裝配圖環(huán)形罩殼件落料、拉深、成形、修邊復(fù)合模設(shè)計（有cad圖）,裝配,環(huán)形,罩殼,件落料,成形,復(fù)合,設(shè)計,cad Basic Machine Tool Elements Most machine tools are constructed by using two or more components. These components , although they may have different function in such as a lathe , mill or drill press , have common characteristics Because of the demand for metal removal machines such as lathes , machining centers ,milling machines ,grinders , and the many others shown throughout this book , there has been continuous development in flexible machining centers .the mass-produced and special machine tools are constructed of basic elements . this chapter describes those elements . Important requirements for machine tool structures include rigidity, shape , operator and part accessibility , ease of chip removal , and safety . In terms of machine tool performance , static and precision . Stability of the machine structure is necessary to appreciate the breadth of modern machining methods in the manufacture of products . Structures For Cutting Machines Castings , forgings , and hot-or cold-formed shapes usually require machining .The variety of sizes , shapes , and materials calls for diversity in machining. Machine tools differ not only in the number of cutting edges they employ , but also in the way the tool and workpiece are moved in relation to each other . In some machines (vertical machining centers , drill presses , boring machines , milling machines, shapers, and grinders) the workpiece remains virtually motionless and the tool moves . in others (planers , lathes , and boring mills ) the tool is virtually fixed and the workpiece moves. But it should be pointed out that seldom are these simple elements applied without modification . The dingle-piont tool-shaping machines are the easiest to visualize , the lathe and the boring machine are kinematic inversions employing the single-point tool . the work rotates in the lathe, but the cutting toll is stationary . In the boring machine the tool rotates while the work is stationary . Although the lathe tool and the boring machine worktable are not truly stationary , this is overlooked for the moment . To feed a tool carriage past rotating work is usually more acceptable than to feed rotating work with headstock and supports past a stationary tool post . The shaper and planer use single-point cutting tool . The smaller workpiece is more efficiently machined on the shaper than on the planer . The general appearance of the machine is changed by reversing the kinematic relationship of work and tool . However , the cutting action principle is identical . With the introduction of the milling cutter by Eli Whitney in the early 1800s , the rotating tool was used only as a boring tool . But Whitney gave it a new application . The milling cutter was no longer used for cutting keyways , slitting ,sawing , slab and face milling , gear cutting , and shaping irregularly-formed pieces . Use of the rotating tool combined with traversing work . The cylindrical grinder adopts motions of the lathe and boring machine except for the substituting of rotating tools (the grinding wheel ) for single-point tools . The characteristics of these basic cutting machines are listed in Tab . Tab Cutting and Feed Movement for Conventionnal Machines Machine Cutting Movement Feed Movement Types of Operation Lathe Workpiece rotates Tool and carriage Cylindrical surface, drilling, boring , reaming Boring machine Tool rotates Table Drilling , boring, reaming ,and facing planer Table traverses Tool Flat surfaces(planning) Shaper Tool traverses Table Flat surfaces(shaping) Horizontal Milling Tool rotates Table Flat surfaces, gears, cams, drilling, boring Horizontal boring machine Tool rotates Tool traverses Flat surfaces Cylindrical grinder Tool (grinding wheel) rotates Table and /or tool Cylindrical surface(grinding) Drill press Tool rotates Tool Drilling boring facing and threading Saw Tool Table and /or piece Cut off Broaching machine Tool Tool External and internal surfaces