- 1 -附錄 1Machinery manufacturing industryMachinery manufacturing industry to engage in all kinds of power machinery, lifting the transport machinery, agricultural machinery, metallurgical and mining machinery, chemical machinery, textile machinery, machine tools, tools, instruments, meters and other machinery and equipment manufacturing industry. Machinery manufacturing industry to provide technology and equipment for the entire national economy, its development level is one of the main symbols of national industrialization level. Mechanical manufacturing and automation technology closely related. Machinery automation technology development and application of the mechanical manufacturing industry technological innovation, technological progress and the main means and the technology development direction. How to develop machinery. Automation technology from four aspects. Mechanical automation, mainly in machinery manufacturing industry in the application of automation technology, realize the processing object continuous automatic production, optimize the efficient automatic production process, to speed up the production of input processing transform and flow velocity. Mechanical automation technology application and development, machinery manufacturing technology, a major means of technological progress and technology development direction. Mechanical automation technology level, not only affect the development of machine manufacturing industry, but also to the various departments of national economy technical progress is very direct influence. How to develop China's machinery automation technology, we should seek truth from facts, everything from China's specific national conditions, do a good job in the basic work of China, go the road of development of mechanical automation techniques.Combined with the actual production, pay attention to practical development of mechanical automation techniques. Advanced manufacturing technology all the true meaning lies in application. The development of mechanical automation technology, in enterprise's production and the development of the actual needs and specific requirement oriented. Only on the right products used with suitable automation mode of production, so we can get good technical and economic benefits and social benefit. The development of our country mechanical automation technology, should combine theory with practice, pay attention to practical, which produces to national economy actual benefits. The blind do automation, automatic line approach, annual to produce the job only 1~2 months to finish the low loading rate of production is also to tend to the - 2 -national economy should be corrected, do not produce significant promotion, inefficient to slow up. We want is a benefit, not only is the speed.Development of less investment, quick and low cost automation technology. Development of low cost automation technology, potential is great, perspective is wide, investment province, get effective fast, improve the degree of automation, can receive the twice the result with half the effort effect to the economy, for our country present stage development needs and characteristics. Nineteen ninties the United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology presented the lean production mode LP ( Lean Production ), is with the smallest investment, obtain the biggest yield of specific performance. Draw lessons from abroad to develop mechanical manufacturing industry low cost automation technology experience is useful. China machinery manufacturing enterprises have a large number of common equipment, in the development of modern automation technology, should be based on the original equipment, reasonable adjust machine layout, add a small amount of numerical control equipment, introducing CAD/CAM technology, give full play to the advantages of computer automation management and human creativity, together constitute a people-centred, to information and automation for the pilot, establish independent unit production system, for China's machinery manufacturing industry the development of automation technology application provides a small investment, quick effect, high efficiency, accord with our country national condition the machinery automation technology development and application of new way. Universal machine partial automatic modification has important significance. In our country in future for low cost, convenient repair universal machine is needed or not declined sharply, because a majority of the market town and township enterprises, such as the small factories, laboratories, large enterprises tool workshop.Combined with China's national conditions, the development of the modern mechanical automation techniques. Realize the mechanical automation is by elementary to advanced, from simple to complex, from imperfect to perfect the development process. When the mechanical operation of the automatic controller, mode of production from the mechanization gradually transition to the mechanical control ( traditional ) automation, digital automation control, computer control automation. The only established automatic chemical plant, production process to be fully automated, can make the productivity improving, automation to achieve the advanced phase. China realize the mechanical automation technology is a long-term process, impossible accomplish at one stroke. At present, China machinery manufacturing industry with the world advanced level also has level sex difference. In our country the national condition, common development and application of computer integrated manufacturing system for “ office - 3 -automation “ or “ automatic “, does not have the necessary basic technology, experience and ability to invest. Accordingly, want common development overall automation or highly automated CIMS technology, must discreet act. And comprehensive automation or highly automated CIMS technology also is not our country mechanical manufacturing industry is a pressing matter of the moment, can only be classified as mechanical manufacture and automation technology is the main direction of development. Should develop the mature technology of the mass production automation technology. The present stage of our country, in the product a large number of similar products continuous flow cutting production, automation equipment still is a semi automatic machine, automatic machine, the combination of machine and automatic line, consisting of rotating parts processing automatic line. In large quantities of casting, forging, stamping, welding, heat treatment and assembly production, using a rigid automation ( automatic single machine and automatic line ) is reasonable and feasible, can obtain better economic benefits; to breed a batch production, should be employed by rapid adjustment device consists of the section or group line replaceable modular machine tool, spindle box of automatic line, short line and composite manufacturing unit, realizes the automatic group; and the single and small batch production, we should promote group technology proceed with, the proper development of the numerical control machine of entertainment or processing center, to establish some flexible manufacturing unit FMC ( Flexible Manu- facturing Cell ), can be obtained better economic effect. As a developing country, considering all the technological problems of the premise must be used. China's absorption of foreign flexible manufacturing system ( Pseudo- FMS ), is to ensure that the necessary production flexibility under the premise, optimization of man-machine interface, without excessive pursuit of automation, as far as possible to establish perfect information system, fully developed computer management benefit. The system of advanced automation equipment and general equipment system coexist, certain link allows the artificial intervention. This is a typical combined with national conditions, the implementation of guidelines for advanced automation technology solutions. Our country present in the digestive respiratory, together international useful automation technology on the basis of the theory, should accomplish hard from the mechanical manufacturing industry of our country 's actual situation, development innovation, formed with the national characteristics of the development of automation technology theory and doctrine, as computer technology flexible automation technology research and development, in order to apply for premise what, need solves what, to obtain practical experience of application.Development and application of mechanical automation technology, to be caught solidly - 4 -automation technology application project based work and from actual application, both to the development of the host, also supporting the development of automation components and control system. Programmable controller, sensor, microprocessor, a variety of new cutting tool, control system and software system, the computer will be henceforth the main technical base of mechanical automation. Study on the production of a large number of excellent performance, high automation level of mechanical and electrical products is the development and application of automation technology. Automated production, the system structure, mass, volume, rigid and the patience of aspects of modern mechanical automation technology has an important impact, mechanical technology should use other high-tech to update, and adapt to the modern machinery automation technology development; automatic production, machinery manufacturing system automatic control, automatic detection of servo system, the operation is essential to application of microelectronic technology and automatic control theory; automated production, information exchange and processing, access, operation, judgment and decision making are not to be used in computer and information processing technology. In short, China's machinery manufacturing industry development and application of automation technology, not only to the high starting point, aimed at advanced world level, and must include a variety of flexible low cost, quick automation technology, adhere to the principle of combining popularization with the raising, China's machinery automation technology should be applied to health to high speed, high quality and high efficiency of the road.附錄 2機(jī)械制造業(yè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)指從事各種動力機(jī)械、起重運輸機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、冶金礦山機(jī)械、化工機(jī)械、紡織機(jī)械、機(jī)床、工具、儀器、儀表及其他機(jī)械設(shè)備等生產(chǎn)的- 5 -行業(yè)。機(jī)械制造業(yè)為整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)提供技術(shù)裝備，其發(fā)展水平是國家工業(yè)化程度的主要標(biāo)志之一。機(jī)械制造業(yè)與機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)密切相關(guān)。 機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展是機(jī)械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。就如何發(fā)展機(jī)械。自動化技術(shù)從四方面進(jìn)行闡述。機(jī)械自動化, 主要指在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用自動化技術(shù)， 實現(xiàn)加工對象的連續(xù)自動生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動生產(chǎn)過程,加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動速度。機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展, 是機(jī)械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機(jī)械自動化的技術(shù)水準(zhǔn), 不僅影響整個機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展, 而且對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門的技術(shù)進(jìn)步有很大的直接影響。 如何發(fā)展我國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù), 應(yīng)實事求是, 一切從我國的具體國情出發(fā), 做好各項基礎(chǔ)工作, 走中國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際, 注重實用發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的全部真諦在于應(yīng)用。發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù), 應(yīng)以企業(yè)的生 產(chǎn)和發(fā)展的實際需要及具體條件為導(dǎo)向。只有對合適的產(chǎn)品采用與之相適應(yīng)的自動化方式進(jìn)行生產(chǎn), 才能收到良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。我國發(fā)展機(jī)械自動化技術(shù), 應(yīng)結(jié)合實際, 注重實用, 即對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生實際效益。那種盲目搞自動化、 自動線的做法, 全年生產(chǎn)任務(wù)只需 1~2 個月就完成的低負(fù)荷 率生產(chǎn)也要搞的傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)糾正, 對國民經(jīng)濟(jì)不產(chǎn)生顯著促進(jìn)、效率低下的要緩搞。我們要的是效益, 而不單純的是速度。 發(fā)展投資少、見效快的低成本自動化技術(shù)。發(fā)展低成本自動化技術(shù), 潛力大, 前景廣, 投資省, 見效快, 提高自動化程度, 可以收到事半功倍的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果, 適合我國現(xiàn)階段的發(fā)展需要和國情。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代美國麻省理工學(xué)院提出的精節(jié)生產(chǎn) LP ( Lean Production) 模式, 就是以最小的投入, 取得最大的產(chǎn)量的具體表現(xiàn)。借鑒國外發(fā)展機(jī)械制造業(yè)低成本自動化技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗是有益的。我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)各企業(yè)有大量的通用設(shè)備, 在發(fā)展現(xiàn)代機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)時, 應(yīng)以原有的設(shè)備為主, 合理調(diào)整機(jī)床布局, 添加少量的數(shù)控設(shè)備, 引入 CAD/CAM技術(shù), 充分發(fā)揮計算機(jī)自動化管理的優(yōu)勢和人的創(chuàng)造性, 共同構(gòu)成一個以人為中心, 以信息自動化為先導(dǎo)、樹立自主的單元化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng), 為我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用提供了一條投資少、見效快、效益高、符合我國國情的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用新途徑。通用機(jī)的局部自動化改裝有重要意義。近期內(nèi)我國對成本低、維修方便的通用機(jī)的需要量還是不會急劇下降的, 因為有廣大的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)市場, 例如小工廠、試驗室、大型企業(yè)的工具車間等。 結(jié)合中國國情, 發(fā)展現(xiàn)代機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)。實現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動化是一個由低級- 6 -到高級、由簡單到復(fù)雜、由不完善到完善的發(fā)展過程。當(dāng)機(jī)械的操作采用自動控制器后, 生產(chǎn)方式才從機(jī)械化逐步過渡到機(jī)械控制( 傳統(tǒng)) 自動化、數(shù)字控制自動化、計算機(jī)控制自動化。只有建立了自動化工廠后, 生產(chǎn)過程才能全盤自動化,才能使生產(chǎn)率全面提高, 達(dá)到自動化的高級理想階段。 中國實現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)應(yīng)是一個長期的過程, 不可能一蹴而就。當(dāng)前, 中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)同世界先進(jìn)水準(zhǔn)也存在階段性差距。在我國這種國情下, 普遍發(fā)展應(yīng)用計算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)的“全盤自動化”或“高度自動化”, 并不具備必要的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)、經(jīng)驗和投資能力。因此, 要不要普遍發(fā)展全盤自動化或高度自動化 CIMS 技術(shù),一定要慎重行事。而且全盤自動化或高度自動化的 CIMS 技術(shù)也并非我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急, 只能列為機(jī)械制造自動化技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向應(yīng)該發(fā)展工藝成熟的大批量生產(chǎn)的自動化技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)階段, 在產(chǎn)品數(shù)量較大的同類產(chǎn)品連續(xù)流水作業(yè)的切削加工生產(chǎn)中,自動化設(shè)備仍然是半自動機(jī)床、自動機(jī)床組合機(jī)床及其組成的自動線、回轉(zhuǎn)體零件加工自動線等。而在大批量的鑄造、鍛造、沖壓、焊接、熱處理和裝配等生產(chǎn)中, 采用剛性自動化( 自動單機(jī)和自動線) 則是合理可行的, 能取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益; 對于品種稍多的成批生產(chǎn), 應(yīng)采用由快速重新調(diào)整的設(shè)備組成成組工段或流水線、可更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床自動線、短自動線和復(fù)合制造單元, 實現(xiàn)成組自動化; 而單件小批量生產(chǎn), 應(yīng)從推廣成組技術(shù)入手, 適當(dāng)發(fā)展采用數(shù)控機(jī)應(yīng)酬或加工中心,有針對性地建立一些柔性制造單元 FMC( Flexible Manu- facturing Cell) ,可取 得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。 我國作為一個發(fā)展中國家, 考慮一切生產(chǎn)技術(shù)問題時的前提必須是適用。我國消化吸收國外柔性制造系統(tǒng)( Pseudo- FMS) ,是要確保必要的生產(chǎn)柔性的前提下, 優(yōu)化人機(jī)界面, 不過分追求 自動化,盡可能建立較為完善的信息系統(tǒng), 充分發(fā)展計算機(jī)管理的效益。系統(tǒng)中先進(jìn)的自動化裝備和普通設(shè)備并存, 系統(tǒng)的某些環(huán)節(jié)允許人工干預(yù)。這是一個典型的結(jié)合國情、實施適用先進(jìn)方針的自動化技術(shù)解決方案。我國目前在消化呼吸、融會貫通國際上有用的自動化技術(shù)理論的基礎(chǔ)上, 要努力做到從我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的實際情況出發(fā), 發(fā)展創(chuàng)新, 形成有國情特征的發(fā)展自動化技術(shù)理論和學(xué)說, 進(jìn)行圍繞計算機(jī)技術(shù)的柔性自動化技術(shù)的開發(fā)研究, 以適用為前提, 急需什么就解決什么, 取得實踐經(jīng)驗再 推廣應(yīng)用。發(fā)展應(yīng)用機(jī)械自動化技術(shù), 要扎扎實實地抓好自動化技術(shù)應(yīng)用項目的基礎(chǔ)工作和從實際出發(fā)的推廣應(yīng)用工作, 既要發(fā)展主機(jī), 也要配套發(fā)展自動化元件及控制系統(tǒng)?？删幊炭刂破鳌⑽⑻幚頇C(jī)、各種傳感器、新型刀具、控制系統(tǒng)及系統(tǒng)軟件、電子計算機(jī)等將是今后機(jī)械自動化的主要技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。研究生產(chǎn)大量- 7 -性能優(yōu)良、自動化水準(zhǔn)高的機(jī)電產(chǎn)品是發(fā)展應(yīng)用機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵。自動化生產(chǎn)時, 在系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)、質(zhì)量 、體積、剛性和耐性等方面對現(xiàn)代機(jī)械自 動化技術(shù)有著重要的影響, 機(jī)械技術(shù)應(yīng)利用其它高新技術(shù)來更新, 實現(xiàn)與適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)的發(fā)展; 自動化生產(chǎn)時, 機(jī)械制造系統(tǒng)的自動控制、自動檢測、伺服系統(tǒng)的操作等都少不了要應(yīng)用微電子技術(shù)和自動控制理論; 自動化生產(chǎn)時, 信息的交換與處理、存取、運算、判斷和決策等都少不了要應(yīng)用計算機(jī)與信 息處理技術(shù)。總之, 我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)發(fā)展應(yīng)用自動化技術(shù), 不但要起點高, 瞄準(zhǔn)世界先進(jìn)水準(zhǔn), 而且必須包括各種靈活的低成本、見效快的自動化技術(shù), 堅持提高與普及相結(jié)合的方針, 我國的機(jī)械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)應(yīng)應(yīng)用才能健康地走上高速度、高質(zhì)量和高效益之路。