1附 錄 A 外文文獻(xiàn)Manual transmissionManual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizer2In synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue againControl：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power3附 錄 B 外文文獻(xiàn)的中文翻譯手動(dòng)變速器手動(dòng)變速器是汽車變速器中最基本的一種類型，其作用是改變傳動(dòng)比，并提供倒檔和空檔。通常，駕駛員通過踩離合器踏板和操縱換擋桿可以在任何檔位間進(jìn)行選擇。也有少數(shù)手動(dòng)變速器，如摩托車變速器，某些賽車變速器，只允許順序換擋，這些變速器被稱為順序換擋變速器。近年來隨著電子控制元件耐用度的改善，由電腦控制自動(dòng)切換離合器自動(dòng)換檔的自動(dòng)手排變速箱在歐洲車上也愈來愈普及，福斯汽車與福特汽車則在市售車上提供更新一代的雙離合器自動(dòng)手排，變速箱同時(shí)具有兩組離合器，每次換檔時(shí)自動(dòng)切換到另一組未使用的離合器迅速嚙合，不需如傳統(tǒng)手排變速箱得等唯一一組離合器分開后再重新嚙合，換檔速度更快，換檔震動(dòng)也更小。內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)軸傳動(dòng)軸的布置形式通常有兩軸式和三軸式兩種。通常后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車會(huì)采用三軸式變速器，即輸入軸，輸出軸和中間軸。輸入軸前端借離合器與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相聯(lián)，輸出軸后端通過凸緣與萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置相聯(lián)。輸入軸與輸出軸置于同一條水平線上，中間軸則與它們平行布置。動(dòng)力通過齒輪從輸入軸傳至中間軸再傳至輸出軸。在許多變速器中輸入軸和輸出軸能接合在一起，因此動(dòng)力不必經(jīng)過中間軸，這時(shí)的檔位稱為直接檔。直接檔通過單軸傳動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)比為1:1，具有最高的傳動(dòng)效率。即使在不能提供直接檔的變速器中，把輸入軸與輸出軸布置在一條直線上也有利于降低工作時(shí)變速器所需承受的扭矩。倒檔裝置一般來說, 倒檔的減速比都會(huì)比一檔的還大同步器在同步嚙合變速式中則有同步器的設(shè)置，可使兩個(gè)齒輪在接合前速度先達(dá)到一致，此種同步器在所有的手動(dòng)排檔汽車的變速器中都已使用離合器離合器是可以使兩個(gè)齒輪分開跟結(jié)合的一個(gè)機(jī)械部分, 兩個(gè)齒輪結(jié)合的時(shí)候可以傳輸動(dòng)力, 卻沒辦法變速, 所以要靠離合器先把兩個(gè)齒輪分開, 改換齒輪比, 再把兩個(gè)齒輪結(jié)合, 再繼續(xù)傳輸動(dòng)力操縱機(jī)構(gòu)檔位選擇4簡(jiǎn)單來說, 轉(zhuǎn)速過高的時(shí)候升檔, 轉(zhuǎn)速過低的時(shí)候降檔轉(zhuǎn)速高低每臺(tái)車不一樣與自動(dòng)變速器的比較此處的自動(dòng)變速器是指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)的液力式自動(dòng)變速器，即通過液力變矩器及行星齒輪傳遞動(dòng)力的自動(dòng)變速器。優(yōu)點(diǎn)傳輸效率比自動(dòng)變速箱為高，當(dāng)然理論上會(huì)比較省油維修保養(yǎng)上會(huì)比自動(dòng)變速箱便宜如果愿意以較高成本使用自動(dòng)手排，則可以兼顧自排的方便性及手排的高效率