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語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng),過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作， 即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|---------------- |--------------|----------,一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),,那時(shí)以前,那時(shí),現(xiàn)在,構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞（ v-ed）,1.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.,2.By nine o’clock yesterday evening he hadn’t got home.,3.--Had you known anything about our school before you came here? --Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.,4.What had your sister been before she became an actress?,二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù),1.由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定。,過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：,在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：,When I got to the station, the train had already left.,After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.,（ 1 ）狀語(yǔ)從句中,（ 2 ）賓語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：,She said that she had seen the film before.,They explained what had happened.,2. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定,一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：,（ 1 ） by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：,I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.,（ 2 ） by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：,We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.,（ 3 ） before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：,They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。,I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.,He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.,Work out the rule: If we want to talk about two past actions in a sentence, the past perfect tense is used for the (earlier, later) action.,earlier,當(dāng)我們談?wù)搩蓚€(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)， 過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般用于較早發(fā)生的那個(gè)動(dòng)作。,判斷以下哪個(gè)動(dòng)作哪個(gè)發(fā)生在前,,1.Millie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom. What happened first? Millie ran back to school. Millie left her magazine in the classroom.,2.Simon left school late because the football game had started late. What happened first? a.Simon left school late. b.The football game started late.,3.Daniel arrived out of breath --- he had gone to the wrong cinema. What happened first? a. Daniel arrived out of breath. b. Daniel went to the wrong cinema.,4.Amy had lost her purse and had to go to the police station. What happened first? a. Amy lost her purse. b. Amy went to the police station.,過(guò)去完成時(shí)典型錯(cuò)誤例析：,1.昨晚我們看了電影。 a. We had seen the film yesterday evening. b. We saw the film yesterday evening.,過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有在和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它。如果時(shí)間只是一個(gè)單純的過(guò)去時(shí)間，則句子只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。,,2．當(dāng)我到達(dá)那兒時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)放了五分鐘了。 a. The film has been on for five minutes when I got there. b. The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.,在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。它的動(dòng)作的起點(diǎn)為過(guò)去，終點(diǎn)也為過(guò)去，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作起點(diǎn)為過(guò)去，終點(diǎn)則為現(xiàn)在。,,3.到上學(xué)期末，他們已學(xué)會(huì)了五首英語(yǔ)歌曲。 a. By the end of last term, they have learned five English songs. b. By the end of last term, they had learned five English songs.,by the end of last term 意為“到上學(xué)期末為止”，顯然它是“以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為終點(diǎn)的”，故只能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。,,4.他昨天見到了Ｂill，他們已有兩年沒見面了。 a. He saw Bill yesterday. They haven’t met each other for two years. b. He saw Bill yesterday. They hadn’t met each other for two years.,“他們沒見面”是到“昨天”為止的（而不是到現(xiàn)在為止），是過(guò)去的過(guò)去，故后一個(gè)句子需使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行表達(dá)。,,５．李梅很高興，因?yàn)樗谥锌荚嚰案窳恕?a. Li Mei was very glad, because she passed the mid-term exam. b. Li Mei was very glad, because she had passed the mid-term exam.,當(dāng)我們表示某動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)發(fā)生于過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，那么這個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。句中pass the mid-term exam 的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在過(guò)去動(dòng)作was very glad 之前的，故pass 需用had passed表示。,,6.他走進(jìn)屋,打開燈,然后開始寫起來(lái)。 a. He had come into the room, turned on the light and began to write. b. He came into the room, turned on the light and began to write.,當(dāng)按順序陳述過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，我們常常使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。注意：以上幾個(gè)動(dòng)作為短暫性動(dòng)作，動(dòng)作之間幾乎沒有時(shí)間間斷。,,Homework: 1.復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、并總結(jié)出它們與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 2.完成以下練習(xí),用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空．(10’/1),1.The poor girl never saw her grandpa because he ________________ (pass away) before she was born.,2. She________ already___________ (clean) the blackboard before I entered the classroom.,had passed away,cleaned,had,句型轉(zhuǎn)換 (10’/1) He had stood up before he cleaned the window. _________ he had stood up, he cleaned the window. His father went to Beijing. He arrived home. (用before合并句子) His father______ ______ ____ Beijing before he _________ home.,After,had gone to,arrived,按要求改寫下列句子．(5’/1) Simon had finished his homework before he watched TV. 否定句： 疑問(wèn)句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：,Simon hadn’t finished his homework before he watched TV.,Had Simon finished his homework before he watched TV?,Yes, he had.,No, he hadn’t.,選擇題(10’/1) Millie_____________ some Chinese before she came to China. A. learned B. has learned C. learnt D. had learned She ___________ the first runner-up prize in a beauty contest before she __________an actress. A. have won, became B. had won, become C. had won, became D. has won, became,改錯(cuò)題(10’1) We hadn’t seen something interesting in the park before last Sunday. 2. When she woke up this morning, it stopped snowing.,anything,,had stopped,翻譯題(10’1) 1. 在我們到達(dá)電影院之前，電影已經(jīng)開始了． 2. 踢完足球之后我買了瓶果汁．,The film ________ _________ ________ we _____ to the cinema.,_________ I ________ _________ football, I _________ a bottle of juice.,had,before,got,begun,After,had,played,bought,用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空．(10’/1),1. He_______________ (turn off) the lights before he left the classroom. 2. _________ your parents _______(have) lunch when you arrived at home?,had turned off,Had,had,Good bye Thank you!,