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第七課時(shí)　定語從句 [感 悟 高 考] 1.The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.(2017北京卷) A.that B.as C.where D.when 答案　A　[句意：我們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪杏龅降男栴}可能就是偉大發(fā)明的靈感。此句是定語從句，從句缺少賓語，先行詞是problems，用that。] 2.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江蘇卷) A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom 答案　C　[先行詞是“the World Food Programme”，whose引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句中作定語，修飾purposes，故選C。句意：1963年聯(lián)合國建立了世界糧食計(jì)劃署，其目的之一就是為了緩解世界范圍內(nèi)的饑餓問題。] 3.My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017天津卷) A.that B.whose C.his D.who 答案　B　[句意：我的最大兒子，他因工作原因去全世界，現(xiàn)在在紐約。本句是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是my eldest son，根據(jù)句意和空后名詞，確定引導(dǎo)詞做定語，在定語從句中只有引導(dǎo)詞whose修飾名詞做定語，意為：……的……。故選B。] 4.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved.(2016浙江卷) A.whom B.which C.what D.that 答案　B　[句意：科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)提出許多關(guān)于人類為什么哭泣時(shí)流淚的理論，其中沒有一個(gè)已被證明。分析句子成分可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，此處是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，which代替many theories。] 5.I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.(2016北京卷) A.whose B.why C.where D.which 答案　A　[句意：我住在一對(duì)夫婦的隔壁，他們的孩子經(jīng)常弄出很大的噪音。先行詞為couple，由句意可知children與couple之間為所屬關(guān)系，故用關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句。] [要 點(diǎn) 精 析] 一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.關(guān)系代詞的用法分類 從句關(guān)系代詞格 用于限制性和非限制性定語從句 只用于限制性定語從句 指人 指物 指人又指物 主格 who which that 賓格 who/whom - - 屬格 whose/ of whom of which/ whose whose 2.關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類依據(jù) (1)根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性 (2)根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物 (3)根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧髡Z、賓語或定語 3.只用that不用which的情況 (1)先行詞是不定代詞或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常只用that，不用which。 Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence his students. 老師所做的事情沒有不影響到學(xué)生的。 (2)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)，the only, the very, the last等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常只用that，不用which。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 這是我見過的最激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。 (3)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用that，不用which。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我們所有人都?xì)J佩你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就。 (4)關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作表語時(shí)，通常只用that，不用which。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的樣子了。 (5)句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which，為避免重復(fù)，不用which而用that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超過我們的是哪輛車？ 4.只用which不用that的情況 (1)在非限制性定語從句中只能使用關(guān)系代詞which，不能使用that。 Air，which we breathe every day, is around us all the time. 我們每天呼吸的空氣始終在我們的周圍。 (2)在“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，用關(guān)系代詞which，不能使用that。 She showed me the dictionary for which she paid a lot of money. 她給我看了她花了很多錢買的那本字典。 [名師點(diǎn)津] (1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作賓語，前面又沒有介詞時(shí)，whom可以改為who，也可以省略。 The girl (who/whom) he invited may be his girlfriend. 他邀請(qǐng)的那個(gè)女孩可能是他的女朋友。 (2)在非限制性定語從句中，whose修飾物時(shí)可以換為“the＋名詞＋of which”；修飾人時(shí)，可以換為“the＋名詞＋of whom”。 The classroom，whose door is broken, will soon be repaired. →The classroom, the door of which is broken，will soon be repaired. 那間門壞了的教室很快就會(huì)被修理了。 二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.where引導(dǎo)的定語從句 where表示地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞in/at/on...＋which”。 In countries where (in which) many different languages are spoken，English is often used as an official language to help people municate. 在一些說多種語言的國家里，英語經(jīng)常作為官方語言來幫助人們交流。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　當(dāng)先行詞為situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名詞，且引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中表示事情發(fā)生的情況、階段等時(shí)，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。 You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你到了藥物無法治療的地步。 2.when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 when表示時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞in/at/on/during ...＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)。 I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 我正期盼那一天的到來，那時(shí)我女兒可以讀這本書，并且了解我對(duì)她的感情。 3.why引導(dǎo)的定語從句 why表示原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞for＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)。 Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting? 你知道他沒參加會(huì)議的原因嗎？ [名師點(diǎn)津]　非限制性定語從句中，常用for which 表示原因而不用why。 I had told them the reason，for which I didn’t attend the meeting. 我把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有去開會(huì)。 【技法點(diǎn)撥】　關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的辨析方法 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語)能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。 This is the museum where we saw the famous painting.(引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語) 這就是我們看到那幅名畫的博物館。 This is the museum which we visited last summer.(引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語) 這就是我們?nèi)ツ晗奶烊サ哪莻€(gè)博物館。 三、“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.介詞和關(guān)系代詞的確定 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)常用whom，指物時(shí)常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。一般來說，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手： (1)先行詞的意義 (2)句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配 (3)句子的意思 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業(yè)。(be devoted to“獻(xiàn)身，致力于”) I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far. 我希望感謝史密斯教授，沒有他的幫助，我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)走這么遠(yuǎn)。 Recently I bought an ancient vase, whose price(＝the price of which) was very reasonable. 最近我買了個(gè)古代的花瓶，它的價(jià)錢很合理。 2.“of＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后表示整體與部分的關(guān)系可以用of which/whom。 John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members. 約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當(dāng)中絕大部分是家庭成員。 3.“介詞＋where”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 有時(shí)“介詞＋where”可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，此時(shí)要和“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。 His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees. 他的頭很快從窗口探了出來，從那里除了樹木他什么也看不到。(from where相當(dāng)于from out of the window，而不是from the window) 四、as 和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句 用在the same...as, such...as, as...as, so...as結(jié)構(gòu)中，as可以作主語、賓語或表語，可以用來代替先行詞是表示人或物的名詞。 They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English. 他們只能讀類似這樣的一些用簡易英語改寫的故事。(as作主語) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 這些房子以人們期望的低價(jià)出售。(as作賓語) 2.關(guān)系代詞as, which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 (1)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后。 After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision. 大學(xué)畢業(yè)后我抽出一部分時(shí)間去旅游，事實(shí)證明這是一個(gè)明智的選擇。 (2)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句放在主句前面時(shí)，只能用as。注意此時(shí)與名詞性從句的互換。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. →It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(名詞性從句) →What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(名詞性從句) 眾所周知，月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。 (3)as意為“正如……”，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report, announce等；which意為“這一點(diǎn)”。 As is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. 正如孩子們常有的情況一樣，醫(yī)生到的時(shí)候Amy就好了。 [解 題 策 略] 1.先行詞還原法 如果認(rèn)為是定語從句，大家可以把前面的名詞直接還原到從句中，如果此句意思通順，則為定語從句。 She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A.that B.which C.where D.when 答案　D　[her stay為先行詞，代入定語從句后為：She found her son who had gone missing two years before during her stay there。when指代her stay在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。] 2.四步分析法 正確選擇引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞是學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的難點(diǎn)，大家可以使用“四步分析法”來正確解答試題。一看指人還是物；二看介詞在何處；三看句中作何用；四看是否性特殊。 Children who are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A.what B.whose C.which D.that 答案　B　[句意：不愛運(yùn)動(dòng)或者飲食熱量偏高的孩子們會(huì)很快發(fā)胖?？仗幰龑?dǎo)的定語從句，為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，且缺少定語成分，因此只能考慮填作定語的關(guān)系代詞。A中的what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。whose “誰的”，符合句意。] 3.固定搭配法 在解答定語從句時(shí)還要注意一些固定短語，這樣就需要確定關(guān)系詞前的介詞等。 Wind power is an ancient source of energy ________we may return in the near future. A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which 答案　C　[句意：風(fēng)力是很古老的一種能源，不久的將來我們也許會(huì)再利用它。return to “重新利用”，屬于固定搭配。] [針 對(duì) 訓(xùn) 練] 1.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better.(2016天津卷) A.that B.where C.which D.when 答案　D　[分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為next week，且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故用when。] 2.He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.(2015重慶卷) A.whom B.which C.them D.that 答案　B　[句意：他寫了許多兒童讀物，幾乎有一半的書是在二十世紀(jì)九十年代出版的。逗號(hào)之后是一個(gè)修飾children’s books的非限制性定語從句，which指代children’s books。] 3.China Today attracts a worldwide readership，________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.(2015福建卷) A.who B.whom C.that D.which 答案　D　[句意：《今日中國》吸引了全世界的讀者，這表明世界上越來越多的人想了解中國。先行詞是前面的整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語，用which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。] 4.We’ll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.(重慶卷) A.which B.where C.when D.what 答案　A　[句意：一個(gè)月之后我們就能完成年初制定的銷售目標(biāo)。先行詞targets在從句中作set的賓語，故要用關(guān)系代詞，which引導(dǎo)定語從句。] 5.Students should involve themselves in munity activities ________ they can gain experience for growth.(福建卷) A.who B.when C.which D.where 答案　D　[句意：學(xué)生應(yīng)該潛心于社區(qū)活動(dòng)之中，在這些活動(dòng)中，他們可以獲取成長的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在定語從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語，故選D。] 6.Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.(陜西卷) A.that B.which C.as D.what 答案　A　[句意：請(qǐng)把所有有關(guān)這個(gè)職位候選人的信息發(fā)給我們。首先排除D項(xiàng)，因?yàn)閣hat不是定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而是名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞；先行詞information在定語從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞have的賓語，前面又有all來修飾，故只能用that；不用which；as用在定語從句中常和such，the same連用。] 7.Robert Johnson was an American singer and musician，________ records reached a wider audience after his death. A.whom B.which C.whose D.where 答案　C　[此處whose在定語從句中修飾名詞records，該定語從句修飾先行詞an American singer and musician。] 8.Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered. A.what B.in what C.which D.in which 答案　D　[句意：心靈的護(hù)理是一個(gè)逐漸的過程，在這個(gè)過程中，甚至生活中那些微小的細(xì)節(jié)都應(yīng)該加以考慮。which引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，which代前面的process，in which相當(dāng)于in the process。] 9.After the flooding, people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A.which B.who C.where D.what 答案　B　[指人的先行詞people在非限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)。故選B。] 10.There is no simple answer to such a question，________is often the case in science. A.one B.that C.as D.what 答案　C　[句意：這個(gè)問題沒有簡單的答案，這在科學(xué)上是常有的事。從句中缺少主語，故選as作主語，指代前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。] 11.With the help of the Internet，different countries have e together to form a munity________ people can share thoughts and global issues. A.whose B.which C.where D.when 答案　C　[句意：在因特網(wǎng)的幫助下，不同的國家聚集在一起形成了一個(gè)共同體，人們可以在其中交流想法和全球的問題。分析句子成分可知，本題為定語從句。先行詞為a munity，從句中缺少狀語，結(jié)合句意可知where符合題意。] 12.It’s strongly advised that smokers not be allowed to smoke in any room ________ babies currently occupy. A.where B.whose C.that D.as 答案　C　[句意：強(qiáng)烈建議不允許吸煙者在嬰兒所在的任何房間吸煙。分析句子成分可知，本題考查的是定語從句。any room為先行詞，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞occupy的后面缺少賓語，結(jié)合句意可知that符合題意。]