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第11講 引人入勝的開頭與回味無窮的結(jié)尾 一、引人入勝的開頭 開頭一般來說要做到開門見山，使讀者了解要談什么，最好能立刻吸引讀者的興趣。下面介紹幾種開頭的常見寫法： 1.書信的常用開頭法——開門見山法 (1)I’m writing to invite you to see the Chinese papercutting exhibition. 我寫信邀請(qǐng)你來看中國(guó)剪紙藝術(shù)展。(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ) (2)I am writing to tell you some good news. 我寫信告訴你一些好消息。(2017全國(guó)Ⅲ) 2.記敘文的常用開頭法 (1)故事背景法——交代人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、背景等 A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. 地球日前的一周我們學(xué)校貼了很多海報(bào)，號(hào)召我們加入到綠化地球的行動(dòng)中。(2016北京) (2)往事追憶法——回憶過去發(fā)生的某件事 I still remember how nervous I was on my first day in the new school three years ago，when I found it difficult to follow my teacher in the first English class. 我仍舊記得三年前我進(jìn)入這所學(xué)校的第一天，當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)在第一節(jié)英語課上很難跟上老師的節(jié)奏時(shí)是多么緊張。 3.說明文的常用開頭法 (1)點(diǎn)明中心法——開門見山點(diǎn)明所要介紹的事物 The mouse is a most effective device used by people to municate with a puter. 鼠標(biāo)是人們用電腦交流時(shí)使用的一種非常有效的設(shè)備。 (2)引入數(shù)據(jù)法——運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)引出所要論證的主題 A recent study shows that more than 40% of the school kids don’t have breakfast. 最近的研究表明，有超過40%的學(xué)生不吃早飯。 4.議論文的常用開頭法 (1)點(diǎn)明主題法——提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或論據(jù)作為文章要闡明或論述的主題 Years of school life has taught me a lot of things，of which teamwork is the most important for me. 多年的學(xué)校生活教會(huì)我很多東西，其中團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作對(duì)于我來說最為重要。 (2)引用名言法——摘錄或引用某些名人的名言或常見的習(xí)語、諺語作為文章的開頭 When it es to how to succeed，many people may think of the proverb “Where there is a will，there is a way.” 當(dāng)談及如何成功時(shí)，很多人或許會(huì)想起諺語“有志者，事竟成”。 (3)列舉實(shí)例法——通過一個(gè)實(shí)例或現(xiàn)象引出話題 Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in an ordinary school. 三年前我在人生的一次重要考試中失利，成為普通學(xué)校的一名學(xué)生。 5.圖畫作文的常用開頭法 描述圖畫法——描寫圖畫內(nèi)容，為下文做好鋪墊 What is illustrated in the picture is that parents expect too much from their child and try every means to encourage her to work harder.However，the daughter feels unhappy，or rather more stressed. 圖畫里描述的是父母對(duì)孩子懷有很高的期望，想盡一切辦法鼓勵(lì)她更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。然而，女兒感到傷心，更確切地說，壓力更大了。 即時(shí)訓(xùn)練1　翻譯下列經(jīng)常用作開頭的句子 1.畢業(yè)終于來到了。我和同學(xué)們決定做些事情。(2017北京) Graduationfinallycame.MyclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomething. 2.我寫信是要詳細(xì)告訴你關(guān)于我的情況。(2017天津) Iamwritingtotellyousomethingaboutmyselfindetail. 3.人們普遍認(rèn)為，吸煙對(duì)健康有害。 Itisgenerallybelievedthatsmokingdoesharmtoourhealth. 4.俗話說，“歲月不等人?！? Asayinggoeslikethat“Timeandtidewaitfornoman.” 5.每當(dāng)我看到這張照片，我就會(huì)想起我的童年。 EverytimeIseethephoto，Iwillthinkofmychildhood. 二、回味無窮的結(jié)尾 結(jié)尾有概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)中心思想、升華主題的作用。主要有以下寫法： 1.書信的常用結(jié)尾法 (1)表示感謝法 ①I’ll appreciate it if you can reply to my letter at your earliest convenience. 如果您盡早給我回信，我會(huì)非常感謝。(2017全國(guó)Ⅰ) ②I’d appreciate it if you could do me a favor. 如果你能幫助我，我將非常感激。(2016全國(guó)Ⅰ) ③I must thank you again for your generous help. 我必須對(duì)你慷慨的幫助再次表示感謝。 (2)表示期待法 ①Hope you’ll have a good time in China. 希望你在中國(guó)玩得快樂。(2017北京) ②Looking forward to your reply. 期待著您的回復(fù)。(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ) ③I hope we’ll get together again next year. 希望明年再聚。(2016天津) 2.記敘文的常用結(jié)尾法 (1)主題升華法 My experience tells me that it is not what you are given but how you make use of it that determines who you are. 我的經(jīng)歷告訴我：決定你成為什么樣的人的不是你被給予了什么，而是你怎樣利用它。 (2)問題設(shè)問法——通過問答形式總結(jié)全文 Isn’t it a pleasure to have great calm in mind while you are reading? 你在閱讀時(shí)，內(nèi)心非常平靜不是一種快樂嗎？ 3.說明文的常用結(jié)尾法 總結(jié)全文法——總結(jié)說明的事物，進(jìn)一步說明其特征 In a word，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us convenience and fort. 總之，過去20年里我們生活中的變化給我們帶來了便利和舒適。 4.議論文的常用結(jié)尾法 (1)得出結(jié)論法——結(jié)尾總結(jié)全文，得出結(jié)論 Therefore，the film industry should make greater efforts to attract more viewers. 因此，電影業(yè)應(yīng)該付出更大努力來吸引更多觀眾。(2017江蘇) (2)深化中心法——結(jié)尾進(jìn)一步深化主題 In reality，we should learn from the black pencil：not to mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done. 事實(shí)上，我們應(yīng)該向這支黑色鉛筆學(xué)習(xí)：只要我們對(duì)自己做過的事情有信心，就不要去介意別人說什么。 (3)提出建議法——結(jié)尾提出建議以及應(yīng)對(duì)措施 I think all of us should mind our behavior in public places.Only in this way can we live in more fortable and beautiful surroundings. 我認(rèn)為，我們都應(yīng)該注意自己在公共場(chǎng)合的行為。只有這樣我們才能生活在更舒服和美麗的環(huán)境中。 (4)引用名言法——結(jié)尾用名言總結(jié)全文 Anyhow，different cultures，different customs.If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”，you will enjoy more your stay here. 不管怎么說，不同的文化就有不同的習(xí)俗。如果你“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”，你就會(huì)更好地享受這里的生活。 (5)照應(yīng)開頭法——結(jié)尾對(duì)開頭進(jìn)行照應(yīng) Different ways of traveling can make people happy，but I like traveling by train most. 不同的旅行方式都能讓人愉快，但是我最喜歡乘火車旅行。 即時(shí)訓(xùn)練2　翻譯下列經(jīng)常用作結(jié)尾的句子 1.我認(rèn)為夏天一定比其他三個(gè)季節(jié)更有趣，我最喜歡夏天。(2016四川) Ithinksummeriscertainlymorefunthantheotherthreeseasons.Ilikesummerbest. 2.我知道怎樣實(shí)現(xiàn)成功。成功來自于好的計(jì)劃和更好的行動(dòng)相結(jié)合。 (2016浙江) IknowhowIachievedmysuccess.Itcamefromgoodplanningandbetterdoingbined. 3.因此，我對(duì)網(wǎng)上投票持積極態(tài)度。(2016江蘇) Therefore，Iholdapositiveattitudetowardsonlinevoting. 4.希望今年夏天在訓(xùn)練營(yíng)見到你。(2015北京) Hopetomeetyouatthetrainingcampthissummer. 綜合演練 Ⅰ.根據(jù)要求，為下面的話題寫作設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)開頭段 假設(shè)你是李華，你的學(xué)校校報(bào)新開設(shè)的欄目My Favorite Chinese Traditional Festival開展征文活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你用英語寫一篇短文并投稿。 (1)開門見山式： (2)概括式： 答案　(1)Of all the Chinese traditional festivals，I like MidAutumn Festival best./There are a lot of traditional festivals in China，of which I like MidAutumn Festival best. (2)Chinese people have been celebrating MidAutumn Festival for centuries and I like it best. Ⅱ.根據(jù)要求及首段內(nèi)容，為下面的話題設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)結(jié)尾段 假如你是李華，你有一種超能力，那么你將用它來做什么呢？ 請(qǐng)用英語寫一篇短文，說一下你的打算。 I have been dreaming of having a superpower since my childhood. (1)首尾呼應(yīng)式： (2)畫龍點(diǎn)睛式： 答案　(1)How I wish I would really have such a superpower. (2)If I had such a superpower，I would do more to help the people on the earth live happily. Ⅲ.寫作練習(xí) 假設(shè)你是李華，你的好友Peter今天上午來你家找你陪他練習(xí)漢語口語。你因臨時(shí)有急事外出，沒有赴約。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以上情景，給Peter寫一封信。內(nèi)容如下： 1.表示歉意； 2.解釋具體原因，并希望他能諒解； 3.告訴他下次練習(xí)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及話題。 參考范文 Dear Peter， I am terribly sorry that I couldn’t practice spoken Chinese with you this time.I should have told you in advance，but something happened beyond my expectation.My teacher called me to send his puter to his office.Unfortunately，my mobile phone got a flat battery after I received the call.Worst of all，I was caught in a traffic jam on my way back. Next Saturday afternoon，I’d like to meet you at three o’clock at the gate in the park near our school.We will talk about Chinese table manners.If possible，would you please be familiar with the topic before our practice? Once again，I’m sorry for any inconvenience caused.Hope to see you soon. Yours， Li Hua