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第1講細(xì)節(jié)理解題 考點(diǎn)1直接信息理解類 典例 2015 浙江高考 B片段 Mostgraphshaveafewbasicparts acaptionorintroductionparagraph atitle alegendorkey andlabeledaxes Anactivereaderlooksateachpartofthegraphbeforetryingtointerpretthedata Captionswillusuallytellyouwherethedatacamefrom forexample ascientificstudyof400Africanelephantsfrom1980to2005 Captionsusuallysummarizetheauthor smainpointaswell Thetitleisvery important Ittellsyouthemainideaofthegraphbystatingwhatkindofinformationisbeingshown Alegend alsocalledakey isaguidetothesymbolsandcolorsusedinthegraph Manygraphs includingbargraphsandlinegraphs havetwoaxesthatformacorner Usuallytheseaxesaretheleftsideandthebottomofthegraph Eachaxiswillalwayshavealabel Thelabeltellsyouwhateachaxismeasures Q Whenusedinagraph alegendis A aguidetothesymbolsandcolorsB anintroductionparagraphC themainideaD thedata 解題思路 速讀文章 試找出相關(guān)的信息句 并突出關(guān)鍵詞 嘗試解答 Alegend alsocalleda key isaguidetothesymbolsandcolorsusedinthegraph A 解題技巧 1 斷章取義 尋依據(jù)考生要從文段中獲得回答細(xì)節(jié)題的具體信息 可用 尋讀法 即畫出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ) 然后在文章中找出可能包含所需信息的段落或句子 運(yùn)用此法時(shí) 應(yīng)根據(jù)文段的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作順序 有針對(duì)性地尋讀 迅速鎖定相關(guān)內(nèi)容 2 常見(jiàn)命題方式特殊疑問(wèn)句形式表達(dá) 以when where what which who how等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題 考點(diǎn)2間接信息理解類 典例 2015 浙江高考 A片段 Fromtheverybeginningofschoolwemakebooksandreadingaconstantsourceofpossiblefailureandpublichumiliation Whenchildrenarelittlewemakethemreadaloud beforetheteacherandotherchildren sothatwecanbesurethey know allthewordstheyarereading Thismeansthatwhentheydon tknowaword theyaregoingtomakeamistake rightinfrontofeveryone Afterhavingtaughtfifth gradeclassesforfouryears Idecidedtotryatallcoststoridthemoftheirfearanddislikeofbooks andtogetthemtoreadoftenerandmoreadventurously Onedaysoonafterschoolhadstarted Isaidtothem NowI mgoingtosaysomethingaboutreadingthatyouhaveprobablyneverheardateachersaybefore Iwouldlikeyoutoreadalotofbooksthisyear butIwantyoutoreadthemonlyforpleasure Iamnotgoingtoaskyouquestionstofindoutwhetheryouunderstandthebooksornot Ifyouunderstandenoughofabooktoenjoyitandwanttogoonreadingit that senoughforme AlsoI mnotgoingtoaskyouwhatwordsmean Q Theteachertoldhisstudentstoread A forenjoymentB forknowledgeC foralargervocabularyD forhigherscoresinexams 解題思路 速讀文章 試找出相關(guān)的信息句 并突出與選項(xiàng)同義的詞 嘗試解答 butIwantyoutoreadthemonlyforpleasure A 解題技巧 1 同義互釋 定選項(xiàng)間接理解題答案選項(xiàng)的表述通常不是使用文章的原話 而是使用與文中同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá) 可運(yùn)用排除法 將 無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié) 和 與此細(xì)節(jié)相反 的選項(xiàng)提前進(jìn)行排除 2 正確選項(xiàng)有以下特征 對(duì)原句的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換 詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài)有所變化 語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化 把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化 正話反說(shuō) 把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá) 3 常見(jiàn)命題方式Accordingtotheauthor passage Thereason isthat From wecanlearn 考點(diǎn)3數(shù)字計(jì)算類 典例 2015 四川高考 C片段 AcrossBritain burnttoastwillbeservedtomothersinbedthismorningasoldersonsanddaughtersrushtodelivertheirsupermarketbunchesofflowers But accordingtoanewstudy weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmotherhoodallyear Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork Now thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours theywouldearnasmuchas 172 000ayear Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo aswellasthehourstheyareworking todeterminethefigure Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome 30 000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns Byanalysingthenumbers itfoundtheaveragemotherworks119hoursaweek 40ofwhichwouldusuallybepaidatastandardrateand79hoursasovertime Afterquestioning1 000motherswithchildrenunder18 itfoundthat onmostdays mumsstartedtheirroutineworkat7amandfinishedataround11pm Q HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister A 30 000 B 142 000 C 172 000 D 202 000 解題思路 速讀文章 試找出相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù) 嘗試解答 iftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours theywouldearnas muchas 172 000ayear Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome 30 000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns B 172 000 30 000 142 000 解題技巧 1 列表推算 得數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)之間的邏輯關(guān)系 選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù) 弄清單位換算關(guān)系 確定計(jì)算方法 先閱讀題干 然后帶著題干中的關(guān)鍵詞去讀文章 對(duì)于數(shù)字 時(shí)間 年代等在讀的同時(shí)做好標(biāo)記 以便讀完文章后進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的計(jì)算 簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)可采用 推算法 即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ) 進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算 數(shù)據(jù)較多的文章 通常采用 列表法 即按一定的規(guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出 化模糊為清晰 為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ) 2 常見(jiàn)命題方式特殊疑問(wèn)句形式表達(dá) 以when inwhichyear howmany much 等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題 考點(diǎn)4正誤判斷類 典例 2014 福建高考 A ItwasMother sDaymorninglastyearandIwasdoingmyshoppingatourlocalsupermarketwithmyfive year oldson Tenyson Aswewereleaving wefoundthatonlyminutesearlieranelderlywomanhadfallenoverattheentranceandhadhitherheadontheconcrete Herhusbandwaswithher buttherewasbloodeverywhereandthewomanwasembarrassedandclearlyinshock Walkingtowardsthescene Tenysonbecameveryupsetaboutwhathadhappenedtothecouple Hesaidtome Mum it snotmuchfunfallingoverinfrontofeveryone Atthefrontofthesupermarketacharity 慈善 grouphadsetupastandsellingcookedsausagesandflowerstoraisefunds Tenysonsuggestedthatweshouldbuytheladyaflower Itwillmakeherfeelbetter hesaid Iwasamazedthathe dcomeupwiththissweetidea Sowewentovertotheflowersellerandaskedherifwecouldbuyaflowerfortheladytocheerherup Justtakeit shereplied Ican ttakeyourmoneyforsuchawonderfulgesture Bynowparamedics 救援人員 hadarrived andwereattendingtheinjuredwoman Aswewalkeduptoher mysonbecameintimidatedbyallthebloodandmedicalequipment Hesaidhewasjusttooscaredtogouptoher InsteadIgavetheflowertothewoman shusbandandtoldhim Mysonwasveryupsetforyourwifeandwantedtogiveherthisflowertomakeherfeelbetter Atthat theoldmanstartedcryingandsaid Thankyousomuch youhaveawonderfulson HappyMother sDaytoyou Themanthenbentdownandgavehiswifetheflower tellingherwhoitwasfrom Thoughbadlyhurtandshaken theoldladylookedupatTenysonwithloveinhereyesandgavehimalittlesmile Q WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage A TheelderlywomanwasknockeddownbyTenyson B Tenyson sideaofbuyingaflowergainedhismother ssupport C Tenyson scarefortheelderlywomanpuzzledtheflowerseller D TheelderlywomanwasmovedtotearsbyTenyson sgesture 解題思路 速讀文章 試找出與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)相關(guān)的信息句 A項(xiàng) B項(xiàng) C項(xiàng) D項(xiàng) 嘗試解答 Aswewereleaving wefoundthatonlyminutesearlieranelderly womanhadfallenoverattheentrance Sowewentovertotheflowersellerandaskedher Justtakeit shereplied Ican ttakeyourmoneyforsucha wonderfulgesture theoldladylookedupatTenysonwithloveinhereyesand gavehimalittlesmile B 解題技巧 1 去偽存真 辨是非 速覽題目所提供的四個(gè)選項(xiàng) 若各選項(xiàng)針對(duì)同一內(nèi)容 則要注意找出各選項(xiàng)之間的差別 再帶著問(wèn)題去原文中核實(shí)文章的實(shí)際內(nèi)容 若各個(gè)選項(xiàng)陳述的內(nèi)容不一致 則要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)中提供的線索回讀原文 逐個(gè)找到相關(guān)句 最后確定答案 注意表達(dá) 絕對(duì)化 的選項(xiàng)一般不是正確答案 2 常見(jiàn)命題方式WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingto 誤區(qū)糾偏 1 擴(kuò)縮范圍 通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ) 將信息中的范圍 程度等加以改變 使該選項(xiàng)看似正確 實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤的 2 無(wú)中生有 干擾項(xiàng)與所閱讀的文章內(nèi)容沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系 3 偷梁換柱 干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的單詞 但句意改變 考點(diǎn)5細(xì)節(jié)排序類 典例 2014 四川高考 C Aschoolgirlsavedherfather slifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic 過(guò)敏的 reactionwhichstoppedhisheart Izzy nine restartedfatherColm sheartbystamping 踩 onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing Izzy smother Debbie immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather sodecidedtouseCPR However shequicklydiscoveredherarmsweren tstrongenough soshestampedonherfather schestinstead Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchestcompressions 按壓 untiltheambulancearrived Izzy whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool said Ijustkickedhimreallyhard MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasn tstrongenoughtousehands Iwasquitescared ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest She salittlestar saidDebbie IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover Ijustcan tbelievewhatshedid Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwe vegottoseeanexpert TruckdriverColm 35 sufferedamysteryallergicreactiononSaturdayandwastakentohospital butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwayswelled preventinghimfrombreathing hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly andhisheartstoppedforamoment Hehasnowmadeafullrecoveryfromhissuffering Q What stherightorderoftheevents IzzykickedColm Debbiecalled999 IzzylearnedCPR Colm sheartstopped A B C D 解題思路 速讀文章 試找出四個(gè)所給事件發(fā)生的先后順序 事件1 事件2 事件3 事件4 嘗試解答 IzzylearnedCPR Colm sheartstopped Debbiecalled999 IzzykickedColm C 解題技巧 1 首尾定位 排序列此類題目要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系 找出事件發(fā)生 發(fā)展的正確順序 可采用 首尾定位法 即先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情 迅速縮小范圍 快速選出正確答案 也可使用 代入淘汰法 按順序逐一排除 從而得出正確答案 2 常見(jiàn)命題方式What stherightorderoftheevents Inwhichorder 文體鏈接 一 應(yīng)用文的文體特點(diǎn)1 選材特點(diǎn) 信息量大 文句精練 形式靈活 用最短的篇幅表達(dá)最大量的信息 2 內(nèi)容特點(diǎn) 生活化 實(shí)用化 多樣化 如產(chǎn)品宣傳 服務(wù)介紹 通知 海報(bào) 啟示 招生招聘等 3 形式特點(diǎn) 標(biāo)題醒目 重點(diǎn)突出 條理清晰 常用粗體字或各類項(xiàng)目符號(hào)使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更鮮明 4 語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn) 人名 地名 專有名詞多 生詞多 縮略詞 祈使句 省略句多 結(jié)構(gòu)不完整 5 命題特點(diǎn) 主要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力 既注重特定細(xì)節(jié)的篩選 類比 綜合 又注重推理判斷題的考查 題目設(shè)置相對(duì)較容易 二 應(yīng)用文的做題技巧1 先題后文 先讀試題 了解考點(diǎn) 明確目的 快速捕捉 獲取信息 2 題干定向 根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍 按照題目順序依次而下 問(wèn)題與材料相同 對(duì)號(hào)入座 問(wèn)題與原文相同 同義替換 歸納事實(shí)等 3 生詞模糊 遇到生詞 如無(wú)關(guān)答題 直接跳過(guò) 涉及答題 則根據(jù)語(yǔ)境 構(gòu)詞法等猜詞 4 信息補(bǔ)全 對(duì)于影響理解的省略句 可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境 將其補(bǔ)全