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2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習 語法專項突破 考點精講 第十一節(jié) 特殊句式 考點一　倒裝 1．全部倒裝 (1)表示地點、方位或時間的副詞或介詞短語，如here，there，then，up，down，in，out，away，off，in the room，on the wall等置于句首，且主語是名詞時。 At the foot of the mountain lies a village. 山腳下有一個村莊。 (2)表語置于句首，為保持句子平衡，或以示強調(diào)，或使上下文銜接需倒裝。 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.出席會議的有懷特教授、史密斯教授，還有許多其他客人。 2．部分倒裝 (1)only所修飾的詞、短語或從句位于句首作狀語時。 Only then did he realize the importance of English.只是在那時他才意識到英語的重要性。 Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有這樣我們才能學好英語。 Only when he came back did we find out the truth.只有當他回來時，我們才能查明事實真相。 【點津】　當only修飾主語時，句子不倒裝。 Only you can solve the problem. 只有你能解決這個問題。 (2)含有否定意義的副詞或短語如never，seldom，little，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，not until等位于句首時。 Never before have I seen such a moving film. 我以前從未看過這么感人的影片。 At no time should you give up studying. 在任何時候你都不應(yīng)放棄學習。 (3)so/neither/nor置于句首，表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時。 They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities. 他們喜歡擁有許多朋友，殘疾人也是如此。 I dont know who he is, and nor does she. 我不知道他是誰，她也不知道。 【點津】　so表示“是的，確實”時，重復(fù)上文，表示贊同對方的觀點時，主謂語不倒裝。 —He works very hard. 他工作很努力。 —So he does. 他確實努力。 (4)so...that中的so位于句首時。 So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. 他說話聲音這么大，樓上都聽得見。 (5)though/as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，意為“盡管”，通常把句中狀語、表語或動詞提前；若表語是名詞，其前不用冠詞。 Much as I like it, I dont want to buy it. 盡管我很喜歡它，但我不想買。 Try as he would, he might fail again. 盡管他還會嘗試，但可能還會失敗。 (6)當if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had，were或should等時，如將if省略，則要將had，were或should等移到主語之前。 Were I you, I would take his advice. 如果我是你，我會接受他的建議。 Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨，運動會就會被推遲。 考點二　強調(diào) 1．強調(diào)句型的基本形式為It is/was ＋ 被強調(diào)部分＋that/who＋ 其他成分。被強調(diào)部分可以是主語、賓語和狀語等。當強調(diào)部分為“人”時，可用that或who，其他情況下用that。 It was our English teacher that/who I met at the school gate. 我在校門口遇見的是我們的英語老師。 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. 湯姆是在公園丟了他的手表。 【點津】　要注意強調(diào)時間的句型與時間狀語從句的區(qū)別。 ①It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.我昨天半夜才回到家。 ②It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.昨天我回到家時，已是半夜了。 2．強調(diào)句型的疑問句形式 (1)一般疑問句：Is/Was it ＋ 被強調(diào)部分＋ that/who＋其他成分？ Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English? 是王教授教你們英語嗎？ (2)特殊疑問句：疑問詞＋ is/was it that ＋ 其他成分？ What is it that you want me to do? 你到底要我干什么？ 3．“not ...until...”的強調(diào)句型為“It is/was not until...that從句．”。 It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.直到第二天，我才得知事情的真相。 4．謂語動詞的強調(diào) 強調(diào)句型不能強調(diào)謂語，如果要強調(diào)謂語，需用助動詞do，does或did。 He did write to you last week. 他上周確實給你寫信了。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 過街時務(wù)必要小心。 考點三　省略 1．狀語從句的省略 (1)當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致或從句的主語為it且從句中有be動詞時，可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞。 While (I was) in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.在北京時，我游覽了長城。 Though (it was) cold, he still wore a shirt. 盡管冷，他仍穿著件襯衫。 (2)常見if的省略句有：if so，if not，if any，if ever，if necessary等。 Errors，if any, should be corrected. 如果有什么錯誤，就應(yīng)該改正。 2．不定式的省略 單獨使用動詞不定式符號to而省略to后的部分。 I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to(see the film)．我想請他看電影，但他不想去。 —Will you join us in the game? 你愿意加入我們的游戲嗎？ —Id be glad to. 我很高興能加入。 【點津】　如果不定式中含有be，have時，be和have通常保留。 —Are you a sailor? 你是水手嗎？ —No, but I used to be.不，但我曾經(jīng)是。 考點四　主謂一致 1．就近原則 (1)由or，either... or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。 Neither the teacher nor his students know how to work out the problem. 老師和他的學生們都解不出那道題。 Not only you but also I am interested in the book. 不光是你，我也喜歡這本書。 【點津】　當主語后面有with，together with，along with，as well as，rather than，but，except等連接的短語時，其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與它們前面的主語保持一致。 Tom as well as his friends is anxious to visit China.湯姆和他的朋友們都渴望訪問中國。 (2)由there，here引起的主語不止一個時，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。 There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil－box. 在文具盒內(nèi)有一支鉛筆和兩只鋼筆。 2．常見謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況 (1)由連詞連接的并列成分指的是同一概念作主語時用單數(shù)。 The worker and writer is from Wuhan. 那位工人兼作家來自武漢。 (2)當被every，each，no，many a等修飾的名詞用and連接時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 Each boy and each girl wants to look nice. 每個男孩和女孩都希望長得好看。 (3)不定式、動名詞或句子作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是一個好習慣。 What we need is more time. 我們需要的是更多的時間。 (4)主語為表示時間、距離、金錢等整體概念的名詞時用單數(shù)。 Ten miles is not a long way for me. 二十英里對我來說不算太遠。 3．常見謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 (1)由and連接的兩個并列成分表示不同的概念。 Both bread and butter are sold out. 面包和黃油都賣完了。 (2)people，police，cattle等有生命的集體名詞作主語。 The police are searching for a thief. 警察正在捉小偷。 (3)“the ＋ 形容詞”表示一類人時。 The old are taken good care of in our country. 在我們國家，老年人得到了很好的照顧。 (4)“quantities/amounts of ＋ 名詞”作主語時。 Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain. 雨水把大量的泥沙沖下山坡。 4．謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)視情況而定 (1)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞如means，works，sheep，fish，deer等作主語時，要根據(jù)具體情況而定。 Every means has been tried.＝All means have been tried.所有的方法都已經(jīng)試過了。 (2)“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)或the rest等＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要和of后的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。 Two thirds of the books are about science. 有三分之二的書是關(guān)于科學的。 Only 60% of the work was done yesterday. 昨天只干了60%的活兒。 (3)由“a kind of，many kinds of＋名詞”和“名詞＋of this kind”等，以及type，sort等構(gòu)成的同類型短語作主語時，謂語動詞與of前面的名詞保持數(shù)的一致。 This kind of animals is dangerous. ＝ Animals of this kind are dangerous. 這種動物很危險。 考點五　反意疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句和there be 結(jié)構(gòu) 1．反意疑問句的主要考點 (1)一般情況下，陳述部分肯定，反意疑問句否定，反之亦然。 He has passed the exam, hasnt he? (2)當陳述部分有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little等否定或半否定詞時，反意疑問句用肯定形式。 He could hardly walk without a stick，could he? 沒有拐杖他幾乎不能走路，是嗎？ (3)當陳述部分的主句謂語動詞為think，believe，suppose，expect等，且主句主語為第一人稱時，疑問部分的主語和時態(tài)與賓語從句的主語和時態(tài)保持一致；主句的主語為第二、三人稱時，后面的疑問句與主句的主語、謂語一致。 I dont believe he will succeed，will he? 我認為他不會成功，是嗎？ Tom doesnt believe they will succeed, does he? 湯姆不相信他們能成功，對嗎？ (4)祈使句的反意疑問句 ①肯定祈使句，＋ will/wont you? Open the door，will/wont you? 把門打開，好嗎？ ②否定祈使句，＋will you? Dont smoke in the meeting－room，will you? 不要在會議室吸煙，好嗎？ ③Lets ...，＋ shall we? Lets go for a walk，shall we? 我們?nèi)ド⒉?，好嗎? ④Let us...，＋ will/wont you? Let us go home now，will/wont you? (你)讓我們回家，好嗎？ (5)must，may，cant等表示推測時，其反意疑問句不是根據(jù)情態(tài)動詞變化，而是根據(jù)去掉情態(tài)動詞之后的實意動詞的形式而變化。 He must be in the room，isnt he? 他一定在屋里，是嗎？ He cant have seen the film, has he? 他不可能看過這部影片，是嗎？ 2．祈使句的主要考點 (1)帶主語的祈使句 ①為了加強語氣或明確表明向誰提出命令或要求，需加主語“you”。 Tom, you water the flowers. 湯姆，你去澆花。 ②祈使句的主語除了you外，還可用everybody，everyone等。 Be quiet, everyone. 大家請安靜。 (2)重要句式：“祈使句＋ and/or ＋ 陳述句”。 Work hard and youll succeed. 努力工作，你就會成功。 3．感嘆句的形式 ①What＋(a/an)＋形容詞＋名詞＋主語＋謂語！ ②How＋形容詞＋a/an＋名詞＋主語＋謂語！ ③How＋形容詞/副詞＋主語＋謂語！ What a hot day it is！多么熱的天氣呀！ How fast he runs！他跑得多么快呀！ 4．there be結(jié)構(gòu) (1)there be結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語形式 there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動詞可用seem to be，happen to be或remain，stand，lie，exist，live等轉(zhuǎn)換。 There seems to be a misunderstanding between us. 我們之間好像有些誤會。 There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.山腳下有一個小鎮(zhèn)。 (2)there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式 there be的非謂語動詞形式主要有兩種there to be和there being。 We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我們期望能對此展開更多的討論。 I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.我做夢也沒想到我會有好機會。 (對應(yīng)學生用書第272頁) Ⅰ.請改正下列句子中的錯誤，每句一處錯誤 1．Nowhere else you will find so many contented people. 2．No sooner we had got there than it became dark. 3．East of our city lie a very beautiful lake with a very moving story. 4．Not only I am interested in photography，but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills. 5．Only when the teacher came back we found out the truth. 【答案】　1.you will→will you　2.we had→had we 3．lie→lies　4.I am→am I　5.we found out→did we find out Ⅱ.補充下列反意疑問句 1．You must have watched the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games last night，________________？ 2．Please dont forget to wear your new school uniform tomorrow，________________？ 3．He said that he would e to my graduation ceremony，________________？ 4．Let us go for a picnic the day after tomorrow，________________？ 5．You used to sleep with the windows open，________________？ 【答案】　1.didnt you　2.will you　3.didnt he 4．will you　5.usednt/didnt you Ⅲ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．I got back home alone at midnight yesterday. It was ________________ got back home alone at midnight yesterday. 2．He didnt go to bed until ten oclock. It ________________________________ that he ________ to bed. 3．Unless we are asked，wed better keep silent. ________________，wed better keep silent. 4．The villagers found a great many dead fish in that lake. It was ________________________________ the villagers found a great many dead fish. 5．If you practise hard，you will deliver a successful speech next month. ________________，and you will deliver a successful speech next month. 6．The questions the students asked were quite puzzling. ________________ the questions the students asked were! 7．I didnt want to see the film，and Lin Tao didnt want to see the film，either. I didnt want to see the film，________________Lin Tao. 8．He was determined to carry out the plan，no matter what the cost was. He was determined to carry out the plan，________________________． 9．Get up early tomorrow.If you dont get up early，you will miss the first bus. Get up early tomorrow，________________，you will miss the first bus. 10．When I was walking in the street，I heard my name called again and again. ________________ in the street，I heard my name called again and again. 【答案】　1.I that/who　2.wasnt until ten oclock；went　3.Unless asked　4.in that lake that 5．Practise hard　6.How puzzling　7.neither/nor did　8.whatever that cost　9.if not　10.When walking Ⅳ.根據(jù)漢語提示，用句末括號內(nèi)的英語單詞完成句子 1．直到我們觀看了地球日的電視節(jié)目，我們才了解了大量關(guān)于全球變暖的問題。 Not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV ________________________ much about global warming.(learn) 2．他們昨天晚上一定熬夜到很晚，不是嗎？ They must have stayed up too late last night，________________？(they) 3．只有到家時他才能打開朋友送給他的禮物。 Only when he arrived at his house ________________________________________ give by his friend.(open) 4．你絕對不應(yīng)該在父母面前撒謊。 By no means ________________________________ before your parents.(tell) 5．要是你過去工作努力的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會這么焦慮了。 ________________________ hard，you would not be so anxious now.(work) 6．除非你有必要，你最好別亂用零花錢。 ________________，youd better not waste your money on other things.(necessary) 7．是他的堅持不懈和誠實吸引了我。 ________________________________________ that appeal to me.(it) 8．盡管很累，他還是繼續(xù)做手中的活。 ________________________________，he still continued doing his work at hand.(as) 9．聽說他沒有拐杖也能走路了，是嗎？ I heard that he could walk without using a stick，________________？ 10．已經(jīng)兩天沒有水了，這些游客們口渴得很厲害。 ________________________ no water for two days，and the travellers were all very thirsty.(there) 【答案】　1.did we learn　2.didnt they　3.could he open the present　4.should you tell lies　5.Had you worked 6．Unless necessary　7.Its his perseverance and honesty 8．Tired as he was　9.couldnt he　10.There had been