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2007ThomsonSouth Western ThinkingLikeanEconomist EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics每一研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的術(shù)語(yǔ)體系Integrals 積分 axioms 公理 vectorspaces矢量空間PsychologyEgo 自我 id 本我 cognitivedissonance 認(rèn)知的不一致性 Lawpromissory estoppel禁止翻供 torts民事侵權(quán) venues 案發(fā)地點(diǎn) Economicssupply opportunitycost elasticity consumersurplus demand comparativeadvantage deadweightloss 無(wú)謂損失 ThinkingLikeanEconomist像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家那樣思考 Economicstrainsyouto Thinkintermsofalternatives 以可變換的術(shù)語(yǔ)思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices 評(píng)估個(gè)人與社會(huì)選擇的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated 考察和理解特定事件與問(wèn)題是相互聯(lián)系的 THEECONOMISTASASCIENTIST Theeconomicwayofthinking 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively 涉及分析性與客觀(guān)性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod 采用科學(xué)的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex realworldoperates 使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個(gè)復(fù)雜的 真實(shí)的世界是如何運(yùn)行的 Developstheories collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories 開(kāi)發(fā)出各種理論 收集并分析評(píng)估理論的數(shù)據(jù) TheScientificMethod Observation Theory andMoreObservation科學(xué)方法 觀(guān)察 理論以及更多的觀(guān)察 Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex realworldoperates 使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個(gè)復(fù)雜的 真實(shí)的世界是如何運(yùn)行的 Developstheories collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories 開(kāi)發(fā)出各種理論 收集并分析評(píng)估理論的數(shù)據(jù) Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家使用不同的假設(shè)來(lái)回答不同的問(wèn)題 TheRoleofAssumptions Holdotherthingsconstant Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家采用假設(shè)是為了使世界比較容易被理解Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake EconomicModels Economistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家使用模型來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化現(xiàn)實(shí)是為了改善我們對(duì)世界的理解 OurFirstModel AD ASmodel Firms suppliers producers supplysideProduceandsellgoodsandservices生產(chǎn)和出售商品與服務(wù)Hireandusefactorsofproduction雇傭和使用生產(chǎn)要素Households demanders individual demandsideBuyandconsumegoodsandservices購(gòu)買(mǎi)和消費(fèi)商品與服務(wù)Ownandsellfactorsofproduction擁有和出售生產(chǎn)要素 OurFirstModel labordemandandlaborsupply MarketsforGoodsandServices商品與服務(wù)市場(chǎng)Firmssell企業(yè)出售Householdsbuy家庭購(gòu)買(mǎi)MarketsforFactorsofProduction生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)Householdssell家庭出售Firmsbuy企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi) OurFirstModel TheCircular FlowDiagram FactorsofProduction生產(chǎn)要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用來(lái)生產(chǎn)商品與服務(wù)的投入Land labor andcapital土地 勞動(dòng)力和資本 OurSecondModel TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是展示在可獲得的生產(chǎn)要素和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)給定的情況下 經(jīng)濟(jì)有可能產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)量之圖形 Figure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier Quantityof CarsProduced 0 3 000 1 000 Quantityof Computers Produced OurSecondModel TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier Conceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界所描述的概念Efficiency效率Trade offs權(quán)衡取舍Opportunitycost機(jī)會(huì)成本Economicgrowth經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng) Figure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier Quantityof CarsProduced 0 Quantityof Computers Produced MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics Microeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)案部分Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭與企業(yè)如何做出決策以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ǖ氖袌?chǎng)中相互影響Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)把經(jīng)濟(jì)看作一個(gè)整體Economy widephenomena includinginflation unemployment andeconomicgrowth經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍現(xiàn)象包括通貨膨脹 失業(yè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng) THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作為政策顧問(wèn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld theyarescientists 當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家試圖解釋世界時(shí) 他們是科學(xué)家 Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld theyarepolicyadvisors 當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家試圖改變世界時(shí) 他們是政策顧問(wèn) PositiveversusNormativeAnalysis Positivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis 實(shí)證性描述是試圖描述世界到底是什么樣的描述Calleddescriptiveanalysis稱(chēng)為描述性分析Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe 規(guī)范性描述是有關(guān)世界應(yīng)當(dāng)是什么樣的描述Calledprescriptiveanalysis稱(chēng)為處方性分析 PositiveVersusNormativeAnalysis Arethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast skilled 最低工資的增加將引起無(wú)技能或低技能者就業(yè)的減少POSITIVEHigherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease 更高的聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字將導(dǎo)致利率的提高POSITIVE PositiveVersusNormativeAnalysis Arethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements 下列是實(shí)證性陳述還是規(guī)范性陳述 Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment 來(lái)自更高的最低工資水平所獲得的收入獲益要比就業(yè)的任何輕微減少都更有價(jià)值 NORMATIVEStategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking relatedillnessesamongthepoor 州政府應(yīng)當(dāng)被獲許向煙草公司收取治療窮人與吸煙有關(guān)之疾病的費(fèi)用 NORMATIVE EconomistsinWashington serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment 華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家作為治理政體三大分支的決策顧問(wèn)參與決策過(guò)程Legislative立法Executive行政Judicial司法 EconomistsinWashington Somegovernmentagenciesthatcollecteconomicdataandmakeeconomicpolicyinclude 有些收集經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府機(jī)構(gòu)包括 DepartmentofCommerce商務(wù)部merce govBureauofLaborStatistics勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局http www bls govCongressionalBudgetOffice國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室http www cbo govFederalReserveBoard聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì)http www federalreserve gov WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREE Theymaydisagreeaboutthevalidityofalternativepositivetheoriesabouthowtheworldworks 他們有可能在有關(guān)世界是如何運(yùn)行的各種可替換的實(shí)證理論的有效性方面產(chǎn)生分歧 WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREE Theymayhavedifferentvaluesand therefore differentnormativeviewsaboutwhatpolicyshouldtrytoaccomplish 他們也可能具有不同的價(jià)值觀(guān) 因此就具有關(guān)于政策應(yīng)當(dāng)達(dá)到什么目標(biāo)而具有不同的規(guī)范性觀(guān)點(diǎn) Economiststrytoaddresstheirsubjectswithascientist sobjectivity 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家試圖以科學(xué)家的客觀(guān)性來(lái)表達(dá)他們的主題Theymakeappropriateassumptionsandbuildsimplifiedmodelsinordertounderstandtheworldaroundthem 他們做出適宜的假設(shè) 并建立起簡(jiǎn)化模型 以便理解他們周?chē)氖澜?Twosimpleeconomicmodelsarethecircular flowdiagramandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier 兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是循環(huán)流動(dòng)圖和經(jīng)濟(jì)可能性邊界 Economicsisdividedintotwosubfields Microeconomicsisthestudyofdecision makingbyhouseholdsandfirmsinthemarketplace Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家被劃分為兩個(gè)分支領(lǐng)域 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是對(duì)家庭與企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)中是如何決策的予以研究 而宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是對(duì)各種力量和趨勢(shì)影響經(jīng)濟(jì)整體的研究 Apositivestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldis 實(shí)證性闡述是有關(guān)世界是什么樣的論斷Anormativestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldoughttobe 規(guī)范性的闡述是有關(guān)世界應(yīng)該是什么樣的論斷Wheneconomistsmakenormativestatements theyareactingmoreaspolicyadvisorsthanscientists 當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做出規(guī)范性闡述時(shí) 他們正在行使的角色中政策顧問(wèn)的成分要多于科學(xué)家的成分 Economistswhoadvisepolicymakersofferconflictingadviceeitherbecauseofdifferencesinscientificjudgmentsorbecauseofdifferencesinvalues 向決策者提出忠告的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家之所以提出相互沖突的忠告是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)判斷的差異或者是價(jià)值觀(guān)的差異 Atothertimes economistsareunitedintheadvicetheyoffer butpolicymakersmaychoosetoignoreit 有時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在他們所提供的忠告方面達(dá)成一致 而決策者卻選擇予以忽視