雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計
雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計,出頭,秸稈,液壓,成型,設計
畢業(yè)論文(設計)開題報告
題目名稱 雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計
學生姓名
張松飛
所學專業(yè)
機電技術教育
學號
20040315044
指導教師姓名
馬孝琴
所學專業(yè)
熱力工程學
職稱
教授
完成期限
2008年12月12日至 2009 年6月5日
1、 選題的目的和意義
中國是農業(yè)大國,也是秸稈資源最為豐富的國家之一。在傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)階段,秸稈資源主要是不經(jīng)任何處理直接用于肥料、燃料和飼料。隨著傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)向現(xiàn)代化農業(yè)的轉變,傳統(tǒng)的秸稈利用途徑發(fā)生了歷史性的轉變。農業(yè)主產(chǎn)區(qū)秸稈資源大量過剩問題日趨突出,農民就地焚燒秸稈,不僅帶來污染大氣的嚴重后果,還帶來了一系列嚴重的社會問題,引起了全社會的關注。
利用秸稈成型技術,將松散細碎的無定型的秸稈擠壓成質地致密、形狀規(guī)則的成型燃料。原料擠壓成型后,密度可達0.8~1.3kg/m3,能量密度與中值煤相當,成型后的秸稈成型燃料燃燒特性較成型前有明顯改善,可代替礦物能源用于生產(chǎn)和生活領域。
二、國內外研究現(xiàn)狀
中國從20世紀80年代引進螺旋推進式秸稈成型機,生物質壓縮成型技術的研究開發(fā)已有二十多年歷史。20世紀90年代期間河南農業(yè)大學,中國農機能源動力研究所分別研究出PB-I型機械沖壓式成型機、HPB系列液壓驅動活塞式成型機、CYJ-35型機械沖壓式成型機。但我國的壓縮成型機基本上就兩種:螺旋擠壓成型機和液壓沖壓成型機。目前這些設備大都停止了運行,主要原因是:以木屑為原料,市場和資源的針對性差,成本高。螺旋擠壓設備磨損嚴重,維修周期短(60-80h),耗能高。由此看來螺旋式成型機的關鍵技術是螺桿的使用壽命。而液壓式生物質成型機是液壓驅動活塞沖壓成型,其運行性能穩(wěn)定,延長了易損件的使用壽命。
國外發(fā)達國家對秸稈等生物質致密成型技術都普遍重視,并投入了大量的資金和技術力量研究和開發(fā)致密成型技術。20世紀30年代,美國就開始研究壓縮成型燃料技術,并研制了螺旋壓縮機;日本、西德等國也開始研究成型技術處理木材廢棄物、農業(yè)纖維物等。進入20世紀70年代以來,隨著全球性石油危機的沖擊和環(huán)保意識的提高,世界各國越來越認識到開發(fā)和高效轉換生物質能的重要性,相應地投入一定的資金和技術力量研究開發(fā)生物質成型燃料技術及設備。
三、主要研究內容
本課題研究的主要內容是液壓成型原理、成型機的結構布置、液壓驅動部件的選擇。設計的重點是成型機的各部分基本結構布置、液壓驅動部件及成型部件的選擇。液壓部件的設計主要包括液壓缸的選擇,泵的選擇。成型部件由主油缸和預壓油缸兩部分組成。
四、畢業(yè)論文(設計)的研究方法或技術路線
(一)研究方法
(1)資料查閱
(2)教師指導
(二)技術路線
生物質原料經(jīng)過破碎和粉碎后進入干燥環(huán)節(jié)。水分合適的物料經(jīng)混合調質后進入液壓秸稈成型機的喂料室。經(jīng)過預壓、擠壓,把生物質擠壓到錐型套筒中,經(jīng)過一段時間的保型,在高溫下保型后形成棒狀的成品。
(1)首先解決關鍵技術-套筒內型曲線設計及套筒加工工藝
(2)原料喂入機構和液壓驅動機構以及沖壓部件的研制和配套
(3)參數(shù)優(yōu)化
五、 主要參考文獻與資料
[1]吳宗鑫,陳文穎. 以煤為主多元化的清潔能源戰(zhàn)略[M]. 北京:清華大學出版社,2001
[2]吳創(chuàng)之,馬隆龍.生物質能現(xiàn)代化利用技術[M].北京:化學工業(yè)出版社,2003,5
[3]清華大學核能與新能源技術研究院《中國能源展望》編寫組[M].中國能源展望2004
北京:清華大學出版社,2004,9
[4]《京都議定書》聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約秘書處1997, 12
[5]樊峰鳴.我國秸稈成型燃料規(guī)模化技術研究[D].河南農業(yè)大學博士學位論文.2002
[6]嚴永林.生物質固化成型設備的研究[EB/OL].林業(yè)機械與木工設備,Vol.31 2003, No.12
[7]馬孝琴.生物質(秸稈)成型燃料燃燒動力學特性及液壓秸稈成型機改進設計研究[D].河南農業(yè)大學博士學位論文.2002
[8]李保謙,張百良,夏祖璋. PB-Ⅰ型活塞式成型機的研制[J].河南農業(yè)大學學報,1997. 31(2):112~116
[9]孟慶蘭.農業(yè)廢棄物綜合利用技術的試驗研究.農業(yè)工程學報[J].1994, 10(2):78~82
[10]盛奎川,蔣成球.生物質壓縮成型燃料技術研究綜述[J].能源工程,1996,No.3: 8~10
[11]楊培元 朱福元 主編《液壓系統(tǒng)設計簡明手冊》[M].機械工業(yè)出版社,1994
[12]張利平 主編《液壓氣動系統(tǒng)設計手冊》[M]機械工業(yè)出版社,1997
六、 指導教師審批意見
簽名:
年 月 日
雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計,學生姓名: 張松飛 所在院系: 機電學院 所學專業(yè): 機電技術教育 指導教師: 馬孝琴 完成時間: 2009年 5月 26日,,The Design of Bi-direction Biomass Briquetting Machine by Hydraulic Driven,主要內容,1.主要的成型機類型 2.各類生物質成型機存在的缺陷 3.HPB III型生物質成型機的優(yōu)缺點 4.雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計思想,各類生物質成型機存在的缺陷,螺桿式成型機:對粉碎程度要求比較高。 另外它的生產(chǎn)率比較低,約為130kg/h。其 螺桿容易磨損 沖壓式成型機 :生產(chǎn)率低,僅為300kg/h。如果壓力過大,危險性大且易出現(xiàn)“放炮”現(xiàn)象,對物料含水率較高,要求在16%以下,HPB-III型生物質成型機的優(yōu)缺點,優(yōu)點:設計結構較為合理,與其它成型機相 比具有效率較高,成型過程較為穩(wěn)定等特點??朔寺菪七M式類型成型機螺旋桿頭部磨損嚴重的問題。 缺點:主缸與預壓油缸的換向都是靠電液換向閥實現(xiàn)的,當進料出現(xiàn)堵塞時不能增大壓力使其正常工作。液壓泵選用了柱塞變量泵,當外載過大時不能滿足要求。過小時反而浪費。,,,主缸沖頭與預壓油缸沖頭 進料堵塞示意圖,進料系統(tǒng)示意圖,,,HPB-III型生物質成型機存在的缺陷,雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機設計思想,設計目標:提高機器穩(wěn)定性 提高生產(chǎn)率 降低工作壓力 降低能耗,雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的液壓系統(tǒng)圖,,),1、18--油箱 2、17-濾油器 3-高壓小流量定量泵 4、14-溢流閥 5、15--單向閥 6--電液換向閥 7、13--預壓油缸 8、12--順序閥 9、11--行程開關 10--主油缸 16--低壓大流量定量泵(雙缸雙活塞),雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的結構布置圖,1一主油缸(2個) 2一機座 3一成型筒 4一保型筒 5一加熱防護罩 6一送料機械 7一預壓油缸 8一油箱集成(包括油泵,電機,液壓元件),感謝各位評委老師!,請各位老師批評指正!,顆粒式成型機,,目 錄
1 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 國內外生物質成型機研究現(xiàn)狀 1
1.3 秸稈壓縮成型研究現(xiàn)狀 2
1.3.1 秸稈的物理特性 2
1.3.2 秸稈的切碎特性 2
1.3.3 秸稈的壓縮特性 2
1.3.4 壓縮成型工藝 3
1.4 目前主要的成型機類型 3
1.4.1 活塞式成型機 3
1.4.2 螺旋式成型機 3
1.4.3 模壓顆粒成型機 3
1.4.4 各類生物質成型機存在的缺陷 4
1.4.5 HPB III型生物質成型機 4
1.5 本課題的提出目的及意義 5
1.6 研究思路 5
2 HPB-III型生物質成型機運行狀況分析 6
2.1 設計上的問題分析 6
2. 2 加工上的問題分析 6
3 雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機的設計 7
3.1 設計指導思想 7
3.2 液壓系統(tǒng)的設計 8
3.2.1 主油缸的設計 8
3.2.2 液壓系統(tǒng)的設計 8
3.3 成型機結構的設計 10
3.4 設計指標及設計參數(shù) 11
3.4.1 設計指標 11
3.4.2 主要設計參數(shù) 11
3.5 成型機工作流程 12
4 雙出頭秸稈液壓成型機設計計算過程 13
4.1 擬定液壓系統(tǒng)圖 13
4.2 主要計算過程 13
5 結束語 18
致謝 20
參考文獻 21
Fahad Rafai E-mail: refaeefa@hotmail.com
生物質作為替代燃料用來發(fā)電
前言
電能有許多不同的產(chǎn)生來源而且可用不同的方式來生產(chǎn)。然而,各國競相尋找能源,并試圖尋找的無限能源來生產(chǎn)電能。此外,生產(chǎn)電能而使用的礦物燃料,如石油,煤炭等,都會產(chǎn)生一些從能源成本到環(huán)境的污染等重大問題。在上世紀末,工程師們開始尋找新的能源,這些能源既具有與化石燃料相同的優(yōu)點勢外,同時也避免了其弊端。事實上,有一些能源因來自自然而著稱,這就是所謂的可再生能源。之所以稱它是可再生能源,是因為它不能耗盡并且可以重復使用。這種能源有不同種類和不同的形式,例如風能,太陽能,水能,水電能源,生物質能等。
“在美國,自1973年以來便開始大量利用生物質,特別是木屑在熱能及電力應用的利用上”。本文將探討利用生物質作為電力行業(yè)中使用的替代燃料。文章開頭,將涉及生物質的背景和它的歷史來源。其次,將對利用生物質能發(fā)電的電廠進行調查。再次隨后,陳述一些利用生物質的優(yōu)點和缺點。最后,一個結論將總結全文。
生物質能簡介
生物質是世界上最古老的可再生能源之一。雖然我們一直在使用它,但很少有人知道它的學名。生物質學名為活著的物質,或具體地講,它是在死亡的樹木,樹枝,木材,農作物,甚至動物能量存儲能源的轉換,從而讓我們可以使用它。例如,“在今天的美國,物質燃料的使用范疇,包括木屑,花草殘葉,農業(yè)殘留物和城市碎木”。因此,生物質能源可在任何時間和地點找到。事實上,如果生物質不轉換成其它形式的話它將一無是處。因此,如果任何公司想利用生物質能作為石油或天然氣的替代能源,就必須收集生物質(植物,木材等)并將它在某一地點燃燒,燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量可用于推動汽輪機發(fā)電。同樣,電廠可以使用生物量在的燃燒中的氣化過程。在這種情況下,將把生物量加熱到極高溫度而產(chǎn)生可燃氣體,可用于推動渦輪旋轉從而產(chǎn)生電能。據(jù)加州能源委員會的網(wǎng)頁介紹,加州每年生產(chǎn)約60萬噸的生物質,這意味著2000兆瓦的電能。事實上,這些能量足以滿足市場需求和約2百萬戶人家使用。雖然生物質能源已被使用多年,一些國家一直以來仍把它作為燃料用作發(fā)電。與此相反,一些國家因為其對環(huán)境的負面影響而停止使用。有人說,生物質導致了環(huán)境的污染。但是,該能源的益處鼓勵一些企業(yè)使用它,例如,“BEG(生物質能源集團)推算,在蘇格蘭,生物質產(chǎn)業(yè)有望在提供2000人就業(yè)崗位和促進其他部門經(jīng)濟增長的同時供應多達450兆瓦的電力”。美國電子協(xié)會對生物質的估計表明,每年美國有生物質資源約5.9億濕噸(相當于4.13億干噸)可供利用。事實上,生物質發(fā)電可使用不同的方法,而各種方法都有各自的效率和生產(chǎn)力。
廢棄物發(fā)電
用化石燃料發(fā)電是世界上最通用的方法。然而,利用生物質能發(fā)電,并遵守一些規(guī)定和限制會更有效率。眼下主要有四種類型的生物發(fā)電系統(tǒng):直燃,混燒,煤氣化,模塊化系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)發(fā)電廠使用生物質直燃系統(tǒng),用化石燃料來發(fā)電。圖1顯示了如何使用生物質燃料在工廠中發(fā)電。生物質的燃燒鍋爐產(chǎn)生高壓蒸汽,蒸汽被引入汽輪機,帶動一系列氣動渦輪葉片,使渦輪旋轉,而渦輪連接到發(fā)電機,因此,流動的蒸汽致使渦輪旋轉,發(fā)電機旋轉和電力的生產(chǎn)。生物質能鍋爐產(chǎn)生的電一般在50兆瓦范圍左右,相比燃煤發(fā)電廠中的15兆瓦左右。因此,有人建議,在一些電廠,如在美國亞什蘭的海灣發(fā)電站,在高負荷期使用煤而在低負荷期使用生物質發(fā)電,這將節(jié)儉煤的使用。然而,到目前為止,用直接燃燒的木材發(fā)電是最省事的方法。另外,除非它和像煤一樣的其它能源組合使用,否則就可能沒有競爭力。
圖1 用生物質在電廠發(fā)電
生物質能的優(yōu)點:
使用生物質作為替代能源來發(fā)電具有一定的經(jīng)濟效益。再者,它也是一種有效的社區(qū)或工業(yè)區(qū)的資源來源。相比而言,即使發(fā)達國家能夠利用這一資源,以彌補其它像石油,天然氣或煤資源的不足。其中最重要的優(yōu)勢是它的價格低廉;而且是一種現(xiàn)成的能源。此外,它是一種可持續(xù)、可長期使用的資源,它可以在任何時候任何地方很容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)使用。生物質發(fā)電廠更大的優(yōu)勢是能幫助許多國家減少失業(yè)。施安那 貝爾德,中型項目的蘇格蘭綠黨的能源發(fā)言人說: “就新的發(fā)電站的建立和它創(chuàng)造的相當數(shù)量的就業(yè)機會而言,這是個好消息” 。如在蘇格蘭鄧弗里斯郡的洛克比建立的生物質能源發(fā)電廠,將支持英國經(jīng)濟也將幫助政府降低失業(yè)率。
生物質能的缺點:
如同任何可再生能源一樣,利用生物質發(fā)電存在一定的缺陷。生物質確實影響環(huán)境嗎?這個問題已經(jīng)被問了很多次。事實上,因為它在燃燒時會產(chǎn)生碳氣體,因此許多人擔心的是它在全球氣候變暖中的作用。然而,如果你了解生物質周期的話,可能知道從這個角度看是錯誤的。雖然生物質可在世界任何地方看到,有些地方如在中東的沙漠地區(qū),如沙特阿拉伯,找到足夠的可用作生物質的植被是一件很困難的事。因此,把植被運送到該地區(qū),將是昂貴的和毫無用處的。
圖2 碳循環(huán)
結論:
總之,這篇文章已經(jīng)表明,使用生物質的行業(yè),特別是像發(fā)電廠這樣的工業(yè),將有助于人們找到工作,并有助于各國政府減少失業(yè)率。此外,每年許多國家花費數(shù)十億美元購買石油或天然氣用來發(fā)電,為此,如果用生物質作為替代能源來發(fā)電將是更加經(jīng)濟和有效。在電力市場,可以說:能源就是金錢。就生物質能源而言,這一說法更為確切。此外,生物質可用于不同的地方,這意味著更多的靈活性。雖然使用生物質的電廠將產(chǎn)生功耗低于它使用化石燃料時而產(chǎn)生的電能,但在村莊和小城鎮(zhèn),使用生物質將比使用常用的化石燃料更為經(jīng)濟。
Biomass as an Alternative Fuel for Generating Electricity
Written by : Eng. Fahad A. Rafai
refaeefa@hotmail.com
September
Introduction
Electrical energy has many different sources and can be produced in different ways. However, countries are competing to produce energy and trying to have unlimited sources for producing it. Moreover, producing electrical energy using normal fossil fuels, such as, oil, coal and so on has some major problems, from the cost of fuel to the pollution. At the end of the last century, engineers have started looking for new sources which have the same advantages as the fossil fuels while avoiding their disadvantages. In fact, there some sources were already known from the natural, one of them is called renewable energy. It called renewable because it will not run out and can be reproduced. This kind of energy has different types and can be found in different forms, for instance, wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy and so on.
"In the United States, since 1973 there has been a dramatic increase in biomass use, especially in thermal and electrical applications of wood residues". This essay will examine the using of biomass energy as an alternative fuel in the electricity industry. Initially, it will cover a brief background on biomass and include its sources and history. Secondly, the using of biomass for generating electricity in power plants will be investigated. Then, some of the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass will addressed . A conclusion will complete the essay.
Biomass in Brief
Biomass is one of the oldest sources of energy in the world. Although we have been using it all the time, it may have been never heard about its scientific name. Biomass known as living material or specifically, it is the conversion of the stored energy in the dead trees, tree branches, wood, crops and even animals into energy so that we can use it. For example, "The major categories of biomass fuels used in the United States today include, wood processing residues, in-forest residues, agricultural residues and urban wood residues".
As a result, biomass energy can be found easily in any place and any time. In fact, biomass will not be useful for producing electrical power energy unless converted into another form. Consequently , if any company wants to use biomass as a source of energy instead of oil or gas, it will need to collect the biomass ( plants, wood and so on ) and burn it in special places, then the heat of this burning can be used in a steam turbine to generate electricity. In the same way, power plants can use biomass in a different process which called Gasification. In this case, biomass is going to be heated at very high temperature degrees to produce flammable gases which can be used to rotate the turbine and produce electricity. According to the California Energy Commission web site, California produces about 60 million tons of biomass every year, which means around 2000 megawatt of electrical power. In fact, this power is enough to market and could supply about two million homes.
Although biomass energy has been used many years ago, some countries still use it as a fuel in electrical power generation until now. In contrast, some countries stopped using it because of its environmental impacts. It has been said that biomass has been contributing to the environmental pollution. However, the benefits of this energy encouraged some societies to use it, for instance, "BEG (The Biomass Energy Group) has concluded that a biomass industry in Scotland has the potential to supply as much as 450 MW of electricity from the wood fuel resource while employing over 2000 people and stimulating other sectors of the Scottish economy". In addition ,EIA (The Energy Information Administration) estimation of biomass resources shows that there are 590 million wet tons (equivalent to 413 million dry tons) of biomass available in the United States on an annual basis.In fact, biomass can be used in power plants using different methods and each method has its own efficiency and productivity.
Electrical Power Generation from waste
Generating electricity in power plants using fossil fuel is the most popular method in the world. However, using biomass to generate electricity can be efficient with some regulations and limitation. There are four main types of biomass power systems: direct-fired, co-fired, gasification, and modular systems. Most of the power plants which use biomass are direct-fired systems which use the same technique of fossil-fuel fired power plants. Figure 1 shows how to use biomass as fuel in power plants. The biomass is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. This steam is introduced into a steam turbine, where it flows over a series of aerodynamic turbine blades, causing the turbine to rotate. The turbine is connected to an electric generator, thus, as the steam flow causes the turbine to rotate, the electric generator turns and electricity is produced. Biomass power boilers are typically in the 50 MW range, compared to coal-fired plants in the 150MW range. Therefore, it was suggested that in some power plants, such as, the Bay Front Station in Ashland in the United States it would beneficial to operate the units ( turbines) using coal in the peak periods and using biomass in the low load periods . However, direct combustion of wood to generate electrical power is the most advanced method at present. Also, it might be not competitive unless used in combination with other sources, such as coal and gas.
Figure 1: Using Biomass to produce electricity in power plants.
Advantages of using Biomass:
Using biomass as an alternative energy to generate electrical power has some economical benefits. Moreover, it can be a useful source for energy in the small societies or small industrial areas. In contrast, even developed countries can use this source to compensate for the lack of the other sources, such as, oil, gas or coal. One of the most important advantages of biomass is its cheap prices; also it is a readily available source of energy. In addition, it is a continuous and long term source, it can be found easily, any time and almost anywhere. One more advantage for biomass power plants is helping to reduce the unemployment in various countries, Shiona Baird, MSP, the Scottish Green Party's energy spokeswoman, said to The Scotsman: "The new power station, and the considerable number of jobs that it will create, is good news". This contribution by establishing a biomass power plant at Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire in Scotland it will support the economy in the UK and will help the government in its fight against unemployment.
Disadvantages of using Biomass
Like any renewable source, biomass has some disadvantages for using it to generate electrical power. Does biomass affect the environment? This question has been asked many times. In fact, many people are concerned about the contribution of biomass in the global warming because the combustion of biomass will produce carbon into the air. However, this point of view could be wrong if you understand the biomass cycle. Although biomass can be found anywhere in the world, some places like desert areas in the middle east such as Saudi Arabia, possibly will face difficulties to get enough plant and trees to be used as a biomass source. As a result, the transportation of the plant and tress to theses areas will be costly and using biomass in this case will be worthless.
Figure 2: Carbon cycle.
Conclusions:
To sum up, this essay has shown that using biomass in industry and specifically in power plants to produce electrical power, would help many people to find jobs and could help the governments to diminish the unemployment rates. Moreover, every year, countries spend billions of dollars to sell oil or gas for generating electricity, for this reason, it will be more economical and useful if biomass has been used. In the electricity markets it can be said: energy is money. And by using biomass this saying can be verified. Moreover, biomass can be used in different methods which mean more flexibility. Although the power plants which use biomass will produce less power than that power plant which uses fossil fuel, still using small biomass units in the villages and small towns would be more economical than using normal fossil units.
References :
1. Black, Wood-fuelled power station to be UK's first, The Scotsman,
http://thescotsman.scotsman.com (_ August ____)
2. Haq, Z, The Energy Information Administration, Biomass for Electricity
Generationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biomass
3. Morris, G. The Value of the Benefits of U.S. Biomass Power, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
4. Overend, R.P. Production of Electricity from Biomass Crops – US
Perspective. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
5. Slesser, M & Lewis, Biomass as a Nonfossil Fuel Source, A Halsted
Press Book.
6. Promoting and Accelerating the Market Penetration of Biomass
Technology in Scotland, Scottish Executive
www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/.pdf
7. Biomass, Energy matters
http://library.thinkquest.org/types/biomass
8. Biomass Energy, Energy Quest
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter.html
9.Figure1:BBCwebsite
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/sci/tech/.stm. 10.Figure2:http://www.ucsusa.org/cleanenergy/renewable_energy_basics/offmenhow-biomass-energy-works.html
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