柴油機連桿的加工工藝(論文+DWG圖紙),柴油機,連桿,加工,工藝,論文,dwg,圖紙 數(shù)控機床加工精度異常故障的診斷和處理 生產(chǎn)中經(jīng)常會遇到數(shù)控機床加工精度異常的故障。此類故障隱蔽性強，診斷難度比較大。形成這類故障的原因主要有五個方面：{1}機床進(jìn)給單位被改動或變化。{2}機床各個軸的零點偏置[NULL OFFSET]異常。{3}軸向的反向間隙[BACK LASH]異常。{4}電機運行狀態(tài)異常，即電氣及控制部分異常。{5}機械故障，如絲杠，軸承，軸聯(lián)器等部件。另外加工程序的編制，刀具的選擇及人為因素，也可能導(dǎo)致加工精度異常。 1． 系統(tǒng)參數(shù)發(fā)生變化或改動 系統(tǒng)參數(shù)主要包括機床進(jìn)給單位，零點偏置，反向間隙等。例如SIMENS，F(xiàn)ANUC 系統(tǒng)，其進(jìn)給單位有公制和英制兩種。機床修理過程中某些處理，常常影響到零點偏置和間隙的變化，故障處理完畢后應(yīng)作適時的調(diào)整和修改；另一方面，由于機械磨損嚴(yán)重或連結(jié)松動也可能造成參數(shù)實測值的變化，需要對參數(shù)做相應(yīng)的修改才能滿足機床加工精度的要求。 2． 機械故障導(dǎo)致的加工精度異常 一臺THM6350立式加工中心，采用SIMENS 840D系統(tǒng)。在加工聯(lián)桿模具過程中，忽然發(fā)現(xiàn)Z軸進(jìn)給異常，造成至少1毫米的切削誤差量（Z向過切）。調(diào)查中了解到：故障是忽然發(fā)生的。機床在點動，MDI（手動數(shù)據(jù)輸入方式）操作方式下各個軸運行正常，且回參考點正常；無任何報警提示，電氣控制部分硬故障的可能性排除。分析認(rèn)為，主要應(yīng)對以下幾個方面逐一進(jìn)行檢查。 [1]檢查機床精度異常時正在運行的加工程序段，特別是刀具長度補償，加工坐標(biāo)（G54—G59）的校對和計算。 [2]在點動方式下，反復(fù)運動Z軸，經(jīng)過視，觸，聽對其運動狀態(tài)診斷，發(fā)現(xiàn)Z向運動噪 音異常，特別是快速點動，噪音更加明顯。由此判斷，機械方面可能存在隱患。 [3]檢查機床Z軸精度。用手搖脈沖發(fā)生器移動Z軸，（將其倍率定為1X100的擋位，即每變化一步，電機進(jìn)給0.1毫米），配合百分表觀察Z軸的運動情況。在單向運動精度保持正常后作為起始點的正向運動，脈沖器每變化一步，機床Z軸運動的實際距離d=dl=d2=d3….=0.1mm，說明電機運行良好，定位精度也良好。而返回機床實際運動位移的變化上，可以分為四個階段：①機床運動距離d1>d=0.1mm(斜率大于1)；②表現(xiàn)出為d1=0.1>d2>d3(斜率小于1)；③機床機構(gòu)實際沒移動，表現(xiàn)出最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的反向間隙；④機床運動距離與脈沖器給定數(shù)值相等（斜率等于1），恢復(fù)到機床的正常運動。 無論怎樣對反向間隙（參數(shù)1851）進(jìn)行補償，其表現(xiàn)出的特征是：除了③階段能夠補償外，其他各段變化依然存在，特別是①階段嚴(yán)重影響到機床的加工精度。補償中發(fā)現(xiàn)，間隙補償越大，①階段移動的距離也越大。 分析上述檢查認(rèn)為存在幾點可能原因：一是電機有異常；二是機械方面有故障；三是絲杠存在間隙。為了進(jìn)一步診斷故障，將電機和絲杠完全脫開，分別對電機和機械部分進(jìn)行檢查。檢查結(jié)果是電機運行正常；在對機械部分診斷中發(fā)現(xiàn)，用手盤動絲杠時，返回運動初始有非常明顯的空缺感。而正常情況下，應(yīng)能感覺到軸承有序而平滑的移動。經(jīng)過拆卸檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)其軸承確實受損，且有滾珠脫落。更換后機床恢復(fù)正常。 3． 機床電氣參數(shù)未優(yōu)化電機運行異常 有一臺北京產(chǎn)的立式數(shù)控銑床，配備SIMENS840D系統(tǒng)。在加工過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)X軸精度異常。檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)X軸存在一定間隙，且電機啟動時存在不穩(wěn)定的現(xiàn)象。有手觸摸X軸電機時感覺電機抖動比較厲害，停止是抖動不明顯，尤其是點動方式下比較明顯。分析認(rèn)為，故障原因有兩點，一是絲杠反向間隙很大；二是X軸電機工作異常。利用SIMENS系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)功能，對電機進(jìn)行調(diào)試。首先對存在的間隙進(jìn)行補償；調(diào)整伺服增益參數(shù)及脈沖抑制功能參數(shù)，X軸電機的抖動消除，機床加工精度恢復(fù)正常。 4． 機床位置環(huán)異?；蚩刂七壿嫴煌? 一臺TH61140加工中心，系統(tǒng)是FANUC18I，全閉環(huán)控制方式。加工過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)該機床Y軸精度異常，精度誤差最小為0.006mm，最大為1.4mm。檢查中，機床已經(jīng)按照要求設(shè)置了G54工件坐標(biāo)系。在MDI（手動數(shù)據(jù)輸入方式）方式下，以G54坐標(biāo)系運行一段程序即“G00G90G54Y80F100；M30；”，待機床運行結(jié)束后顯示器上顯示的機械坐標(biāo)值為“-1046.605”，記錄下該數(shù)值。然后在手動方式下，將機床點動到其他任意位置，再次在MDI方式下運行上次的程序段，待機床停止后，發(fā)現(xiàn)此時機床機械坐標(biāo)數(shù)值顯示為“-1046.992”，同第一次執(zhí)行后的數(shù)值相比差了0.387mm。按照同樣的方法，將Y軸點動到不同的位置，反復(fù)執(zhí)行該程序段顯示器上顯示的數(shù)值不定。用百分表對Y軸進(jìn)行仔細(xì)檢查，發(fā)現(xiàn)機械位置實際誤差同數(shù)顯顯示出的誤差基本一致，從而認(rèn)為故障原因為Y軸重復(fù)定位誤差過大。對Y軸的反向間隙及定位精度進(jìn)行檢查，重新做補償，均無效果。因此懷疑光柵尺及系統(tǒng)參數(shù)等有問題。但為什么產(chǎn)生如此大的誤差，卻未出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的報警信息呢？進(jìn)一步檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)，次軸為垂直方向的軸，當(dāng)Y軸松開時主軸箱向下掉，造成了誤差。 對機床的PLC邏輯控制程序做了修改，即在Y軸松開時，先把Y軸使能加載，再把Y軸松開；而在夾緊時，先把軸夾緊后，再把Y軸使能去掉。調(diào)整后機床故障得以解決。 CNC machining accuracy of the abnormal fault diagnosis and treatment Production often encounter unusual precision CNC machining of the fault. Such failure concealed strong, and the diagnosis more difficult. Such a failure of the main reasons there are five areas: (1) machine tool unit to be altered or changed. (2)-axis machine tools all the 0.1 bias [NULL OFFSET] anomaly. (3) axial reverse the gap [BACK LASH] anomaly. (4) abnormal motor running, electrical and control of the anomaly. (5) mechanical failure, such as the screw, bearings, shaft and other components for the. In addition the establishment of procedures for processing, tool selection and human factors, may also lead to abnormal processing accuracy 1. System parameters change or alteration System parameters including machine feeding units, 0.1 bias, such as reverse gap. For example, SIMENS, FANUC system, feeding its metric and English units of two. Machine repair in certain treatment, often affecting 0.1 gap and offset the change, fault should be disposed of after timely adjustments and amendments on the other hand, due to mechanical wear or link may also be caused by loose parameters measured the changes , The parameters need to be revised accordingly to meet the requirements of precision machining. 2. Mechanical failure caused by abnormal processing precision THM6350 a vertical machining centers, used SIMENS 840D system. Die-processing in the process, suddenly found Z-axis feed anomaly, at least one millimeter of error of cutting (Z to the cut-off). In that survey: the fault is all of a sudden. Machine tools to move in, MDI (manual data input method) mode of operation under normal operation of the shaft, and the reference point back to normal without any warning tips, electrical control of the hard rule out the possibility of failure. Analysis, the main one by one the following aspects should be checked [1] check accuracy of abnormal machine is running at the processing procedures, the length of particular tool compensation, processing coordinates (G54-G59) the proof-reading and computing. [2] to move in the way, the Z-axis movement repeatedly, through visual, touch, listen to their campaign of state, found that the noise Z to the abnormal movement, in particular to move fast, noise more pronounced. This judgement, machinery possible hidden dangers [3] Z-axis precision machine tool inspection. Using hand-cranked generator mobile Z-axis, (its rate set at the Shift 1 X100, which is in step, the electrical feed 0.1 mm), with Bai Fenbiao observe the movement of Z-axis. In a one-way movement to maintain normal accuracy of the positive movement as a starting point, every change in pulse-step machine Z-axis movement of the actual distance d = dl = d2 = d3… .= 0.1 mm, that motor running well and also positioning accuracy Good. Back to the actual movement and displacement of the machine changes, can be divided into four stages:① machine movement distance d1> d = 0.1mm (slope greater than 1); ② show for d1 = 0.1> d2> d3 (slope less than 1); ③ machine actually did not move bodies, showing the most standard reverse gap ; ④ movement from the machine and pulse for a given numerical equivalent (slope equal to 1), return to the normal movement of the machine No matter how the reverse gap (parameters 1851) compensation to their performance characteristics: In addition to ③ stage to compensation, all of the other changes still exist, especially ① stage seriously affect the accuracy of the processing machine. Compensation found that the greater the compensation gap, ① stage of moving from the greater Analysis of the inspection that there may be a few reasons: First, motor abnormalities and the other is in a mechanical fault; three screw there is space. In order to further diagnose problems, and the screw will be fully undocked from the electrical, mechanical and electrical were part of the inspection. Inspection results of the electrical operating normally in the diagnosis of the mechanical parts that move hand-screw, to return to the initial campaign have a very clear sense of vacancy.And under normal circumstances, should be able to feel bearing orderly and smooth movement. After the demolition inspection found that it really damaged bearings, and the ball is falling. After the replacement machine back to normal 3. Machine did not optimize the electrical parameters of abnormal motor running Beijing has a capacity of vertical milling machine, equipped with SIMENS840D system. In the process, we found abnormal X-axis precision. X-axis inspection found that there are certain gaps, and the motor of instability at the start of the phenomenon. A hand touching the X-axis motor, sensory motor jitter relatively powerful, and stop dithering is not obvious, especially under way to move more obvious. Analysis of that failure for two reasons, First, screw reverse big gap and the other is abnormal X-axis electrical work. SIMENS system using the parameters of function, the motor debugging. First on the compensation gap, adjusting the servo gain parameters and pulse suppression parameters, X-axis motor to eliminate the jitter, precision machining back to normal 4. Central location of machine control logic is nothing wrong or unusual TH61140 a processing center, the system is FANUC18I, closed-loop control the whole way. In the process, found that the Y-axis precision machine tools abnormal, the smallest error for the accuracy of 0.006 mm, the largest to 1.4 mm. During the inspection, and machine tools have been set up G54 in accordance with the requirements of the workpiece coordinates. In MDI (manual data input method) mode, the G54 to coordinate procedures for running a section that is "G00G90G54Y80F100; M30;", machine tool operation to be displayed on the monitor after the end of the mechanical coordinates for the "-1046.605," a record of the numerical.Then in the manual mode, the machine will be to move to any other location, again running under way in the last MDI procedures, the question following the cessation of machine tools, machine tools found at this time numerical mechanical coordinates displayed as "-1046.992," with the first After the implementation of the numerical difference compared to the 0.387 mm. In accordance with the same methods, will move the Y-axis to a different location and repeatedly monitor the implementation of the program displayed on the numerical uncertain. Bai Fenbiao with the Y-axis to double-check and found that mechanical error with the actual location of the show was basically the same error, the reasons for that failure to repeat Y-axis positioning error too large.Y-axis on the reverse gap and positioning accuracy check and re-do of compensation, no effects. Therefore suspected grating device and system parameters such as a problem. But why have such a large error, the alarm has not been a corresponding information? ? Further inspection found that the vertical axis of the shaft, when the Y-axis release me down when the spindle out, causing the error. The PLC logic of the machine tool control program made changes, that is, in the Y-axis release, the first Y-axis can be loaded, then release the Y axis and in clamping, the first axle clamp, then Y-axis can be removed. After adjusting machine fault is resolved.