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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯
系 別： 機(jī)電信息系
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班 級(jí)：
姓 名：
學(xué) 號(hào)：
外文出處： Modern Machine Shop
附 件： 1. 原文； 2. 譯文
2013年3月
附件一：原文
Digital system in the horizontal grinder application of the status quo and development
Raymond Cooper，American
Modern industrial production ,small and large parts for the production of products of the increasing proportion of parts complexity and precision requirements rapidy increase , the traditional general machine tools has become increasingly difficult to met the requirements of modern production ,and a high-precision CNC machine tools ,high-efficiency ,the use of a manchine can complete comple type face processing characteristics ,in particular the rapid development of computer technology and the widespread use of digital systems ,digital devices from almost all major software functions to achieve ,almost to a hardware ,thereby making it more flexible processing ,functional stronger. Manufacturing competition from lower labour costs early, product cost and improve their overall efficiency and qualitiy of competition ,to meet customer demands comprehensive ,actively develop new products competitive ,will face knowledge—technical—updated products has become shorter and shorter, an increasing number of small products, and the quality ,performance requirements are higher ,Meanwhile community to environmental protection ,the growing awareness of green manufacturing .therefore advanced manufacturing technology will be quickly won the competition and survival of the enterprise ,the principal means of development .Computer information technology and manufacturing automation tas an important foundation for digital machine in the production of machine tools to share more. First digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primaril . First, digital ping finds the status quo and digital systems primarily . Horizontal grinder compared to the lathe ,milling machine ,using digital systems later ,the special requirements because of its digital sustems .In the past decade ,with the technical facility ,grinder ,the grinding wheel for repair ,automatic compensation ,automatic exchange grinding wheel ,and more workstations ,such as automatic transmission and Zhuangjia working inoperable realized,and digital technology in the horizontal grinder ,gradually spread .In recent Hanover ,Tokyo ,Chicago ,and other large domestic machine tool exhibition ,CNC grinder throughout the grinder ,for the majority of the exhibits ,such as Germany Blohm company ELB conpanies such famous grinder factories no longer proudce ordinary grinder Japanese Forces ,Japan ,the company also Hing bulk production facility-wide functional ping himself .in the development of high-grade digital ping himself while actively developing ,low digital ping himself. German production company a few years ago ELB brilliant series two Coordinates facility shaped grinder ,the vertical and horizontal axis for digital ,vertical for hydraulic control ,grinding wheel repair work platform installed in a roller diamonds ,the application of brodader ;SUPER-BRILLIANT series is one-dimensional and shaped grinder Snzuobiao facility ,the beds are manufactured using natural granite ,high geometric accuracy ,slide away from straight rolling guide ,driving without recoiling machinery ,thus ensuring a better working surface smoothness ; BRILIANT-FUTURE series of improvements to the above two products ,using artificial granite bed was produced by static pressure vertical guide ,Chixing belt transmission ,vertical and horizontal guide for pre reinforced straight rolling guide , Gunzhusigang transmission ,three-axis CNC control AC servo electrical ,measuring 0.5m 16ug image .ELB company has also developed the latest Technology grinder contemporary products ,and integration with computer and technology-based series of soft skills CAM-MASTER processing modules CAD-MASTER series and COMPACT-MASTER series grinding processing center ,a maximum of up to 24 axis control axis ,As the full implementation of modular.
Design and anufacture of dedicated grinder cycle shortened ELB company has also developed a variety of highly efficient dedicated grinder ,such as SFVG100/2 dedicated grinder ,which will tilt Motou ,continuous improvements, toease into ,processing center . British and Amrrican companies JONES&SHIPMAN A-B company developed A-B8600 digital systems for igital FORMAT5 type ping himself form the facility hydraulic control valves ,driven vertical movement can be governor, to the use of horizontal and Motou into Gunzhusigang deputy ,Electrical DC servo –driven, intermittent style grinding wheel repair ,CRT graphics simulation showed .Also be used with other types of digital systems to meet different user requirements. Currently ,the semiconductor master degrees continual incrase in the newly introduced system in the appearance of smaller ,more compact strccture functions increased distance ommuications ,remote diagnosis ,multiple plane networking etc ;Interface to the Window operating system to increase the mouse .remote operation of vehicles .Fanuc major company this year launched 18,16I,20I,21Isystem Siemens is 840D,810D,802D are tight structure type system .There are a number of manufacturers such as : Taiwan Precision CNC controls on the use of the window operating system of NC ,and NT immediate multi-processing core ,single-section procedures for processing speed 2000 pieces /s,single-section pre-1000 time to deal with a few pieces ,with Aart (pre –adaptation technologies) and the parameters of the best learing function would follow error convergence to zero ,the software process sing path filter tore duce maching process gener ate dby theac leration changes excessive me chanica lreson ance ,thereby improving surface roughness ; with the use of servo flexible ,with+, -10v analogy servo interface It also provides international standards SERCOS digital servo commu ication sinter face design Tixing tu PLC procedures ,structure expressions, functional pieces ,instructions code ,flowcharts , five grammar.
Facilitate design ,communication and maintenance; long-range communications with the computer, instant remote maintenance functions; control can be extended to a maximum axle and spindle axis 64. I/O points which can be expanded to 792/528 point, the introduction of Pentium processors, high-speed Plc processing speed to 25K.
Apart from the world famous Siemens, Fanuc digital systems, such as professional development and production of the plant has been applied to many horizontal or shaped grinding system, a number of production plants Ping finds itself actively developed application in the digital grinder system. Notably: Siemens SINUMERIK 840D of the system, the system has more than 20 roots servo axis, the coordinates for the trip control, manual data entry or imported through external computer, remote diagnosis may reduce the grinding wheel diameter change itinerary, grinding wheel repair of automatic compensation Gunzhusigang gap error compensation, Siemens 3G system is specifically for grinding and processing development, for both dialogue with the presentation devices operate in axis tilt, can also be straight and arc widely in grinding, recurring operational cycle, such as the main axis swing, and use external signal interruption implementation procedures, grinding wheel cut, grinding wheel repair, and other special functions for the preparation of a fixed cycle procedures. Not only can use its external measurement devices (switches signal), but when connected to a suitable time to first measurement and control devices directly to the ultimate size comparison.
American companies ALLEY-BRANDLY production 8400CNC digital series apply lathe, milling machine and grinder, 8400CNC up to 6 roots servo axis control, the Section 2 axle may drain, the three axis may helix spaced, six axle straight drain. 8600CNC series of coordinates to control 17, including eight in the drain axle, eight spaces control axle and one allegation that a graphic shown that the expansion of branch procedures that processing time, high-speed access procedures, cutlery life monitoring.
Japanese companies developed FANUC OG high-speed high –performance digital system, which 0-GSG applicable to horizontal grinder ,the grinding parts under different shapes ,four different methods of grinding ,a grinding wheel axle angle cycle of grinding wheel flow position after finishing compensation function .Compared to repair vehicles were repaired round noemal line direction control functional grinding wheel shape graphics and grinding parameters show that the functional ,system smallest unit set 0.116ugm, a “tight ” –type digital systems, lower prices .
There are also companies such as Germany and University jointly developed by ELB UNICON system . Japanese big cove ironworker OSP5000G-G,OSP30-NF such as self –development and shaped grinding digital print system ,the maximum control OSP5000G-G nine coordinates ,which can be linked six coordinates a 12-inch hall ,intractive programming, automatic identification of cutting factor used dikrttes imported ,into automated systems .the smallest pulse equivalent ,the mobile equivalent and testing equivalent 16ug are 0.1 m ,Ping himself also used simultaneously by the entire loop detectors.
Although there is the ping himself factory using digital Zhujichang system ,but self –development of software ,use it more suitable for horizontal and shaped grinding ,such as German company Siemens SINUMERIK 810 Jung based ,the company specialized software used by Jung Kontur programming language for a shaped grinding wheel repair, and graphics supporting operational functions. Japan sincerely companies in Fanuc digital systems hardware companies ,the OPL development language for grinding processing ,and so on .The liner electrical ,balance ,technology ,the growing due process,and greatlt enhance the efficacy of achine tools ,the application of appropriate measurement techniques for the development.
附件二：譯文
數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在平面磨床上應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
雷蒙德·庫(kù)珀 美國(guó)
現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，中、小批量零件的生產(chǎn)占產(chǎn)品數(shù)量的比例越來(lái)越高，零件的復(fù)雜性和精度要求迅速提高，傳統(tǒng)的普通機(jī)床已經(jīng)越來(lái)越難以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的要求，而數(shù)控機(jī)床具有高精度、高效率、一機(jī)多用，可以完成復(fù)雜型面加工過(guò)程的特點(diǎn)，特別是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展并廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中，數(shù)控裝置的主要功能幾乎全有軟件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，硬件幾乎能通用，從而使其更具加工柔性，功能更加強(qiáng)大。
制造業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)已從早期降低勞動(dòng)力成本、產(chǎn)品成本，提高企業(yè)整體效率和質(zhì)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，發(fā)展到全面滿足顧客要求，積極開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，將面臨知識(shí)—技術(shù)—產(chǎn)品的更新周期越來(lái)越短，產(chǎn)品批量越來(lái)越小，而對(duì)質(zhì)量、性能的要求更高，同時(shí)社會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)、綠色制造的意識(shí)不斷加強(qiáng)。因此敏捷先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)將成為企業(yè)贏得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和生存、發(fā)展的主要手段。計(jì)算機(jī)信息技術(shù)和制造自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的結(jié)合越來(lái)越緊密，作為自動(dòng)化柔性生產(chǎn)重要基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)控機(jī)床在生產(chǎn)機(jī)床中所占比例將越來(lái)越多。
數(shù)控平磨現(xiàn)狀及主要數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
平面磨床相對(duì)于機(jī)床、銑床等采用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)較晚，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的特殊要求。近 十幾年來(lái)，借助CNC技術(shù)，磨床上砂輪的連續(xù)休整，自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償，自動(dòng)交換砂輪，多工作臺(tái)，自動(dòng)傳送和裝夾工件等操作工程得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，數(shù)控技術(shù)在平面磨床上的逐步普及。在今年漢諾威、東京、芝加哥、及國(guó)內(nèi)等大型機(jī)床展覽會(huì)上，CNC磨床在整個(gè)磨床展品已占大多數(shù)，如德國(guó)BLOHM公司，ELB公司等著名磨床制造廠已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)普通磨床，日本的岡本，日興等公司也成批生產(chǎn)全功能CNC平磨，在開發(fā)高檔數(shù)控平磨的同時(shí)，積極發(fā)漢中、低檔數(shù)控平磨。
前幾年德國(guó)ELB公司生產(chǎn)的BRILLIANT系列二坐標(biāo)CNC成型磨床，其垂直和橫向?yàn)閿?shù)控軸，縱向?yàn)橐簤嚎刂疲拜喰拚捎冒惭b在工作臺(tái)上的金剛石滾輪，適用范圍較廣；SUPER-BRILLIANT系列是三坐標(biāo)CNC平面和成型磨床，床身用天然花崗巖制成，幾何精度較高，導(dǎo)軌用直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，機(jī)械驅(qū)動(dòng)無(wú)反沖，從而保證工件有較好的表面光潔度；BRILLIANT-FUTURE為以上二個(gè)系列的改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，床身用人造花崗巖制成，縱向用靜壓導(dǎo)軌，齒形帶傳動(dòng)，垂直和橫向都貴為預(yù)加荷直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng)，三軸CNC控制AC伺服電機(jī)，0.5um的測(cè)量分辨率。同時(shí)ELB公司開發(fā)了具有當(dāng)代最新技術(shù)的磨床產(chǎn)品，即以機(jī)電一體化和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的CAM-MASTER系列柔性加工單元，CAD-MASTER系列和COMPACT-MASTER系列磨削加工中心，控制軸最多可達(dá)24軸，另外由于全面推行模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，使專用磨床制造周期縮短，ELB公司還開發(fā)了多種高效專用磨床，如SFVGA100/2專用磨床，具有可傾斜磨頭，連續(xù)休整，緩進(jìn)給，斜切入磨削功能，用十一根CNC控制軸，如同一臺(tái)磨加工中心。英國(guó)JONES&SHIPMAN公司與美國(guó)A-B公司開發(fā)了A-B8600數(shù)控系統(tǒng)用于FORMAT5型數(shù)控平磨，由CNC控制液壓閥，驅(qū)動(dòng)縱向可調(diào)速運(yùn)動(dòng)，橫向與磨頭進(jìn)給用滾珠絲杠副，直流伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，間斷式砂輪修整，CRT圖形模擬顯示。同時(shí)還可以配用其他型號(hào)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，以滿足不同用戶的需求。
目前，隨著半導(dǎo)體集成度的不斷提高，新推出的系統(tǒng)在外形上越來(lái)越小，結(jié)構(gòu)上越來(lái)越緊湊，功能上增加了遠(yuǎn)程通訊，遠(yuǎn)程診斷，多機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)等等；操作界面向WINDOWS系統(tǒng)靠近，增加鼠標(biāo)，遙控器等操作件，F(xiàn)ANUC公司今年主要推出18I,16I,.20I，21I系統(tǒng)，SIEMENS是840D、810D、803D均為結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊型系統(tǒng)。還有一些廠商如：臺(tái)灣精密機(jī)械研究發(fā)展中心開發(fā)的PA800NT系列CNC控制器，就使用了WINDOWS NC操作系統(tǒng)，和NT及時(shí)多工處理核心，單節(jié)程序處理速度達(dá)2000塊/秒，單節(jié)預(yù)讀處理數(shù)可達(dá)1000塊，具有AART（預(yù)適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)）及參數(shù)最佳化學(xué)習(xí)功能，可使跟隨誤差趨近于零，軟件加工路徑濾波器可降低切削過(guò)程中，因加速度變化過(guò)大所產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械共振，從而改善表面粗超度；配用伺服靈活，具備+，- 10V類比伺服界面，同時(shí)提供國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SERCOS數(shù)字伺服通訊界面；PLC程序設(shè)計(jì)有梯形圖，結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)句、功能塊、指令碼、流程圖等五種語(yǔ)法，便于設(shè)計(jì)、溝通和維護(hù)；具有計(jì)算機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程通訊，即時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程維護(hù)功能；控制軸和主軸最多可擴(kuò)展到64軸，I/O可擴(kuò)展到792/528點(diǎn)，采用奔騰處理器，高度PLC處理速度達(dá)到25K。
世界上除有名的SIEMENS、FAUNC等數(shù)控系統(tǒng)專業(yè)廠已經(jīng)開發(fā)生產(chǎn)了許多使用于平面或成型磨削的系統(tǒng)外，一些平磨生產(chǎn)廠本身也積極開發(fā)了適用于其磨床的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。主要有：
西門子公司的SINUMERIK840D系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)具有二十多根伺服軸，坐標(biāo)連續(xù)行程控制，手動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)輸入或通過(guò)外部計(jì)算機(jī)輸入，遠(yuǎn)程診斷，可隨砂輪直徑減小而變化行程，砂輪修整量自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償，滾珠絲杠間隙誤差補(bǔ)償?shù)取?西門子3G系統(tǒng)更是轉(zhuǎn)為磨削加工而開發(fā)的，裝有用來(lái)人機(jī)對(duì)話的操作提示裝置，在軸線傾斜時(shí)，也可進(jìn)行直線和圓弧插補(bǔ)，在磨削中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的運(yùn)行循環(huán)，如主軸擺動(dòng)，用外部信號(hào)中斷執(zhí)行程序，砂輪切入，砂輪修整等專用準(zhǔn)備功能，編制固定循環(huán)程序。其不僅能使用外部測(cè)量裝置（開關(guān)信號(hào)），還能當(dāng)鏈接上一個(gè)適合的測(cè)量頭時(shí)能直接去控制裝置與最終尺寸進(jìn)行比較。
美國(guó)ALLEY-BRANDLY公司生產(chǎn)的8400CNC、8600CNC數(shù)控系列，適用于車床、銑床和磨床，其8400CNC最多可控制六根伺服軸，任2軸可進(jìn)行圓弧插補(bǔ)，任3軸可進(jìn)行螺旋線插補(bǔ)，8個(gè)位控制軸及1個(gè)主軸，具有圖形顯示，擴(kuò)展分支程序，顯示加工時(shí)間，高速程序校驗(yàn)，刀具壽命監(jiān)測(cè)等功能。
日本FANUC公司開發(fā)了OG高速高性能數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，其中O-GSG適用于平面磨床，可根據(jù)磨削零件不同形狀，有四種不同的磨削方法，具有砂輪軸角度傾斜控制功能，荒磨、粗磨、精磨、無(wú)火花磨削一整套磨削循環(huán)，砂輪滾壓修正后位置補(bǔ)償功能，修整器相對(duì)于被修整輪法線方向控制功能，修整滾輪外緣圓弧半徑補(bǔ)償功能，砂輪形狀圖形顯示功能及磨削參數(shù)顯示燈，系統(tǒng)最小設(shè)定單位0.1um ，屬“緊湊”型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，價(jià)格較低。
另外還有如德國(guó)ELB公司與大學(xué)聯(lián)合研制的UNICON系統(tǒng)。日本大隈鐵工所OSP5000G-G最多可控制9個(gè)坐標(biāo)，其中6個(gè)坐標(biāo)可聯(lián)動(dòng)，帶12英寸彩顯，人機(jī)對(duì)話編程，自動(dòng)確定切削系數(shù)，可采用軟鍵盤輸入，納入FMS系統(tǒng)，最小脈沖當(dāng)量、移動(dòng)當(dāng)量和檢測(cè)當(dāng)量均為0.1um，平磨上還采用了感應(yīng)同步器全閉環(huán)方式。
還有的平磨制造廠雖然采用數(shù)控主機(jī)廠的系統(tǒng)，但自行開發(fā)軟件，使用之更適合平面和成型磨削，如德國(guó)JUNG公司以西門子SINUMERIK810為基礎(chǔ)，采用該公司專用軟件，用JUNG KONTUR編程語(yǔ)言對(duì)砂輪進(jìn)行成型修整，并有圖形輔助操作功能。日本岡本公司在FANUC公司數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件上，開發(fā)了OPL語(yǔ)言用于磨削加工，等等。
當(dāng)今直線電機(jī)、動(dòng)平衡技術(shù)、工藝的日益發(fā)展應(yīng)有，又大大提高了機(jī)床的工效，適宜的測(cè)量技術(shù)應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)利用，增強(qiáng)機(jī)床的電器自動(dòng)化控制功能如虎添翼。
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