可位于句首,也可位于句中。 1）You dont have to worry while we are here. 只要我們?cè)?，你就不用?dān)心。 2）There will be life while there is water and air. 只要有空氣和水,就有生命。 3）While there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕沒(méi)柴燒。 （5）.意為"趁著"。如: 1）Make hay while the sun shines.曬草要趁陽(yáng)光好。莫失良機(jī)。(諺) 2）Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵。(諺) 3）While the roses are yet in bloom, will you e with me to see them? 趁玫瑰花還開(kāi)著,你和我一道去看看好嗎 ？ 4. Its very important for us to know that someone far away is also struggling as we are. 5. Ive learnt to live with my body as it is and adjusted my way of life. 【典型例題】 1. ___I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they can’t be solved. A. When B. While C. As D. Since 2. ___you know your potential, you have to rely on many other people to get where you are. A. While B. Since C. If D. Where 3. Tourism,___ it brings in money to a pany, can also result in damage to the World Heritage sites there. A. because B. as C. while D. since 4. Its hard___ him___ change his mind. A. of you to make; to B. for you to make;/ C. for you to make; to D. of you making;/ 一、本單元重點(diǎn)單詞和短語(yǔ)。 1. friendly adj.友好的 2. advantage n.有利條件；優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢(shì)；好處；利益 3. decide vt.決定；解決；判決；使下決心vi.決定；判定 4. born adj.出生于……；天生的 5. throughout prep.遍及；貫穿adv.到處，始終 6. create vt.創(chuàng)造；創(chuàng)作；引起；產(chǎn)生；造成 7. realise vt.認(rèn)識(shí)到；領(lǐng)會(huì)；了解；實(shí)現(xiàn)（愿望或目的）；變賣(mài)（財(cái)產(chǎn)） 8. highly adv.高度地 9. reject vt.拋開(kāi)；丟棄；拒絕；抵制 10. apply v.應(yīng)用；使用；適用；申請(qǐng) 11. remain vi.剩下；剩余；留下；逗留；保持；仍是 12. attempt vt.& n.嘗試；企圖；試圖 13. deepen vi.加深vt.使變深；加重 14. exchange vt.交換；以……換……；調(diào)換；兌換n.交換；兌換 15. similar adj.類(lèi)似的；相似的 16. otherwise adv.否則；要不然 17. respectful adj.尊敬人的 18. think about 思考；考慮；想起 19. allow for 考慮到；把……計(jì)算在內(nèi) 20. be aware of 意識(shí)到…… 21. after all 畢竟；到底 22. now that 既然；由于 23. instead of而不是；代替 24. in society在社會(huì)上 二、句型聚焦 觀察下列句子，試著歸納加粗部分所包含的句型結(jié)構(gòu) 1. ...and make it easier to discover new possibilities. __________________________________________. 2. By thinking about the way we think and practising good thinking strategies, we can bee more creative. ________________________________________________. 3. To “think outside the box” is to try new ways to solve a problem. ______________________________________________________. 4. As with thinking outside the box, the process includes a series of different attempts and several false starts. _______________________________________. 5. A drawing or a model will help you see things that may otherwise remain hidden. ___________________________________________________________________. 【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：40分鐘） 一、完形填空 Making friends is a skill. Like most skills, it improves with ____1____. If you want to meet people and make friends, you must be able to take ____2____. You must first go ____3____ there are people. You won’t make friends staying home alone. ____4 a club or a group, for talking with those who ____5____ the same interests as you do is easier. ____6____ join someone in some activity. Many people are ____7____ when talking to people. ____8____, meeting strangers means facing the unknown. And it’s human ____9____ to feel a bit unfortable about the unknown. Most of our fears about dealing with new people e from ____10____ about ourselves. We ____11____ other people are judging us, finding us too small or too short, too this or too that. ____12____ don’t forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself ____13____ you are, and try to put the other persons at ease. You’ll feel more ____14____. Try to act self-confidence even if you don’t feel that way when you enter a room full of ____15____ such as a new classroom. Walk tall and straight, look ____16____ at other people and smile. If you see someone you’d like to speak to ____17____ something to him. Don’t wait for the other persons to start a conversation. Just meeting someone ____18____ doesn’t mean that you will make friends with that person—friendship is ____19____ on mutual liking and “give and take”. They take time and ____20____ to develop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from growing. 1. A. age B. practice C. skill D. everything 2. A. photos B. action C. place D. troubles 3. A. where B. that C. which D. when 4. A. From B. Buy C. Use D. Join 5. A. have B. share C. keep D. like 6. A. So B. Or C. However D. But 7. A. afraid B. fearful C. nervous D. familiar 8. A. Above all B. In all C. To all D. After all 9. A. nature B. need C. habit D. custom 10. A. facts B. doubts C. wonders D. beliefs 11. A. suggest B. consider C. doubt D. imagine 12. A. And B. Therefore C. But D. So 13. A. what B. who C. that D. as 14. A. dangerous B. useful C. familiar D. fortable 15. A. strangers B. people C. classmates D. students 16. A. anxiously B. friendly C. curiously D. directly 17. A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell 18. A. strange B. new C. familiar D. tiresome 19. A. depend B. laid C. taken D. based 20. A. money B. energy C. effort D. trouble 二、閱讀理解 A If women are mercilessly exploited（剝削）year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you e to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste, Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, fort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of disfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes. When paring men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide. 1. Designers and big stores always make money ____________. A. by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry B. because they are capable of predicting new fashions C. by constantly changing the fashions in women’s clothing D. because they attach great importance to quality in women’s clothing 2. To the writer, the fact that women change their old-fashioned dresses is seen as __________. A. a waste of money B. a waste of time C. an expression of taste D. an expression of creativity 3. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ____________ of clothing. A. cost B. appearance C. fort D. suitability 4. According to the pa