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名詞性從句,（一）名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。名詞性從句主要有四種從句結(jié)構(gòu)：以that引導(dǎo)的從句；以whether/if引導(dǎo)的從句，以特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句；以what或wh-ever等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性關(guān)系從句。此外，asif/asthough也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。具體用法見下表：,知識梳理,（二）名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞有：從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。1.從屬連詞：that(本身無意義)，whether(是否)，if(是否)。只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分。2.連接代詞：who,whom,whose,which,what,whatever,whoever等。它們除起連接作用外，還可在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語等成分。,3.連接副詞：when(＝thetimewhen什么時候，何時)，where(＝theplacewhere什么地方，何地)，how(＝thewaythat/inwhich怎樣，以……方式，如何)，why＝thereasonwhy為什么)。它們除起連接作用，還在從句中作狀語。,溫馨提示what與that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別：1.what在名詞性從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語和表語，意義上相當(dāng)于thething(s)that，引導(dǎo)主語從句時，其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)依句意而定。e.g.Whatthelecturersaidisveryvaluable.Wewonderwhathewilldonext.,2.that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，無任何意義。引導(dǎo)主語從句時，常用it作形式主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，常被省略。e.g.Thatshewillrefusetheofferseemsunlikely.Ihavefound(that)alltheticketshavebeensoldout.Itisapitythatyoumissedsuchafinetalk.,（三）主語從句1.主語從句的基本用法1)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，that起連接作用，無詞義，在從句中不作成分，一般不能省略。e.g.Thatweareinvitedtoaconcertthiseveningisgoodnewstous.＝Itisgoodnewstousthatweareinvitedtoaconcertthisevening.,2)whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可放在句首，也可放在句尾；if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句尾，前面需要it作形式主語。whether/if起連接作用，“是否”，在從句中不作成分。e.g.Whetherhewillgothereornotisnotclear.Itisdoubtfulwhether/iftheworkcanbecompleted.,3)wh類連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句：wh類連接詞包括wh類的連接代詞(who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等)和連接副詞(when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等)。what,when和wh-ever類的詞有時可不表疑問。wh類連接代詞在句中既起連接作用，又可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。wh類連接副詞在句中起連接作用，在從句中可充當(dāng)時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式狀語。,2.主語從句的單復(fù)數(shù)問題1)從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。e.g.Thathewillcomeandhelpusiscertain.Whowillgototheenergyconferenceisnotimportant.2)what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語，表示單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，則謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.Whathesaidistrue.Whatheneedsarebooks.,（四）賓語從句1.賓語從句的基本用法：1)動詞后接賓語從句的用法：e.g.Iknowthatheisfriendlyandhospitable.Gotostampsalesandbuywhateveryoucanafford.,溫馨提示doubt,doubtful與sure后名詞性從句連接詞that,whether,if的選擇。①當(dāng)doubt,doubtful用于肯定句時，后面的名詞性從句的連接詞常用whether或if；當(dāng)doubt,doubtful用于否定句或疑問句時，后面名詞性從句的連接詞用that。e.g.Idoubtwhether/ifheisathome.Wedon’tdoubtthattheycancompletethetaskaheadoftime.Itisdoubtfulwhetheritistrueornot.,②當(dāng)besure用于肯定句時，后面的賓語從句的連接詞常用that；當(dāng)besure用于否定句時，后面的賓語從句的連接詞常用whether或if。e.g.Wearesurethatheisinnocent.Theoldmandidn’tseemtobesurewhether/ifhehadmetme.,2)介詞及形容詞后接賓語從句的用法：e.g.Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.Hewasinterestedinwhateverhesawthere.Heispleasedthathehaspassedatoughtest.,溫馨提示①一般情況下介詞后只能用wh類連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。e.g.Iamsurprisedatwhathesaid.②介詞后如果接that從句，要先加上it，再加that從句，即“介詞＋it＋that...”結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g.Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.,③介詞except,but,besides及in后可接that從句。e.g.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheliveshere.④常接賓語從句的形容詞有sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied,sorry等。e.g.I’mafraidhewon’tattendourwedding.,3)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：e.g.Wearegladthatsomanyoldfriendswillattendourteaparty.Theheadmastersaidthattheschoolreportshadbeensentoff.,溫馨提示在suggest,demand,order,insist等動詞之后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣，“(should＋)動詞原形”。e.g.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)setaboutdoingtheworkatonce.,4)whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：e.g.I’lltrytofindoutwhether/ifthemachineisingoodcondition.溫馨提示①whether/if引導(dǎo)賓語從句表示“是否”的意思時，一般情況下可互換。②if引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以有否定式，而whether從句則沒有。e.g.Idon’tcareifhedoesn’tcome.,5)特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：由who,what,how,which,whose,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，可作動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。e.g.Ican’timaginehowhedidit.Weareworryingaboutwhatweshoulddonext.Iwasn’tcertainwhosehouseIwasin.,溫馨提示如果疑問詞是介詞的賓語，介詞可位于從句句首或句末。e.g.Ididn’tknowinwhichbuildingtheylived.＝Ididn’tknowwhichbuildingtheylivedin.,2.賓語從句的時態(tài)1)主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態(tài)。e.g.ShesaysthatsheworksfromMondaytoFriday.Iknowhedidn’ttellyouthathewouldcomethen.Hewilltellmewhathappenedtohimduringmyabsence.,2)主句為過去時態(tài)主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句的謂語動詞要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。e.g.Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.HeaskedmeifIwasreadingthebookRedandBlackwhenhecamein.,3)表示客觀事實(shí)或真理如果從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理，不管主句的謂語動詞是何時態(tài)，從句都要用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。e.g.Theteachersaidthattheworldismadeupofmatter.,（五）表語從句1.表語從句的基本用法1)基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋系動詞＋表語從句，常用的系動詞有be，seem，remain，look等。e.g.Myideaisthatyoushouldmakegooduseofyourtime.ItseemsthathehasbeentoAmerica.,2)asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的表語從句，系動詞通常為look，seem，sound等，從句可以用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣。e.g.Itlooksasifitis/weregoingtosnow.3)that和what引導(dǎo)的表語從句的區(qū)別：that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，起連接作用，沒有實(shí)際意義，不作句子成分；what引導(dǎo)表語從句時，既充當(dāng)連接代詞，又作句子成分。e.g.Ourplanisthatwe’llgothereonceaweek.That’swhathesaid.,4)由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句：連接副詞where，why，when等引導(dǎo)表語從句，分別在從句中作地點(diǎn)、原因、時間狀語。e.g.Thatiswherethegreatwriterusedtolive.Thatiswhyhedidn’tpasstheexam.ThatwaswhenIwasthirty.,2．表語從句需要注意的問題1)主語為名詞reason，表語從句用that而不用why引導(dǎo)。e.g.Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthemeetingwasthathefellillsuddenly.Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddrunk.,2)引導(dǎo)表語從句時，用whether，不能用if。e.g.Thequestioniswhetherhehassignedthecontract.(不能用if)3)表語從句中的虛擬語氣：如果主句的主語是名詞idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等時，則表語從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，“(should＋)動詞原形”。e.g.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)setoutatonce.Thedoctor’sadviceisthatyou(should)restmoreanddrinkmore.,4)使用連接詞時的注意事項：連接代詞和連接副詞一般都表疑問，但what,when和where等連接詞有兩種含義，一種表示疑問，一種表示陳述。表陳述時，相當(dāng)于thethingthat,thetimewhen,theplacewhere,常意為“……的人/事”、“……的時間”、“……的地點(diǎn)”等。e.g.Thisiswhereheoncelived.ThisiswhatIwanttoknow.Thatwaswhenhedidtheexperiment.,3.比較三個句式,（六）同位語從句在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句，叫同位語從句。表示名詞的內(nèi)容，加以解釋。同位語從句的基本用法：1.能接同位語從句的名詞：fact,idea,news,promise,information,message,belief,doubt,hope,opinion,possibility,thought,wish,truth,question,problem,reply,answer,report,suggestion,advice,order,warning等等。,2.that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句e.g.WewereveryexcitedatthenewsthatourChineseathleteswonmanygoldmedals.Theproblemthattheycan’tgethereearlyishardtosolve.,溫馨提示同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，但根據(jù)接同位語的名詞不同，也可由whether,when,who,how,what,why等引導(dǎo)。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thequestionwhowastoblamehasneverbeensettled.,（七）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句只用whether不用if的情況1.引導(dǎo)主語從句置于句首時：e.g.Whetherhecanfinishtheworkontimeisnotclear.2.引導(dǎo)表語從句時：e.g.Theproblemiswhetherthemeetingwillbeheld.3.引導(dǎo)同位語從句時：e.g.Ihavenoideawhetherheiswillingtohelpus.,4.引導(dǎo)賓語從句前置時：e.g.WhethertheywilljoinintheWinterCampIdon’tcare.5.作介詞賓語時：e.g.Wearen’tinterestedinwhetherhewillagreewithusornot.6.作動詞discuss的賓語時：e.g.Wearenowdiscussingwhetherweshouldgroupthesethreecompanies.,7.其后接動詞不定式時：e.g.Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?8.與ornot直接連用時，用whether，即whetherornot，如果分開時，兩者都可以，即whether/if...ornot。e.g.Idon’tcarewhetherornothehasaholiday.＝Idon’tcarewhether/ifhehasaholidayornot.,（八）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別1.同位語從句既“說明、修飾”先行詞，又“等同”于先行詞。定語從句“修飾、限制”先行詞，由“關(guān)系詞”替代先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。e.g.WearedelightedatthenewsthatwearegoingtospendoursummervacationinDalian.(同位語從句)NeitherofusshowedanyinterestinthenewsthatJohntoldusyesterday.(定語從句),2.that在從句中的作用同位語從句中that為連接詞，只起連接作用，在從句中不作成分，一般也不能省略；定語從句中的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可作主語、賓語和表語，作賓語時?？墒÷浴.g.Thenews(that)hetoldmesurprisedme.(定語從句)Thenewsthathegaveinsurprisedme.(同位語從句),3.其他引導(dǎo)詞的使用引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞除連接詞that外，還可用whether，連接代詞who，what及連接副詞when,where,how,why等；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞除that外，還有關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,as以及關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。,（九）whever和“nomatter＋wh”whever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，而nomatterwh只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。e.g.Whatever/NomatterwhatIsaid，hewouldn’tlistentome.(讓步狀語從句)Hewouldbelievewhatever/anythingthatIsaid.(賓語從句),名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句。考查要點(diǎn)主要是連接代詞和副詞的正確使用，主語、謂語的語序，雙重連接詞以及特殊句型的使用等。其考點(diǎn)主要包括：,考點(diǎn)歸納,1.名詞性從句的連接詞。如：有詞義的連接代詞who,whose,whom,what,which;連接副詞when,where,why,how;從屬連詞that,whether,if,asif;無詞義的that在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略。2.名詞性從句的語序和時態(tài)。3.it作形式主語、形式賓語的情況。如：,1)It＋be＋形容詞＋that從句2)It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句3)It＋be＋名詞＋that從句4)It＋不及物動詞(appear,happen等)＋that從句4.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣。如：1)Itis(was)＋essential(important,natural…)＋that…；2)Itis(was)suggested(demanded,wished,desired…)that…等。,5.what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。如：what＝thethingthat/anythingthat…；what＝theplacethat…；what＝thetimethat…；what＝thepersonthat…等。6.whoever,whatever,whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。重點(diǎn)考查連接詞that,what的用法；特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句；wh-ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。,從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。Thebestmomentforthefootballstarwas_____hescoredthewinninggoal.A.whereB.whenC.howD.why,B,2.“Everytimeyoueatasweet,drinkgreentea.”Thisis_____mymotherusedtotellme.A.whatB.howC.thatD.whether3.Somepeoplebelieve_____hashappenedbeforeorishappeningnowwillrepeatitselfinthefuture.A.whateverB.wheneverC.whereverD.however,A,A,4.Itisdifficultforustoimagine_____lifewaslikeforslavesintheancientworld.A.whereB.whatC.whichD.why5._____thedelayedflightwilltakeoffdependsmuchontheweather.A.WhyB.WhenC.ThatD.What,B,B,6.Ithink_____impressesmeabouthispaintingisthecoloursheuses.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who7.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbelief______youarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether,B,A,8.Ihavenoidea_____thecellphoneisn’tworking,socouldyoufixitforme?A.whatB.whyC.ifD.which9.Thelimitsofaperson’sintelligence,generallyspeaking,arefixedatbirth,but_____hereachestheselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.A.whereB.whetherC.thatD.why,B,B,10.Scientistsstudy_____humanbrainsworktomakecomputers.A.whenB.howC.thatD.whether,B,熱點(diǎn)考向1主語從句1.主要考點(diǎn):1)that引導(dǎo)主語從句時,常用it作形式主語,常見的句型:①It+be+形容詞+that從句②It+be+名詞(短語)+that從句③It+be+過去分詞(said/told/reported/decided等)+that從句④It+特殊動詞(seems/appears/happens/matters)+that從句,熱點(diǎn)預(yù)測,2)what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別:what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語、賓語、表語,而that引導(dǎo)從句,不充當(dāng)成分。e.g.Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(what引導(dǎo)主語從句,作said的賓語)ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.(that引導(dǎo)主語從句,不作任何成分,但不可省略),3)主語從句若含有“是否”意義,其引導(dǎo)詞只能用whether,不能用if。e.g.Whetherhewillbeabletocometomorrowremainsaquestion.2.突破技巧:1)掌握形式主語的句式及變化，根據(jù)句意選取合適連接詞,除that在句子中沒有意義,但不能省略外,其他連接詞均在句中有意義。2)what,that,which,whether連接主語從句的區(qū)別。,熱點(diǎn)考向2賓語從句1.主要考點(diǎn):1)動詞find,feel,think,consider,take(認(rèn)為),make,believe,guess,suppose,assume等后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語時,且賓語是從句時,需用it作形式賓語而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后置。,2)賓語從句的語序為陳述語序;主句謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時,從句謂語動詞可以用各種時態(tài);主句謂語動詞用一般過去時,從句需用過去的相應(yīng)時態(tài),但從句若表示客觀真理、規(guī)律,用一般現(xiàn)在時。e.g.Hesaidthathehadbeentothespacestation.,3)由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,要保持陳述句語序。此外,whether與if在作“是否”講時,一般可以換用,但在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if。①引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞賓語時。e.g.Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.,②從句中有or或whetherornot連用時。e.g.Iwonderwhetherornothewillcome.TellmewhetherornotIshouldinviteNick.③后接動詞不定式時。e.g.Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?,2.突破技巧:1)把握句意,選取合適的連接詞、時態(tài)、語序;2)注意whether與if的互換和區(qū)別。,熱點(diǎn)考向3表語從句1.考查內(nèi)容:1)表語從句常跟在這些系動詞后,如be,look,remain,seem等。e.g.ThatisjustwhatIwant.2)除常用的連接代詞、副詞外,asif/though,because,why等也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句。e.g.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.3)引導(dǎo)表語從句的that不能省略;if不能用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。e.g.Thereasonisthathegotuplate.,2.突破技巧:1)理解句意,把握語境,扣準(zhǔn)連接詞在句中的含義;2)掌握系動詞后的表語從句辨析that,because,if,whether。,熱點(diǎn)考向4同位語從句1.考查內(nèi)容:1)同位語從句中的名詞：在復(fù)合句中,同位語從句說明其前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容,同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)(that不能省略)?？捎糜谕徽Z從句的名詞有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。,e.g.ThenewsthattheShenzhou-Ⅹspaceshipsetoffsuccessfullyisexciting.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.,2)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：在限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞that充當(dāng)主語或賓語,有實(shí)際意義,作賓語時,可省略。同位語從句中的that是連詞,不充當(dāng)句子成分,沒有任何意義,但不可省略。e.g.Thenews(that)weheardontheradiowasnottrue.(定語從句)Thenewsthatourfootballteamwonthematchwasencouraging.(同位語從句),2.突破技巧:1)熟記同位語從句的常用名詞;2)分析句子成分,防止句式變化;3)采取“意義法”區(qū)別同位語從句與定語從句。,鞏固練習(xí),I.用正確的連接詞填空。1.—Haveyoufinishedthebook?—No,I’vereadupto________thewomancomesfrom.2.Beforegoingtothesupermarket,Imakealistof________wewillneedforthecomingweek.,where,what,3.Mysisterhas________ittakestobeadoctor.4.MrCurryrefusedtosay________hadorganizedthemeeting.However,everyoneknewitwasJim.5.Manyexpertsholdtheview________theworker’sdevelopmentiswherethekeytobetterproductionlies.6.—IpreferstayingathomealldayonSundays.—That’s________Idon’tagree.Youshouldhaveamoreactivelife.,what,who,that,where,7.Jeremyshutthedoorheavilybehindhim.Nooneknew________hewassoangry.8.—Wehaven’tdiscussedyet________wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.—Youcanputitinthesittingroom.9.________somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.10.Itneveroccurredtome________Icouldhavethebooksenttome.,why,where,What,that,II.選用括號內(nèi)合適的內(nèi)容填空。1.—Whatmakesyousoupset?—________(That,Because)Ihavelostmycellphone.2.I’msomewhattiredofworkinghere.I’vebeenwondering________(if,why)Ishouldresign.3.Theteachershavebeentryingtodo________(whatever,however)ispossibletohelpthestudentswiththeirstudies.,That,if,whatever,4.Mybrotherhadnodoubt________(that,whether)hecouldpassthedrivingtest,ashehadpracticedsomuch.5.Dennyhasn’trealized________(what,that)helpthereferencebookIgavehimcanbeoftohisstudies.6.Itisimportant________(when,that)weworkoutaplantoraiseenoughfundsfortheproject.,that,what,that,7.Inherletterwasherpromise________(that,what)shewouldbringmesomeforeignstampswhenshereturnedfromAmerica.8.Ihavenoidea________(where,how)Bobgotsuchalargesumofmoneyfrom.9.—Idon’texactlyknow________(how,whether)heiscomingthistime.—Byair,ofcourse.,that,where,how,10.—________(How,That)hemanagedtofinishthejobisofnointeresttousall.—Onthecontrary,inmyopinion,weshouldlearnfromthewaysherespondedtothechallenge.,How,