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2019-2020年高三英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題（1）學(xué)案 外研版必修4 虛擬語氣表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測。 虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法 在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣，主要有以下幾種情況： 從句 主句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動詞過去式 (be 的過去式用were) would(could/should/might)＋動詞原形 與過去事實(shí)相反 had＋動詞過去分詞 would(could/should/might)＋have＋過去分詞 與將來事實(shí)可能相反 動詞過去式/should＋動詞原形/were to＋動詞原形 would(could/should/might)＋動詞原形 If she knew English，she wouldn’t ask me for help. 如果她懂英語的話，她不會找我?guī)兔Φ摹? If I were you，I would go to hospital. 如果我是你，我會去醫(yī)院的。 If I had known her number，I would have called her. 如果我知道她的電話號碼的話，我就給她打電話了。 If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他們將不出去了。 注意：(1)在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were，助動詞had或should，可以把if省略，而把這幾個詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 Were it necessary，I might resign. 如果需要的話，我可以辭職。 Should they have patience，they could do the work well. 如果他們有耐心的話，他們就可能把這項(xiàng)工作做好。 Had he worked harder，he would have got through the exams. 他當(dāng)時要是學(xué)習(xí)努力點(diǎn)的話，就會通過這些考試了。 Were she to move right now，she would get there on Sunday. 她要是馬上動身的話，星期天就可以到那兒了。 (2)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 If you had followed my advice just now，you would be better now. 如果你剛才接受我的建議，你現(xiàn)在會好些。 If you had studied hard before，you would be college student now. 如果你從前努力學(xué)習(xí)，你現(xiàn)在會是一名大學(xué)生。 無“條件”虛擬語氣句子 無“條件”是指沒有if或I wish等引起表?xiàng)l件的句子，而是用其他形式表現(xiàn)出來，如介詞、形容詞、名詞、代詞、連詞、動詞、分詞、從句或上下文等。常用來表示“無條件”的詞有：with；without，but for，or，but，otherwise，even，in case of，what if(如果……將如何/倘若)。 But for your help，we couldn’t have succeeded. 要不是你的幫助，我們是不會成功的。 She wasn’t feeling well，otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.她感到不舒服，不然她不會那么早離開會場的。 Given more time，we would do it better. 再給些時間，我們會做得更好。 用于賓語從句中 (1)用于wish后的賓語從句中 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用were或動詞的過去式；與過去事實(shí)相反，用had＋過去分詞或would/could have done；表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用would/should (could，might)＋動詞原形。 I wish she were here.她在這兒就好了。 I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 但愿你明天跟我們一起去。 I wish she had taken my advice. 那時她要是聽我的話就好了。 (2)用在表示建議、愿望、命令等詞后的賓語從句中。常見的動詞有：suggest，advise，propose，mand，request，insist，remend等，賓語從句中謂語動詞用should＋動詞原形，should可以省略。 She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她堅(jiān)持要預(yù)訂座位。 He demands that he (should) be told everything. 他要求將一切告訴他。 注意：如果上述動詞作其他意思解釋，或者說話人認(rèn)為是事實(shí)，要用陳述語氣。比如，當(dāng)suggest作“暗示，表明”解，insist不表“堅(jiān)決要求”，而作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解，從句要用陳述語氣。 He insisted that he was not involved in the case. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己同那個案子沒有牽連。 (3)would rather后的賓語從句中，也用虛擬語氣，為一般過去式，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?；過去完成時，表示過去的愿望。Frankly speaking，I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對于此事什么也不要做。 I would rather I had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望昨天把這本書還了。 用在主語從句中 It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity＋that從句，從句中謂語要用should＋動詞原形，should可省略。 It’s suggested that the old man (should) be sent to hospital immediately.有人建議應(yīng)將老人立即送進(jìn)醫(yī)院。 It’s a pity that he (should) be so careless. 很遺憾，他竟這么粗心。 用在表語從句和同位語從句中 advice，demand，order，request，suggestion，proposal，requirement，remendation等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語要用should＋動詞原形，should可省略。 He give an order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部隊(duì)馬上撤退。 Their desire was that a treaty (should) be signed at once. 他們的愿望是馬上簽訂協(xié)約。 虛擬語氣用在as if (as though)，even if (even though)從句中 He talks as if he knew all about it. 他說起來好像全知道似的。 Even if he were here，he couldn’t solve the problem. 即使他在這里，也解決不了這個問題。 1．(xx年福建卷)But for the help of my English teacher，I________the first prize in the English Writing petition. A．would not win　　　　　　　 B．would not have won C．would win D．would have won 【解析】　句意為：要沒有我英語老師的幫助，我不會在英語寫作比賽中獲得第一名。本題考查虛擬語氣用法，根據(jù)句意，可知主句應(yīng)該使用否定式，而本句是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，故答案為B項(xiàng)。 【答案】　B 2. (xx年浙江卷)The doctor remended that you________swim after eating a large meal. A．wouldn’t B．couldn’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t 【解析】　 句意為：醫(yī)生建議你不應(yīng)該在飽餐之后游泳。remend后的賓語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞為“(should)＋do”。 【答案】　D 3. (xx年安徽卷)But for their help，we________the program in time. A．can not finish B．will not finish C．had not finished D．could not have finished 【解析】　句意為：如果不是他們的幫助，我們就不能及時完成這個項(xiàng)目。根據(jù)句意，選用could not have finished表示與過去相反。 【答案】　D 4. (xx年天津卷)This printer is of good quality.If it______break down within the first year，we would repair it at our expense. A．would B．should C．could D．might 【解析】　句意為：這臺打印機(jī)質(zhì)量很好。如果第一年使用壞了，我們保修。虛擬語氣中表示將來時間的條件句有三種，就此句而言，應(yīng)為：If it broke down/If it were to break down/If it should break down。 【答案】　B 5. (xx年山東卷)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don’t think we________it without you. A．can manage B．could have managed C．could manage D．can have managed 【解析】　句意為：感謝你上周的辛勤工作。我想要不是你辛勤的勞動，我們不可能做成。without you表達(dá)的是“如果沒有你艱苦工作的話”，結(jié)合句子前后內(nèi)容，本題表達(dá)的是與過去相反的虛擬語氣，所以選擇B項(xiàng)。 【答案】　B 6. (xx年全國卷Ⅱ)________he had not hurt his leg，John would have won the race. A．If B．Since C．Though D．When 【解析】　考查與過去情況相反的虛擬語氣。從句用if...had done，主句用．..would/could have done...。 【答案】　A 7. (xx年山東卷)They ________ two free tickets to Canada，otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. A．had got B．got C．have got D．get 【解析】　本題考查混合虛擬語氣。本題前面部分是事實(shí)，后半句是虛擬語氣。 【答案】　B 8. (xx年全國卷Ⅰ)Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it________yesterday. A．was happening B．happens C．has happened D．happened 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。由as if引導(dǎo)的從句通常用虛擬語氣，再結(jié)合前面的remembers可知與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，因此用一般過去時。 【答案】　D 9. (xx年福建卷)If it were not for the fact that she________sing，I would invite her to the party. A．couldn’t B．shouldn’t C．can’t D．might not 【解析】　fact后接that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，用于對其作進(jìn)一步的解釋。她不會唱歌是一個事實(shí)，所以要用陳述語氣。can’t意為“不會”，表示不具備某種能力。 【答案】　C 10. (xx年湖北卷)________ fired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A．Would you be B．Should you be C．Could you be D．Might you be 【解析】　這道題是虛擬條件句的倒裝。虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were，should或had時，可省略if，再把were，should或had移到從句的句首，實(shí)行倒裝。句意為“即使你被解雇了，醫(yī)療保障和其他福利也不會受到影響”。 【答案】　B 1．(xx年濰坊檢測)The order came that the medical supplies________to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon. A．would be sent B．should send C．be sent D．must be sent 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。當(dāng)表示愿望、請求、建議、命令等意義的動詞(如order，suggest，mand等)后面接從句時，從句用虛擬語氣，從句謂語用should＋do，should可以省略。 【答案】　C 2．(xx年福建四地六校第三次聯(lián)考)The headmaster remended that we________to school on time for the afternoon English reading. A．had e B．would e C．e D．came 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣的用法。在此，remend表“建議，勸告”，其后的賓語從句的謂語用“should＋動詞原形”，且should可以省略。 【答案】　C 3．(xx年皖南八校第二次聯(lián)考)Without the help of my English teacher，I________the first prize in the English Speaking petition. A．would win B．would have won C．would not win D．would not have won 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。這是一個隱含虛擬條件句，含有if my English teacher hadn’t helped me with my spoken English之意，表示與過去的事實(shí)相反，故用與過去相反的虛擬語氣，因此D項(xiàng)符合題意。 【答案】　D 4．(xx年長春第一次調(diào)研)It is required that the students______mobile phones in their school，so seldom________them using one. A．should not use；you will see B．not use；will you see C．mustn’t use；will you see D．not use；you will see 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣和倒裝語序。英語中表示命令、建議或要求的動詞或名詞后面的從句中通常使用should do形式的虛擬語氣，should可以省略。seldom是否定副詞，位于句首時，句子要采用部分倒裝語序。 【答案】　B 5．(xx年海淀一模)—If you________to my birthday party last Saturday，you would have met our old friend Jim. —Oh，what a pity! A．came B．had e C．would e D．would have e 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。從語意分析，這是非真實(shí)條件句中對過去狀況的虛擬，主句謂語用should/would/could/might have done，條件句用過去完成時態(tài)，答案應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。 【答案】　B 6. (xx年日照二模)“If I________taking drugs，I would be a successful businessman now，” said the dying heroin addict. A．didn’t start B．haven’t started C．hadn’t started D．shouldn’t start 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。此題是一個混合虛擬語氣句，從句是對過去事情的虛擬，應(yīng)用過去完成時，主句指說話時可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。 【答案】　C 7. (xx年福建檢測)—I didn’t go to the movie last night because of the rain. —What a pity！If I had got the ticket，I________it. A．wouldn’t have missed B．wouldn’t miss C．didn’t miss D．hadn’t missed 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。從句為過去完成時，所以主句用would have done結(jié)構(gòu)。 【答案】　A 8. (xx年南通二模)—Sorry indeed，I________to your birthday party if... —Forget it.I know you were out on business. A．must e B．would e C．must have e D．would have e 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。此處表示對過去的虛擬，if后面省略了過去完成時 (補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是if I had not been out on business)，所以主句中應(yīng)該用should/would/could/might have done結(jié)構(gòu)，因此選D項(xiàng)。 【答案】　D 9. (xx年合肥三模)It is required in some colleges that lights in students’dorms________off by 11 o’clock. A．be switched B．would switch C．should switch D．must be switched 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。在“It is vital/necessary/important/strange/unusual/natural/surprising/suggested/required/ordered＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句中的謂語動詞用 (should)do的形式，而switch off與lights之間存在動賓關(guān)系，所以要用被動語態(tài)。 【答案】　A 10. (xx年合肥二模)—Did you make it at last? —Yes.But for your help，it________a serious loss. A．would cause B．must have caused C．would have caused D．may cause 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。句意為：——你們最后成功了嗎？——成功了，要不是你的幫助，我們的損失就大了。but for...要不是……。 【答案】　C 11. (xx年濰坊一模)How I wish I________my mouth before I shouted at my mum! A．shut B．have shut C．had shut D．would shut 【解析】　該題考查虛擬語氣。wish后跟從句，從句要用虛擬語氣，因?yàn)楹竺媸沁^去時，故此處表示與過去事實(shí)相反，要用過去完成時。 【答案】　C 12. (xx年青島一模)—My uncle suggests I________abroad. —I would rather you________at home. A．go；stay B．went；stayed C．go；stayed D．went；stay 【解析】　suggest當(dāng)“建議”講時，從句中要用虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)是“should＋動詞原形”，should可以省略。would rather后面跟從句時，從句中也要用虛擬語氣，根據(jù)語境此處應(yīng)用過去時。 【答案】　C 13. (xx年東北三校第二次聯(lián)考)—Why do you look so upset? —I broke up with my girlfriend.If only I________more about her. A．care B．cared C．had cared D．had been cared 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。If only表示“要是……就好了”，后面的句子要用虛擬語氣。表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的情況時，謂語動詞用had done的形式。因此，C項(xiàng)正確。 【答案】　C 14．(xx年東北三校第一次聯(lián)考)—Why are you so late? —I got stuck in the traffic jam，or I________earlier. A．a(chǎn)rrived B have arrived C．would arrive D．would have arrived 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。答語的意思是“我遇到交通堵塞了，否則我本來可以早一點(diǎn)到的”。言外之意是如果不是交通堵塞，就可以早點(diǎn)到達(dá)，因此此處是虛擬語氣，相當(dāng)于“If I hadn’t got stuck in the traffic jam，I would have arrived earlier.”。 【答案】　D 15．(xx年南昌二模)—Why didn’t you buy the gold ring? —I________，but I didn’t have the money. A．would have B．bought C．would like to D．had bought 【解析】　考查虛擬語氣。上文問的是沒有買的理由，下文自然是對過去的事情的原因的陳述，but I didn’t have the money給出的是事實(shí)，換句話說，如果有錢的話，“我”就會買。所以選A。此處可以變形為：I would have bought it if I had had the money. 【答案】　A