水壓機(jī)專用機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)
水壓機(jī)專用機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì),水壓機(jī),專用,機(jī)械手,設(shè)計(jì)
沈陽理工大學(xué)應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
摘 要
射性和其他有毒、有污染環(huán)境條件上進(jìn)行操作。更顯其優(yōu)越性,有著廣闊的發(fā)展前途。在中國(guó)工業(yè)韌帶發(fā)展中,很多高生產(chǎn)率高精度的機(jī)械加工設(shè)備從國(guó)外引進(jìn),比如數(shù)控車床和銑床等,還有把幾種機(jī)床的功能集中在一起的加工中心等??傊@類 CNC機(jī)床大大的提高了工作速度,產(chǎn)品的加工精度,降低了工作的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,所以大受歡迎。但是這類設(shè)備引進(jìn)費(fèi)用也是相當(dāng)?shù)陌嘿F,所以國(guó)內(nèi)很多企業(yè)的技術(shù)人員在原先的舊機(jī)床上進(jìn)行改進(jìn),來達(dá)到提高生產(chǎn)率和降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)自動(dòng)化,這類改進(jìn)同樣也大受歡迎。
我由引想到為普通機(jī)床配套設(shè)計(jì)一套上料機(jī)械手,來起到減少上料的時(shí)間,減輕工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的目的。機(jī)械手是一種模仿人體上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器,它能按照預(yù)定要求輸送工種或握持工具進(jìn)行操作的自動(dòng)化技術(shù)設(shè)備,對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化,推動(dòng)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展起著重要作用。因而具有強(qiáng)大的生命力,受到人們的廣泛重視和歡迎。
工業(yè)機(jī)械手可以代替人手的繁重勞動(dòng),顯著減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高 勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和自動(dòng)化水平。工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的笨重工件的搬運(yùn)和長(zhǎng)期頻繁,單調(diào)的操作,如果沒有機(jī)械手那么工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度是很高的,有時(shí)候還要用行車員工件,生產(chǎn)速度大大延緩,這種情況采用機(jī)械手是很有效的。此外,它能在高溫、低溫、深水、宇宙、反
關(guān)鍵詞:加工工藝;機(jī)床;機(jī)械手
Ⅰ
沈陽理工大學(xué)應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
前言
工業(yè)機(jī)械手是近幾年來出現(xiàn)的一種技術(shù)裝備,它能夠仿人體上肢的某些動(dòng)作,在生產(chǎn)中代替人搬運(yùn)物體或操持工具進(jìn)行操作。因此,機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用越來越普遍,并有著廣泛的發(fā)展前途。
為了提高生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,減輕工人的勞動(dòng),并且可保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。
在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手之前,我們到工廠進(jìn)行了實(shí)地考察對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)、運(yùn)動(dòng)形式進(jìn)行研究和分析。回校之后,通過查找有關(guān)資料進(jìn)行機(jī)械手的初步設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算。
通過這次設(shè)計(jì),培養(yǎng)了我們綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)掌握了工程設(shè)計(jì)的一般程序,建立了正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想,使我們學(xué)到了許多在課堂上沒有學(xué)到的知識(shí),為我們將來的工作奠定了一定的基礎(chǔ)。
在設(shè)計(jì)過程中得到了老師的指導(dǎo)和幫助,在此向您表示感謝。
由于我們的能力有限,在計(jì)算和結(jié)構(gòu)中難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,真誠(chéng)期待各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和各位老師給予批評(píng)指正。
1. 機(jī)械部分
1-1 確定機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)及擬定工作原理圖
一、設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)
1、130,152大炮藥筒壓底工序上,下料機(jī)械手完成頂料、抓料、提開、轉(zhuǎn)腕、下降、放料。
2、手臂行程分為兩個(gè)行程:提開和放料:1000mm
3、傳動(dòng)方式:液壓傳動(dòng)
4、抓持工件的重量:130、16.15kg ;152、12.48kg
二、傳動(dòng)方案的確定
1、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的確定:
該機(jī)械手采用的是液壓傳動(dòng),它與氣壓傳動(dòng)相比,能夠有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn):
1) 能得到較大的輸出力和力矩。
2) 液壓傳動(dòng)滯后現(xiàn)象小,反映較靈敏,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),由于氣壓傳動(dòng)能得到較高的速度,但空氣粘性比油液低,傳動(dòng)中沖擊較大,不利于精確定位。
3) 輸出力和運(yùn)動(dòng)速度控制比較容易,輸出力和運(yùn)動(dòng)速度在一定的油缸尺寸下,主要決定于油液的壓力和流量,通過調(diào)節(jié)相應(yīng)的壓力和流量,能比較方便地控制輸出功率。
4)可達(dá)到較高的定位精度,抓重較輕時(shí),采用適宜的緩沖措施和定位方式,但系統(tǒng)的泄漏難以避免,影響工作效率和系統(tǒng)的工作性能。
2、運(yùn)動(dòng)路線的確定
根據(jù)其工作循環(huán),確定運(yùn)動(dòng)路線
傳料——下降——抓料——上升——轉(zhuǎn)腕——下降——松指——上升——直腕
三、機(jī)械手的基本參數(shù)
1) 抓重:根據(jù)任務(wù)所給質(zhì)量,抓料的質(zhì)量為16.15kg、12.47kg兩種工件。
2) 自由度數(shù)為兩個(gè),手臂的豎直方向向上的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),腕部回轉(zhuǎn)油缸的擺動(dòng)。
3) 工作時(shí)間:任務(wù)是要求機(jī)械手在一分鐘內(nèi)完成兩個(gè)工作循環(huán),根據(jù)其循環(huán)時(shí)間可分配如下:
手臂上升時(shí)間:5秒
手臂下降時(shí)間:4秒
轉(zhuǎn)腕時(shí)間:3秒
抓料時(shí)間:2秒
放料時(shí)間:1秒
4)定位精確:機(jī)械手的定位精度是由加工工藝要求決定的,三抓定位精度高,根據(jù)本身的結(jié)構(gòu),抓重工作速度以及驅(qū)動(dòng)方式和緩沖定位方式來確定。本機(jī)械手的定位精度為±1mm。
四、機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)任務(wù)書的要求和工作地的要求,升降系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)成雙作用單桿活塞式油缸,它完成工件的放料任務(wù)。考慮它的體積要求和轉(zhuǎn)矩要求,采用雙葉片回轉(zhuǎn)油缸,手部采用雙作用單桿式油缸,由滑塊來確定手部的夾緊位置。腕部回轉(zhuǎn)45°,采用單導(dǎo)向結(jié)構(gòu)。
1-2 夾緊油缸的設(shè)計(jì)
一.夾緊油缸的設(shè)計(jì)
1、夾緊缸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)選擇
采用滑頭結(jié)構(gòu),這種形式結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、可靠,并在夾緊工作后能自鎖。
2、手指選擇
根據(jù)工作形狀結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝要求,采用三指式結(jié)構(gòu),這樣在轉(zhuǎn)腕時(shí)比較平穩(wěn),三指式120°,對(duì)稱分布。
3、三指夾緊力的計(jì)算
在手指好工件接觸處安裝橡膠,加橡膠墊的目的是使其夾緊可靠,避免碰傷工件表面。
工件夾緊力的計(jì)算:
銅和橡膠的摩擦系數(shù) =0.2 (查手冊(cè))
工件的重力: =16.15×10=161.5()
3 =
==269()
由于,故
夾緊力傳給滑塊,滑塊通過活塞桿的斜塊,將滑塊的壓力分解為兩個(gè)方向,一個(gè)是對(duì)斜塊的壓力,一個(gè)是摩擦力,由受力分析如圖示:
圖1.1
理論驅(qū)動(dòng)力:p`
f為鋼與鋼的摩擦系數(shù),取f=0.15
故
實(shí)際驅(qū)動(dòng)力P
安全系數(shù),1.5~2 ——0.85~0.9
所以
4.夾緊缸的計(jì)算:
1﹚指部夾緊缸的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式是直線王府運(yùn)動(dòng),常選用單桿活塞油缸。
2﹚液壓缸尺寸的確定
缸的推力:
取工作壓力:
液壓缸活塞有效工作體積:
3)無桿腔:
4)活塞桿直徑的確定
根據(jù)上式和速度比Φ確定
由于抓料時(shí)間與放料行程相等,所以時(shí)間比等于速度比,即
:放料所需的速度
:抓料所需的速度
由《工業(yè)機(jī)械手冊(cè)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,差得
活塞桿直徑的驗(yàn)算:
故安全
5.實(shí)際液壓的計(jì)算:
缸的推力:
實(shí)際壓力:
6.夾緊缸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
1)液壓缸的密封均采用O型密封圈密封。
2)活塞桿結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。
圖1.2
材料:選45鋼
密封圈外徑:D=100mm
溝槽寬度:B=6.4±0.2mm
往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離:H=5.4mm
溝槽外徑:D`=100mm 溝槽內(nèi)徑d`=100mm
內(nèi)因角半徑R=0.4mm 外因角半徑r=0.2mm
不同軸度E≤0.1mm
7.頂料桿設(shè)計(jì)
1)材料選35鋼
2)桿長(zhǎng)的計(jì)算,腕部回轉(zhuǎn)45o,根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)形式來確定其長(zhǎng)度.
圖1.3
o為回轉(zhuǎn)缸中心;A為夾緊缸的中心;B為頂料桿的接點(diǎn);C為頂料桿的位置。
由結(jié)構(gòu)可知 AB=95mm OB=198mm OC=630mm
則:
即:頂料桿與豎直方向的角度為
1-3腕部的計(jì)算
1、腕部總重力
腕部選用回轉(zhuǎn)桿,材料查手冊(cè)《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》上冊(cè),第一分冊(cè)第二版,比重選鋼對(duì)鋼
1)手指按矩形:a=20,b=3.5 c=3.5
有三個(gè)手指
2)鉤耳:a=5.4cm b=1.4cm c=7.7cm
有六個(gè)鉤耳
3)氣抓體:
4) 抓料缸體:
5)手部缸重:m5=m2+m3+m4=2.7+11.17+21.42=35.29(kg)
6)工件重:m6=16.15(kg)
7)緊固板:
8)回轉(zhuǎn)缸所能達(dá)到的總質(zhì)量:m=m1+m5+m6+m7=63kg
總重力:
2、回轉(zhuǎn)缸的轉(zhuǎn)矩驗(yàn)算
圖1.4
設(shè)回轉(zhuǎn)缸驅(qū)動(dòng)中心為其幾何中心
S1:連板重心到回轉(zhuǎn)軸的距離
S1=7mm
S2:手部缸的重心到回轉(zhuǎn)軸距離
S2=70mm
S3:手指重心到回轉(zhuǎn)軸的距離
S3=180mm
S4:工件重心到回轉(zhuǎn)軸距離
S4=800mm
Sx:回轉(zhuǎn)缸所能達(dá)到的重心
由圖可知:
3、驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩的計(jì)算
M=163.8
4、回轉(zhuǎn)缸內(nèi)徑的計(jì)算
P1:回轉(zhuǎn)油缸的工作壓力 p1=20×105Pa
d:輸出軸與動(dòng)片聯(lián)接處的直徑,初設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)可按
選取,根據(jù)《工業(yè)機(jī)械手冊(cè)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社查得
驗(yàn)算轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)缸的轉(zhuǎn)矩:
查《工業(yè)機(jī)械手冊(cè)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社 P99 3-13
5、回轉(zhuǎn)缸的壁厚可根據(jù)腕部結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝性選取
6、選用的軸承
由于此軸主要承受的是徑向載荷,也承受一定的軸向載荷,故選用單列向心球軸承,由于結(jié)構(gòu)的限制采用超輕窄系列的軸承,軸承型號(hào)7000110
7、回轉(zhuǎn)油缸密封形式的確定
回轉(zhuǎn)油缸的動(dòng)片和靜片均采用截石形狀為O型的矩形密封圈,由于雙向受壓力故加雙向牛皮檔圈,其作用:是防止高壓油液將O型密封圈擠入配合間隙,以保證密封性,并延長(zhǎng)密封圈的使用壽命。
8、回轉(zhuǎn)缸螺栓的驗(yàn)算
引自《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社編。
1)螺栓受力分析:
此螺栓受軸向載荷,載荷作用線與螺栓軸線平行,其合力通過螺栓組的形心,螺栓組受的軸向載荷,查《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社編。
每個(gè)螺栓受的軸向載荷為:
2)求螺栓工作時(shí)總拉伸載荷
3)校核螺栓的許用應(yīng)力
螺栓材料:選45鋼
由《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》國(guó)防版查3.1-5.3取,設(shè)裝配時(shí)可控制預(yù)緊力,按表3.1-53暫取安全系數(shù)SP=2,引自表3.5-56得螺栓的許用應(yīng)力為:
4)確定螺栓直徑
由表3.1-47得:
設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)選用M8的螺栓。
9、花鍵的強(qiáng)度校核
引自《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社
工作面的擠壓或磨損
靜聯(lián)接:
式中:T——轉(zhuǎn)矩N·mm T=163800N·mm
——各齒間載荷分面均勻系數(shù)通常取=0.7~0.8
取=0.8
Z——齒數(shù) 取Z=8
h——齒的工作高度
c~c=0.25倒角尺寸
L——齒的工作長(zhǎng)度 L=28mm
1-4手臂缸的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算
1、手臂缸內(nèi)徑的確定
查《工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社
取D=80mm
活塞的有效工作面積
2、油缸的壁厚
D—缸筒內(nèi)徑
[]—油缸材料的許用應(yīng)力[]=(1000~1100)×105P
校核:[]=
只有在(4000~4400)×105之間,才滿足條件,為4000×105滿足條件。
3、活塞桿的計(jì)算及驗(yàn)算
活塞桿的尺寸要滿足活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)的要求和強(qiáng)度要求,對(duì)于桿長(zhǎng)若要大于15d,則活塞桿還必須考慮是否具有足夠的穩(wěn)定性(即具有保持其軸線不會(huì)因工作時(shí)所受軸向壓力而彎曲的能力)。
1)按強(qiáng)度條件決定活塞桿d
=
式中:P-活塞桿上所受的總機(jī)橫載荷,為1296.5N
d-活塞桿直徑,為40mm
由于
大柔度桿或稱為細(xì)長(zhǎng)桿的臨界力Pk
當(dāng)
—活塞桿的計(jì)算柔度。
i—活塞桿的橫截面的慣性半徑
l—活塞桿的計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度
h—長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算系數(shù)
i=
—特定柔度值
=
E—活塞桿材料的彈性模量 E=2.1×1011Pa
—活塞桿材料的比例極限
由于=
>
hk—安全系數(shù),取為2
P—軸向壓力 P為1297N
4、缸蓋的設(shè)計(jì)
1)缸蓋的材料選用ZG35,根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)可能性參考《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》冶金工業(yè)出版表3-1-56設(shè)計(jì)的上、下蓋由法蘭聯(lián)接,下蓋的結(jié)構(gòu)有緩沖裝置。
2)密封的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)均采用O型密封圈密封
O型密封圈具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,密封性良好,動(dòng)磨擦阻力小,溝槽尺寸小,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,制造容易,成本低,安裝方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因此,O型密封圈應(yīng)用較廣泛。
按化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》
表6-134,6-136,6-137查得
80處的靜密封為:
斷面的直徑:
溝槽寬度:
運(yùn)動(dòng)的距離:
溝槽外徑:D1=80mm
溝槽內(nèi)徑:
P2=0.3mm
r=0.1mm
不同軸度:
B=3.9+0.15mm
H=3.3mm
D1=d2+2H=46.6mm
d1=40mm
P2=0.3mm
r=0.1mm
E≤0.07mm
5、活塞的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
1)活塞材料選用45號(hào)鋼
2)長(zhǎng)度由冶金工業(yè)出版社編《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》表31-43查得l=60mm
3)在活塞上開密封槽尺寸,化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》表6-134,6-136查得
80處的動(dòng)密封:
6、油缸端蓋的連接方式及強(qiáng)度計(jì)算
油缸材料為45鋼
它的端蓋聯(lián)接方式用法蘭連接
優(yōu)點(diǎn):容易加工和裝卸
缺點(diǎn):外徑和重量較大
1)缸蓋螺釘?shù)挠?jì)算:
當(dāng)缸體與缸蓋用法蘭連接時(shí),螺釘除了應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度之外還要保證聯(lián)接的緊密性。
查《工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》天津科學(xué) 出版社。
取缸蓋螺釘間的距離。
t=150mm
h—安全系數(shù) 取h為1.2~2.5
在這種聯(lián)接中,每個(gè)螺釘在危險(xiǎn)部石上承受的拉力,是工作載荷與剩余鎖緊為之和。
P—缸蓋受的合成液壓力
—剩余鎖緊力
取螺釘直徑d1=10mm
7、液壓缸的放置及固定形式
根據(jù)工作情況,豎直放置,其固定形式為外,法蘭安裝與導(dǎo)向板聯(lián)接。
8、手臂下蓋世太保緩沖裝置的設(shè)計(jì)
運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的全部機(jī)械能E的計(jì)弱。
E=E液+E磨+E動(dòng)+E+靜
式中:P1—活塞的工作壓力取8×105Pa
F—活塞的有效工作面積
F=
L—緩沖行程
L=300mm=0.3m
2)在緩沖過程中所具有的磨擦能:E磨
由于E磨很小,可以忽略不計(jì)
3)參與運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件所具有的動(dòng)能:E動(dòng)
V—運(yùn)動(dòng)部件在緩沖下行時(shí),所具有的速度為10m/s
G—參與運(yùn)動(dòng)的重量,為1297N
g—重力加速度 為10m/s2
4)當(dāng)油缸為非水平位置安裝時(shí),作升降運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件所具有的重力勢(shì)能:E重
當(dāng)油缸在水平方向安置時(shí) E重=o
9、節(jié)流孔直徑的確定
式中:E—緩沖開始時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)部件所具有的全部機(jī)械能為7262.8N·m
L—緩沖行程,有時(shí)即為緩沖柱塞長(zhǎng)度為0.3m
F—緩沖柱塞的活塞有效面積
f為調(diào)恒節(jié)流時(shí)C取固定的2~3倍。
取節(jié)流孔直徑d=10mm
10、導(dǎo)向套的設(shè)計(jì)
導(dǎo)向套的選取主要是根據(jù)軸的直徑以及所設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)來選取的。
導(dǎo)向套的配合長(zhǎng)度一般選取直徑的1.5倍。
引自《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》上冊(cè),第二分冊(cè),化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社。
11、回轉(zhuǎn)缸軸的確定
1)軸進(jìn)行校核
軸的材料選用45鋼,經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)化處理。
(1)軸疲勞強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算
扭矩:
合成彎矩:
軸的直徑:
抗彎截面的系數(shù):
扭轉(zhuǎn)截面系數(shù):
彎曲應(yīng)力幅:
彎曲平均應(yīng)力:
圖1.5
圖1.6
彎曲扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞強(qiáng)度:
彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)等效系數(shù):
絕對(duì)尺寸:
表面質(zhì)量系數(shù):
彎曲時(shí)有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù):
扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù):K2
只考慮彎曲作用時(shí)的安全系數(shù):
只考慮扭矩作用時(shí)的安全系數(shù)Za
扭轉(zhuǎn)平均應(yīng)力
安全系數(shù):
安全系數(shù)Sp=1.5查《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》國(guó)防出版社出版
由于 S1>Sp 故滿足要求,安全
S2>Sp
(2)軸靜強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算
bs=360MPa
扭轉(zhuǎn)屈服強(qiáng)度極限Zs:
Zs=208.8MPa
抗彎截面系數(shù)W:
W1=34300mm3
W2=9940mm3
扭轉(zhuǎn)截面系數(shù)Wp:
Wp1=60642.4mm3
Wp2=19800mm3
最大瞬時(shí)彎矩:
Mmax=2M=2×38900=77800N·mm
最大瞬時(shí)扭矩:
Tmax=T=8190N·mm
只考慮彎曲時(shí)安全系數(shù)
只考慮扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)安全系數(shù)
查手冊(cè) Sp=1.4
故:滿足要求
靜強(qiáng)度足夠
2.電器部分
2-1機(jī)械手電器部分的設(shè)計(jì)概述
一、本設(shè)計(jì)的目的及意義
工業(yè)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作過程控制系統(tǒng)按照預(yù)先整定好的程序來運(yùn)行。檢查元件及電子驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置,克服了在設(shè)備上受到限位開關(guān),體積大,有觸電磨損,壽命的不足。
二、設(shè)計(jì)要求
1、有工件啟動(dòng),機(jī)械手按工藝要求,順序完成各項(xiàng)工作,無工件停止。
2、本電氣控制裝置要能保證使用壽命長(zhǎng),無觸電磨損,可靠性好,維修方便。
3、外加電源電壓200v
三、總體方案論證
實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械手自動(dòng)電子控制系統(tǒng)主要有四種方式:
1、數(shù)字電子技術(shù)
2、工業(yè)控制計(jì)示機(jī)
3、繼電器
4、可編程序控制器
數(shù)字電路復(fù)雜,成本低,可以設(shè)計(jì)出數(shù)字控制裝置但是可靠性差。
工業(yè)計(jì)示機(jī)快速,實(shí)時(shí)性強(qiáng),但人員技術(shù)水平要求高,應(yīng)具有一定的專業(yè)知識(shí),在整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)上不能適應(yīng)惡劣工作環(huán)境,不如可編程易于推廣。
繼電器控制系統(tǒng)是針對(duì)一定生產(chǎn)機(jī)械,固定的生產(chǎn)工藝而設(shè)計(jì)的,采用硬接電線安裝而成,只能完成既定的邏輯控制,定時(shí),計(jì)數(shù)等功能,即只能進(jìn)行開關(guān)量的控制,一旦改變生菜工藝過過程,繼電器控制系統(tǒng)必須重新配線,因而適應(yīng)性很差,且體積龐大,安裝維修均不方便。
可編程序只要改變程序,就可適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)工藝過程的改變,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),即可以進(jìn)行開關(guān)量控制又可進(jìn)行模擬量控制。
可編程序控制器體積小,重量輕,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,開發(fā)期短,安裝和維修工作量少,有自動(dòng)診斷功能,可靠性高。
綜上比較,本機(jī)械手采用可編程序控制器來實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)控制。
2-2 傳感器的選擇
一、 傳感器的作用是將有無工件的情況轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào),將機(jī)械手到位與否裝換成電信號(hào)。
該液壓機(jī)械手的位置檢測(cè)傳感器有霍爾傳感器,自感傳感器,渦流傳感器,電位傳感器多種,它們各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),比較如下:
霍爾傳感器是一種磁敏傳感器,具有使用壽命長(zhǎng),無觸電磨損,無火花干擾,無轉(zhuǎn)換抖動(dòng),工作效率高,溫度特性好,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,體積小,輸出電動(dòng)勢(shì)的變化范圍大等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
自感傳感器簡(jiǎn)單可靠,輸出功率大的優(yōu)點(diǎn),缺點(diǎn)是輸出量于電源頻率有密切關(guān)系,要求有一個(gè)頻率穩(wěn)定的電源。
渦流傳感器測(cè)量的線性范圍大,靈敏度高,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,抗干擾能力強(qiáng),但電測(cè)量位移的范圍較小,不適于機(jī)械手位移檢測(cè)。
電位傳感器測(cè)量結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,價(jià)格便宜,有一定可靠性,輸出功率較大,但其粘度不夠。
綜上比較,選擇霍爾傳感器。
二、霍爾傳感器電路圖及工作原理。
圖2.1
圖2.2
工作原理:當(dāng)外加磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度B上升到導(dǎo)通點(diǎn)Bop時(shí),霍爾開關(guān)輸出由高降到低,當(dāng)B由大到小降至Brp時(shí),霍爾開關(guān)輸出由低到高,霍爾位檢開關(guān)正是利用這一轉(zhuǎn)移特性,機(jī)械手適當(dāng)位置固定是一塊磁鋼,當(dāng)磁鋼和霍爾開關(guān)相靠近時(shí),磁路導(dǎo)通,輸出為低電平,當(dāng)磁鋼和霍爾相遠(yuǎn)離時(shí)磁路斷開,輸出為高電平。
2-3 放射式紅外檢測(cè)開關(guān)
圖2.3
工作原理:
無元件——光路通——T1導(dǎo)通——T2導(dǎo)通——V0為低電平——有工件——光路斷——T1截止——T2截止——V0為高電平。
2—4 根據(jù)工藝過程分析控制要求
機(jī)械手的全部動(dòng)作由液壓缸驅(qū)動(dòng),而液壓缸又由相應(yīng)的電磁閥控制,其中,上升/下降和直腕/轉(zhuǎn)腕分別由雙線圈兩位電磁閥控制,通電上升,斷電上升停止;通電下降,斷電下降停止;通電直腕,斷電直腕停止;通電轉(zhuǎn)腕,斷電轉(zhuǎn)腕停止,夾/松由單線圈兩位置電磁閥控制,通電加緊,斷電放松。
機(jī)械手直腕并準(zhǔn)備下降時(shí),為了準(zhǔn)保安全,必須在無工件時(shí)才能允許下降,也就是說上一次搬運(yùn)的工件未被搬走時(shí),機(jī)械手應(yīng)自動(dòng)停止。
機(jī)械手的工作過程:從原點(diǎn)開始,按下啟動(dòng)按鈕時(shí),下降電磁閥通電,機(jī)械手下降,下降到底時(shí),碰到下線位開關(guān),下降電磁閥斷電,下降停止;同時(shí)接通夾緊電磁閥,機(jī)械手夾緊,夾緊后,上升電磁閥斷電,上升停止;同時(shí)接通轉(zhuǎn)腕電磁閥,機(jī)械手轉(zhuǎn)腕,轉(zhuǎn)腕后,若此時(shí)工作地上無工件,則光電開關(guān)接通,下降電磁閥斷電,下降停止;同時(shí)夾緊電磁閥斷電,機(jī)械手放松。放松后,上升電磁閥通電,機(jī)械手上升,上升到頂時(shí),碰到上位開關(guān),上升電磁閥斷電,上升停止,同時(shí)接通知腕電磁閥,直腕時(shí)間停止。至此,機(jī)械手動(dòng)作完成一個(gè)周期。
為了滿足生產(chǎn)要求,機(jī)械手應(yīng)設(shè)置手動(dòng)操作方式和自動(dòng)操作方式。自動(dòng)操作方式又分為單步,單周期,連續(xù)操作方式。
手動(dòng)操作方式:就是用按鈕操作時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)械手的每一種動(dòng)作單獨(dú)進(jìn)行控制。
單步操作:每按一次啟動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手完成一步動(dòng)作后自動(dòng)停止。
單周期操作:機(jī)械手從原點(diǎn)開始,按一下啟動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手自動(dòng)完成一個(gè)周期的動(dòng)作后停止。在工作中若按一下停止按鈕,則機(jī)械手動(dòng)作停止,重新啟動(dòng)時(shí),須用手動(dòng)操作方式將機(jī)械手移回原點(diǎn),然后按一下啟動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手有重新開始單周期操作。
連續(xù)操作:機(jī)械手從原點(diǎn)開始,按下啟動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作將自動(dòng)的,連續(xù)不斷地周期性循環(huán)。
在工作中肉按下停止按鈕,則機(jī)械手動(dòng)作停止,重新啟動(dòng)時(shí)需用手動(dòng)操作方式將機(jī)械手移回原點(diǎn),然后按下啟動(dòng)按鈕機(jī)械手又開始連續(xù)操作。
在工作中按下復(fù)位按鈕,則機(jī)械手將繼續(xù)完成一個(gè)周期的動(dòng)作后回到原點(diǎn)自動(dòng)停止。
2—5確定所需的用戶輸入/輸出設(shè)備及PC的選擇
一:輸入設(shè)備——用以產(chǎn)生輸入控制信號(hào)
輸出設(shè)備——由PC得輸出信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)的執(zhí)行元件。
I/O 表
輸入信號(hào)
序號(hào)
輸入信號(hào)
序號(hào)
啟動(dòng)按鈕
X400
單步
X407
上限位開關(guān)
X401
單周期
X410
下限位開關(guān)1
X402
連續(xù)
X411
下限位開關(guān)2
X403
直腕/轉(zhuǎn)腕
X412
光電開關(guān)
X404
夾/松
X413
停止按鈕
X405
上/下
X500
手動(dòng)
X406
復(fù)位
X501
輸出信號(hào)
序號(hào)
輸出信號(hào)
序號(hào)
下降電磁閥
X430
夾緊電磁閥
X433
轉(zhuǎn)腕電磁閥
X431
直腕電磁閥
X434
上升電磁閥
X432
原點(diǎn)指示
X435
表2.1
所以PC共需14點(diǎn)輸入,6點(diǎn)輸出。
二、PC選擇
該機(jī)械手的控制為純開關(guān)控制,且所需的I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)不多,因此選擇一般的小型抵擋機(jī)即可
由于所需的I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)為14/6點(diǎn),考慮到機(jī)械手操作的工藝固定,PC的I/O點(diǎn)基本上可留余量。
綜上所訴,選擇F1-40H,其主機(jī)I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)為14/16點(diǎn)。
2—6 PC程序設(shè)計(jì)
當(dāng)作方式選擇開關(guān)置于“手動(dòng)”時(shí),輸入點(diǎn)X406接通,其輸入繼電器常閉節(jié)點(diǎn)斷開,執(zhí)行手動(dòng)操作。
在操作選擇開關(guān)置于“單步”“單周期”“連續(xù)”時(shí),其對(duì)應(yīng)的輸入X407,X410,X411接通,其輸入繼電器常閉節(jié)點(diǎn)斷開,執(zhí)行自動(dòng)操作程序。
在執(zhí)行自動(dòng)操作程序時(shí),如操作選擇開關(guān)置于連續(xù)時(shí),啟動(dòng)后輔助繼電器M200同樣接通,程序自動(dòng)循環(huán)。操作選擇開關(guān)置于“單步”時(shí),M200同樣接通,程序也可以循環(huán),但必須是每按一次啟動(dòng)按鈕執(zhí)行一步,如果操作選擇開關(guān)置于“單周期”或運(yùn)行過程中按下復(fù)位按鈕時(shí),則輔助繼電器M200復(fù)位,程序執(zhí)行完一個(gè)周期時(shí)自動(dòng)停止。
由于直腕/轉(zhuǎn)腕,上/下運(yùn)動(dòng)采用雙線圈兩位電磁閥控制,兩個(gè)線圈不能同時(shí)通電,因此在直腕/轉(zhuǎn)腕,上/下移動(dòng)的電路中設(shè)置了互鎖環(huán)節(jié).
一、步進(jìn)指令編程。
1. 步進(jìn)指令是由狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移設(shè)計(jì)梯形圖的一種步進(jìn)指令。狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移圖直觀地表示了工藝流程。因此,采用步進(jìn)指令設(shè)計(jì)梯形圖具有簡(jiǎn)單直觀地特點(diǎn),是順序控制變得容易,大大縮短了設(shè)置者的設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間。
步進(jìn)指令STL和步進(jìn)返回指令RET與狀態(tài)寄存器S配合使用,能方便地編制出步進(jìn)控制程序
圖2.4
圖2.5用狀態(tài)寄存器編程的自動(dòng)操作流程圖
機(jī)械手在原點(diǎn)時(shí),按下啟動(dòng)按鈕后,狀態(tài)S600接通,執(zhí)行第一程序,機(jī)械手完成第一步動(dòng)作以后,每完成一步,原來的狀態(tài)自動(dòng)復(fù)位,機(jī)械手完成下一步移動(dòng)。
在單周期操作方式下,狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移到最后一步后不再轉(zhuǎn)移,機(jī)械手完成最后一步動(dòng)作后自動(dòng)停止在原點(diǎn)。
在連續(xù)操作方式下,M200接通,當(dāng)機(jī)械手完成最后一步動(dòng)作后,不再轉(zhuǎn)移,機(jī)械手完成最后一步動(dòng)作后自動(dòng)停止在原點(diǎn)。
在運(yùn)行中,如按復(fù)位按鈕,則X501接通,M200復(fù)位,機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作繼續(xù)執(zhí)行完成第一個(gè)周期后,回到原點(diǎn)自動(dòng)停止。
在運(yùn)行中,如按停止按鈕后,則X405接通,狀態(tài)S600-S680全部復(fù)位,機(jī)械手動(dòng)作停止,重新啟動(dòng)時(shí)先用手動(dòng)操作將機(jī)械手移回原點(diǎn),再按啟動(dòng)按鈕,又重新開始自動(dòng)操作。
根據(jù)梯形圖,便可編出自動(dòng)操作程序:
0 LD X401
1 OUT Y435
2 LD X400
3 AND X401
4 S S600
5 STL S600
6 OUT Y430
7 LD X402
8 S S601
9 STL S601
10 S Y433 32 OUT T452
11 OUT T451 33 K3
12 K3 34 LD T452
13 LD T450 35 S S606
14 S S602 36 STL S606
15 STL S602 37 OUT Y432
16 OUT Y432 38 LD X401
17 LD X401 39 S S607
18 S S603 40 STL S607
19 STL S603 41 S Y434
20 S Y431 42 OUT T453
21 OUT T451 43 K3
22 K3 44 LD T453
23 LD T451 45 S S608
24 S S604 46 STL S608
25 STL S604 47 LOT X404
26 LD X404 48 S X434
27 OUT Y430 49 OUT T452
28 LD X403 50 K3
29 S S605 51 LD X404
30 STL S605 52 AND T452
31 STL Y434 53 AND M200
54 S S600 55 RET
56 AND
2-7 外部電源
為了保護(hù)可編程序控制器安全和負(fù)載的緊急停車,贏在可編程序控制器的外部負(fù)載供應(yīng)點(diǎn)的線路撒謊能夠裝上接觸器,用按鈕控制其接通,斷開。當(dāng)外部負(fù)載需要緊急斷開時(shí),只要按下停止按鈕就可將電源斷開,而與可編程序控制器無關(guān)
另外,電源恢復(fù)后,負(fù)載也不會(huì)馬上啟動(dòng),只有按下啟動(dòng)按鈕后才會(huì)啟動(dòng)。
總接圖線
圖2.6
結(jié) 論
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)束了,經(jīng)過這次鍛煉,我對(duì)工程機(jī)械設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)步驟和設(shè)計(jì)方法有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),加深了對(duì)理性知識(shí)的深入理解
上料用液壓機(jī)械手是一種典型的機(jī)電一體化設(shè)備,它終合了我四年來學(xué)習(xí)的多門專業(yè)課程,從某種意義上講,也是對(duì)我四年來學(xué)習(xí)效果的檢驗(yàn),所以,我始終都是抱著認(rèn)真,務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度來進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)的,在設(shè)計(jì)過程中有成功的喜悅,也有困惑不解的苦悶,在指導(dǎo)教師和同組同學(xué)的幫助下,通過大量收集資料,進(jìn)行閱讀分析,對(duì)比論證,遇到的困難都得到了解決,暗示完成了指導(dǎo)教師布置的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。并且,還額外擴(kuò)充了一些輔助功能的設(shè)計(jì)。并力爭(zhēng)做到優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu),數(shù)據(jù)選擇合理,計(jì)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確,設(shè)計(jì)先進(jìn)。但是,有待于在今后的工作中進(jìn)一步完善。
由于初次設(shè)計(jì),本人能力有限,見解不多,設(shè)計(jì)中也許存在著缺點(diǎn),甚至是錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)閱讀者給予批評(píng)指正。
致 謝
經(jīng)過半年的忙碌,本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)接近尾聲了。當(dāng)我快要完成老師下達(dá)給我的任務(wù)時(shí),我仿佛經(jīng)過一次翻山越嶺,眼前豁然開朗,在此,我要特別感謝我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)老師張老師,他給予了我太多太多的幫助,真的非常感謝張老師!
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生實(shí)踐能力的重要環(huán)節(jié),是對(duì)我們所學(xué)知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用和評(píng)定,對(duì)我們有著非常重要的意義。它也是一次鍛煉——對(duì)我們自身能力的鍛煉。增強(qiáng)了我們對(duì)所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)的了解,開闊了我們的視野,使我了解到機(jī)械這門學(xué)問是深不可測(cè)的,還有好多等待我們?nèi)W(xué)習(xí),等待我們?nèi)?chuàng)新。
我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題是《某產(chǎn)品專用上下料機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)》,對(duì)于這次設(shè)計(jì),我感觸頗深,我不僅從中學(xué)到了很多新的知識(shí),還讓我對(duì)于以前所學(xué)知識(shí)得到充分運(yùn)用,這使設(shè)計(jì)讓我收獲甚多,受益匪淺。
然而由于我的水平有限,設(shè)計(jì)中尚有許多不足,也可能有些疏漏,希望各位老師批評(píng)指教。
最后,再次感謝張老師的指導(dǎo)與幫助!
參考文獻(xiàn)
1.《機(jī)械液壓傳動(dòng)》 于啟榮主編
2.《工業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》 天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社
3.《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 編讀液壓傳動(dòng)和氣動(dòng)傳動(dòng)
4.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 石油化學(xué)出版社
5.《機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社
6.《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 上,中,下,化學(xué)工業(yè)出版設(shè)
7.《可編程學(xué)序控制及應(yīng)用》 重慶大學(xué)出版社
35
沈陽理工大學(xué)應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
目 錄
摘 要······································································································································Ⅰ
Abstract····································································································································Ⅱ
前言··········································································································································· 1
1.機(jī)械部分
1-1 確定機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)及擬定工作原理·················································································2
1-2 夾緊油缸的設(shè)計(jì)·················································································································3
一.夾緊缸的設(shè)計(jì)·················································································································3
1.夾緊缸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)············································································································3
2.手指選擇···························································································································3
3. 三指夾緊力計(jì)算················································································································3
4. 夾緊缸計(jì)算························································································································4
5. 實(shí)際液壓力的計(jì)算······ ·····································································································5
6.夾緊缸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)··············································································································5
7.頂料杯的計(jì)算 ····················································································································6
1-3腕部計(jì)算······························································································································7
1.腕部總重力··························································································································7
2.回轉(zhuǎn)油缸的轉(zhuǎn)矩驗(yàn)算··········································································································7
3.驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩的計(jì)算··················································································································8
4.回轉(zhuǎn)缸內(nèi)徑的計(jì)算··············································································································8
5回轉(zhuǎn)缸壁厚可根據(jù)腕部結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝性選擇······································································9
6.選用的軸承··························································································································9
7.回轉(zhuǎn)油缸密封形式的確定··································································································9
8.回轉(zhuǎn)缸螺栓的驗(yàn)算··············································································································9
9.花鍵的強(qiáng)度校核················································································································10
1-4手臂缸的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算·········································································································12
1.手臂缸內(nèi)徑的確定············································································································12
2.油缸的壁厚························································································································12
3.活塞桿的計(jì)算及驗(yàn)算········································································································13
4.缸蓋的設(shè)計(jì)························································································································14
5.活塞的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)················································································································15
6.油缸端蓋的連接方式及強(qiáng)度計(jì)算····················································································16
7.液壓缸的固定形式及放置································································································17
8.手臂下蓋緩沖裝置的設(shè)計(jì)································································································17
9.節(jié)流孔直徑的確定············································································································18
10.導(dǎo)向套的設(shè)計(jì)··················································································································19
11.回轉(zhuǎn)缸軸的校核··············································································································19
2.電氣部分
2-1機(jī)械手電氣部分的設(shè)計(jì)概述·····························································································24
2-2傳感器的選擇·····················································································································24
2-3放射式紅外檢測(cè)開關(guān)·········································································································26
2-4根據(jù)工藝過程分析控制要求·····························································································27
2-5確定用戶輸入/輸出設(shè)備及pc的選擇···············································································28
2-6 pc程序設(shè)計(jì)························································································································28
2-7外部電源·····························································································································32
結(jié)論··········································································································································33
致謝··········································································································································34
參考文獻(xiàn)···································································································································35
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編號(hào):2683619
類型:共享資源
大?。?span id="24d9guoke414" class="font-tahoma">548.36KB
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上傳時(shí)間:2019-11-28
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- 關(guān) 鍵 詞:
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水壓機(jī)
專用
機(jī)械手
設(shè)計(jì)
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水壓機(jī)專用機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì),水壓機(jī),專用,機(jī)械手,設(shè)計(jì)
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