塑膠運動場地攤鋪機設計【含3張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip,含3張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家,塑膠,運動場,地攤,設計,CAD,開題,報告,獨家 目錄1 英文文獻翻譯11.1 Machine Tools11.2 機 床92 專業(yè)閱讀書目162.1 機械設計162.2 機械原理162.3 材料力學172.4 現(xiàn)代工程圖學172.5 互換性與技術測量182.6 機電傳動控制182.7 機械制造基礎182.8 機械制造技術192.9 數(shù)控技術192.10 理論力學201 英文文獻翻譯1.1 Machine ToolsMachine Tools are machines for cutting metals.The most important of machine tools used in industry are lathes,drilling machines and milling machines.Other kinds of metal working machines are not so widely used in machining metals as these three.The lathe is commonly called the father of the entire machine tool family.For turning operations,the lathe uses a single point cutting tool,which removes metal as it travels past the revolving work-piece.Turning operations are required to make many different cylindrical shapes,such as axes,gear blanks,pulleys,and threaded shafts.Boring operations are performed to enlarge,finish,and accurately locate holes.Drilling is performed with a rotating tool called a drill.Most drilling in metal is done with a twist drill.The machine used for drilling is called a drill press.Operations,such as reaming and tapping,are also classified as drilling.Reaming consists of removing a small amount of metal form a hole already drilled.Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a cap screw or bolt may be threaded into it.Milling removes metal with a revolving,multiple cutting edge tools called milling cutter.Milling cutters are made in many styles and size.Some have as few as two cutting edges and others have 30 or more.Milling can produce flat,angled surfaces,groves,slots,gear teeth,and other profiles,depending on the shape of the cutters being used.Shaping and planing produce flat surfaces with a single point cutting tool.In shaping,the cutting tool on a shaper reciprocates or moves back and forth while10the work is fed automatically towards the tool.In planing,the work-piece is attached to a worktable that reciprocates past the cutting tool.The cutting tool is automatically fed into the work-piece a small amount on each stroke.Grinding makes use of abrasive particles to do the cutting.Grinding operations may be classified as precision or non-precision,depending on the purpose.Precision grinding is concerned with grinding to close tolerances and very smooth finish.Non-precision grinding involves the removals of metal where accuracy is not important.LatheA lathe is a machine tool for cutting metal form the surface of a round work fastened between the two lathe centers and turning around its axis.In turning the work a cutter moves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or at an angle to this axis,cutting off the metal from the surface of the work.This movement of the cutter is called the feed.The cutter is clamped in the tool post which is mounted on the carriage.The carriage is the mechanism feeding the cutter in the needed direction.The lathe hand may feed the cutter by hang or may make it be fed automatically by means of special gears.The largest part of the lathe is called the bed on which the headstock and the tailstock are fastened at opposite ends.On the upper part of the bed there are special ways upon which the carriage and the tailstock silde.The two lathe centers are mounted in two spindles:one(the live center)is held in the headstock spindle,while the other (the dead center)in the tailstock spindle.The lathe chuck is used for chucking the work,which is for clamping it so that it will rotate without wobbling while turning.The chuck,usually,mounted on the headstock spindle,may have different sizes and construction.If the work is perfectly round,it may be chucked in the so-called three-jaw universal chuck,all the jaws of which are moved to the center by turning the screw.But if the work is not perfectly round,the four-jaw independent chuck should be used.In turning different materials and works of different diameters,lathes mustbe run at different speeds.The gearbox contained in the headstock makes it possible to run the lathe at various speeds.Before turning a work in the lathe,the lathe centers are to be aligned;that means that the axes of both centers must be on one line.The alignment of the lathe center may be tested by taking a cut and then measuring both ends of the cut with a micrometer,Not all works should be fastened between the two centers of the lathe.A short work may be turned without using the dead center,by simply chucking it properly at the spindle of the headstock.Drills and Drilling MachinesThe twist drill is a very efficient tool.It is generally formed by forging and twisting grooves in a flat strip of steel or by milling a cylindrical piece of steel,high-speed steel being commonly used.High-speed steel costs more but tools made of it withstand heat much better than those made of ordinary tool steel.The twist drill may be divided into three principal parts:body,shank,and point.The flutes are the spiral grooves that are formed on the side of a drill,drills being made with two,three,or four flutes.Those having three or four flutes are used for following smaller drills or for enlarging holes already drilled,and are not suited for drilling into solid stock.Spiral flutes have four main advantages:(1) They give the correct rake to the lip of a drill.(2) They cause the chip to curl so tightly that it occupies the minimum amount of space.(3) They form channels through which chips escape from the hole.(4) They allow the lubricant to flow easily down to the cutting edge.The margin is the narrow strip on the cutting edge of the flute.It is practically the full diameter of the drill and extends the entire length of the flute,its surface being a part of a cylinder.The portion of the body next tothe margin is of less diameter than the margin.This lessened diameter,called body clearance,reduces the friction between the drill and the walls of the hole,while the margin insures the hole being of accurate size.The shank is the end of the drill which fits into the socket,spindle,or chuck of the drill press.The tang is usually found only on tapered shank tools.The drilling machine is the second oldest machine tools,having been invented shortly after the lathe,and is one of the most common and useful machines.The drilling machines may be classified into three general types:vertical spindle,multiple spindle,and radial spindle machine.The vertical spindle drilling machine comes in three types:heavy duty,plain,and sensitive.Besides the drilling of holes,such operations may be performed on the drilling machine:drilling,tapping(internal threading),reaming(finishing the hole with a reamer),countersinking,counterboring,boring and spot-facing.Milling MachinesThe milling machine is a machine that removes metal from the work with a revolving milling cutter as the work is fed against it.The milling cutter is mounted on an arbor where it is held in place by spacers or bushing.The arbor is fixed in the spindle with one end,while the other end of the arbor rotates in the bearing mounted on the arbor yoke.The milling cutter are generally made from high speed steel and are available in different sizes and shapes.There are such kinds of milling cutters as cylindrical cutters,end milling cutters(for face milling),from milling cutters,angular,side and face cutter,slitting saw,ect.These cutters may differ in the direction of their operation,i.e.they may cut revolving either clockwise or counter-clockwise.Regular or irregular shaped work may be produced on a milling machine,designs varying according to the particular class of work wanted.According to the position of the spindle,the milling machines may be divided into two groups of vertical spindle milling machines and horizontal spindle millingmachines.Milling machines may be grouped into various classes.According to the variation in general design as thecolumn and knee type,the manufacturing types,and the planner type of milling machine.According to the table design,the milling machines may be classified as universal and plain milling machines.The most important parts of the milling machine are starting levers,spindle,column,knee,elevating screw,table,index head,speed levers,feed movement,table movement levers,foot stock,arbor yoke.The spindle of the milling machine is driven by an electric motor through a train of gears mounted in the column.The table of the plain milling machine may travel only at right angles to the spindle,while the universal milling machine is provided with a table that may be swiveled on the transverse slide for milling gear teeth,threads,ect.Various attachments are used for increasing the range of work that can be performed on a milling machine.The dividing head(also called an index head)is a device used to divide the periphery of a piece of work into any number of equal parts,and to hold the work in the required position while the cuts are being made.Various kinds of vises may be used for holding the work in a milling machine,the most common being the plain vise,and the swivel vise.ThePlanerThe planer is one of the biggest machine tools that employ a reciprocating cutting action.It generates flat or contoured surfaces in a series of straight cuts.Its efficiency is higher than that of the shaper.The work on the planer is held on the machine table and moves under the tool which is carried on the rail.The bed must be approximately twice as long as the table to support it at all positions during the stroke.The double-housing on one side only.Open-side planers are designed for work-pieces which are so wide that they can pass between the housings of double-housing planers.Thedouble-housing machine,however,offers greater rigidity.Some of the work that was formerly done on the planer is now done on the planer-type milling machine since the former is not so efficient as the latter.However,there are still many jobs that can be carried out better and more economically on the planer than on any other machines.For example,angular surfaces are often easier to machine on a planer.Planning is also most effective in the machining of long and narrow surfaces.In addition,the planer usually takes the important first cut on the rough forging or casting to establish a reference surface for subsequent machining.GrindingMachinesGrinding,or abrasive machine,is one of the most rapidly growing metal removal processes in manufacturing.Many machining operations,previously done on conventional milling machines,lathes and shapers,are now performed on various types of grinding machines.There is a great variety of grinding machines.The machines that are generally used are cutter grinder,surface grinder,centerless grinder,external grinder,internal grinder,and tool grinder.Five types of grinding operations are performed on grinding machines:（1）Surface grinding.Surface grinding are used to produce flat,angular and irregular surfaces.In the surface grinding process,the grinding wheel revolves on a spindle;and the workpiece,mounted on either a reciprocating or a rotary table,is brought into contact with the grinding wheel.（2）Cylindrical grinding.Cylindrical grinding is the process of grinding the outside surface of a cylinder.These surfaces may be straight,tapered or contoured.Cylindrical grinding operations resemble lathe turning operations.They replace the lathe when the workpiece is hardened or when extreme accuracy and superior finish are required.As the workpiece revolves,the grinding wheel,rotating much faster in the opposite direction,is brought into contactwith the part.The workpiece and table reciprocate while in contact with the grinding wheel to remove material.（3）Centerless grinding.Centerless grinding machines eliminate the need to have center holes for the work or to use workholding devices.In centerless grinding,the workpiece rests on a workrest blade and is backed up by a second wheel,called the regulating wheel.The rotation of the grinding wheel pushes the workpiece down on the workrest blade and against the regulating wheel.The regulating wheel,usually made of a rubber bonded abrasive,rotates in the same direction as the grinding wheel and controls the longitudinal feed of the work when set at a slight angle.By changing this angle and the speed of the wheel,the workpiece feed rate can be changed.（4）Internal grinding.Internal grinders are used to accurately finish straight,tapered or formed holes.The most popular internal grinder is similar in operation to a boring operation in a lathe.The work-piece is held by a workholding device,usually a chuck or collet,and revolved by a motorized headstock.A separate motor head in the same direction as the workpiece revolves the grinding wheel.It can be fed in and out of the work and also adjusted for depth of cut.（5）Special grinding processes.Special types of grinders are grinding machines made for specific types of work and operations.A brief description of the more commonly used special types follows:Tool and cutter grinders:There grinding machines are designed to sharpen milling cutters,reamers,taps and other machine tool cutters.The general purpose cutter grinder is the most popular and versatile tool grinding machine.Various attachments are available for sharpening most types of cutting tools.Jig grinding machines:Jig grinders were developed to locate and accurately grind tapered or straight holes.Jig grinders are equipped with a high speed vertical spindle for holding and driving the grinding wheel.They utilize the same precision locating system as do jig borers.Thread grinding machines:These are special grinders that resemble the cylindrical grinder.They must have a precision lead screw to produce the correct pitch,or lead,on a threaded part.Thread grinding machines also have a means of dressing or truing the cutting periphery of the grinding wheel so that it will produce a precise thread form on the part.Boring MachineBoring,also called internal turning,is used to increase the inside diameter of a hole.The original hole is made with a drill,or it may be a cored hole in a casting.Boring achieves three things:Sizing:Boring brings the hole to the proper size and finish. Straightness:Boring will straighten the original drilled or cast hole.Concentricity:Boring will make the hole concentric with the outside diameter within the limits of the accuracy of the chuck or holding device.The boring operation is generally performed in two steps;namely,rough boring and finish boring.The objective of the rough-boring operation is to remove the excess metal rapidly and efficiently,and the objective of the finish boring operation is to obtain the desired size,surface finish,and location of the hole .The size of the hole is obtained by using the trial-cut procedure.The diameter of the hole can be measured with inside calipers and outside micrometer calipers.Basic Measuring Instruments,or inside micrometer calipers can be used to measure the diameter directly.Shoulders,grooves,contours,taper,and threads are also bored inside of holes.Internal grooves are cut using a tool that is similar to an external grooving tool.The procedure for boring internal shoulders is very similar to the procedure for turning shoulders.Large shoulders are faced with the boring tool positioned with the nose leading,and using the cross slide to feed the tool.Internal contours can be machined using a tracing attachment on a lathe.The tracing attachment is mounted on the cross slide and the stylus follows the outline of the master profile plate.This caused the cutting tool to move in apath corresponding to the profile of the master profile plate.Thus,the profile on the master profile plate is reproduced inside the bore.The master profile plate is accurately mounted on a special slide which can be precisely adjusted in two directions,in order to align the cutting tool in the correct relationship to the work.Normal turning cuts are taken with the spindle rotating counterclockwise.The boring cut is taken with the spindle revolving in a clockwise direction,or backwards.1.2 機 床機床是用于切削金屬的機器。工業(yè)上使用的機床要數(shù)車床、鉆床和銑床最為重要。 其它類型的金屬切削機床在金屬切削加工方面不及這三種機床應用廣泛。車床通常被稱為所有類型機床的始祖。為了進行車削，當工件旋轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)過刀具時，車 床用一把單刃刀具切除金屬。用車削可以加工各種圓柱型的工件，如：軸、齒輪坯、皮 帶輪和絲杠軸。鏜削加工可以用來擴大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。鉆削是由旋轉(zhuǎn)的鉆頭完成的。大多數(shù)金屬的鉆削由麻花鉆來完成。用來進行鉆削加 工的機床稱為鉆床。鉸孔和攻螺紋也歸類為鉆削過程。鉸孔是從已經(jīng)鉆好的孔上再切除 少量的金屬。攻螺紋是在內(nèi)孔上加工出螺紋，以使螺釘或螺栓旋進孔內(nèi)。 銑削由旋轉(zhuǎn)的、多切削刃的銑刀來完成。銑刀有多種類型和尺寸。有些銑刀只有兩個切削刃，而有些則有多達三十或更多的切削刃。銑刀根據(jù)使用的刀具不同能加工平面、 斜面、溝槽、齒輪輪齒和其它外形輪廓。牛頭刨床和龍門刨床用單刃刀具來加工平面。用牛頭刨床進行加工時，刀具在機床 上往復運動，而工件朝向刀具自動進給。在用龍門刨床進行加工時，工件安裝在工作臺 上，工作臺往復經(jīng)過刀具而切除金屬。工作臺每完成一個行程刀具自動向工件進給一個 小的進給量。磨削利用磨粒來完成切削工作。根據(jù)加工要求，磨削可分為精密磨削和非精密磨削。 精密磨削用于公差小和非常光潔的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多 余的金屬。車 床車床是用來從圓形工件表面切除金屬的機床，工件安裝在車床的兩個頂尖之間，并 繞頂尖軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)。車削工件時，車刀沿著工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線平行移動或與工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線 成一斜角移動，將工件表面的金屬切除。車刀的這種位移稱為進給。車刀裝夾在刀架上， 刀架則固定在溜板上。溜板是使刀具沿所需方向進行進給的機構。用于操縱車床手柄可 使車刀實現(xiàn)進給，也可以借助專門的傳動裝置實現(xiàn)自動進給。車床的最大部件稱為床身，它的兩端分別裝有床頭箱和尾座。床身表面有專門的導 軌，溜板和尾座可以在導軌上滑行。車床的兩個頂尖分別裝在兩根主軸中：活頂尖裝在床頭箱主軸中，另一個死頂尖則 裝在尾座的主軸中。車床卡盤用于夾緊工件，其目的在于使工件在車削時不搖晃。通常，安裝在床頭箱 主軸上的卡盤可具有不同的尺寸和結(jié)構。如果工件是一完整的圓，可將其夾緊在所謂的 三爪通用卡盤中，卡盤的三個爪靠轉(zhuǎn)動螺旋機構能同時向中間移動。但是如果工件系非 完整的圓，則應使用四爪相互獨立的四爪卡盤。車床在車削不同材料和不同直徑的工件時，必須以不同的速度運轉(zhuǎn)。裝在床頭箱內(nèi) 的齒輪系統(tǒng)能使車床以不同的速度運轉(zhuǎn)。車床在車削工件前，它的頂尖要對準，即兩個頂尖的軸線必須在同一直線上。 為檢驗車床頂尖的同軸度，可進行一次車削，然后用千分尺測量車削物的兩端。19并非所有的工件都必須裝夾在車床的兩個頂尖之間。短工件的車削可不使用死頂 尖，而是簡單的將其適當夾緊在床頭箱的主軸上。鉆 頭 和 鉆 床麻花鉆頭是一種高效率的刀具，它通常由扁鋼鍛造后扭轉(zhuǎn)出凹槽，或由圓柱棒料銑削而成，一般用高速鋼制作。高速鋼的成本雖然較高，但用它制作的刀具在耐熱 性方面要比用普通工具鋼制作的刀具好得多。麻花鉆可分做三個主要部分：鉆體、鉆柄和鉆尖。螺旋槽是位于鉆頭側(cè)面的螺旋形 凹槽，鉆頭制成兩條、三條或四條螺旋槽。帶有三條或四條螺旋槽的鉆頭用于較小鉆頭 鉆孔后繼續(xù)鉆孔的場合，或?qū)σ雁@好的孔進行擴孔，而不宜在實體坯料上鉆孔。螺旋槽主要有四個好處：（1）螺旋槽使鉆頭的切削刃有正確的前角；（2）螺旋槽可以卷緊切屑，使其占有最小的空間；（3）螺旋槽可以構成若干通道，切屑能借助這些通道從孔內(nèi)排出；（4）螺旋槽可以使?jié)櫥瑒╉樌亓飨蚯邢魅小?刃帶（棱邊）是螺旋槽切削刃上的狹帶。刃帶部分實際上是鉆頭的最大直徑處，它伸展到螺旋槽的全長，它的表面是圓柱體的一部分。緊靠刃帶的鉆體部分其直徑略小于 刃帶的直徑，減小的直徑稱做鉆體間隙。鉆體間隙用來減少鉆頭和孔壁間的摩檫，而刃 帶則用來保證孔的準確尺寸。鉆頭的一端是鉆柄，它被安裝在鉆套、鉆床的主軸或鉆夾頭中。通常只有錐柄鉆頭 才帶柄舌。鉆床是僅次于車床的最古老的機床，它的發(fā)明略遲于車床，它是一種最普通和最有 用的機床。鉆床可分為三大類：立式鉆床、多軸鉆床和搖臂鉆床。立式鉆床有三種類型： 重型鉆床、普通鉆床和高速手壓臺鉆。鉆床除了鉆孔外，還可完成下列工作：如攻螺紋（加工內(nèi)螺紋）、鉸孔（用絞刀精 加工孔）、尖底锪鉆、平底锪鉆、鏜孔和锪端面等。銑 床銑床是一種當工件向銑刀進給時，銑刀旋轉(zhuǎn)著從工件表面切除金屬的機床。銑刀安 裝在刀桿上并由襯套或軸套定位。刀桿的一端安裝在主軸上，而另一端則可在安裝在刀 桿支架的軸承里旋轉(zhuǎn)。銑刀通常有高速鋼制成，有不同的尺寸和形狀。銑刀可分為圓柱銑刀、立銑刀（銑 端面）、成形銑刀、角度銑刀、三面刃銑刀、鋸片銑刀等。這些銑刀的銑削方向可能不 同，例如，在切削時，它們可以順時針轉(zhuǎn)動，也可以逆時針轉(zhuǎn)動。在銑床可以加工規(guī)則的或不規(guī)則的工件，銑床結(jié)構的不同取決于要加工工件的類型 特點。根據(jù)主軸的位置，銑床可分為立式銑床和臥式銑床兩大類。銑床可分為許多種。 根據(jù)總體結(jié)構的不同，銑床可分為升降臺式銑床、專用銑床、龍門銑床；根據(jù)工作臺的結(jié)構，銑床可分為萬能銑床和普通銑床。 銑床主要的零部件有啟動手柄、主軸、立柱、升降臺、升降螺桿、工作臺、分度臺、調(diào)速手柄、進給手柄、工作臺移動手柄、床身和刀桿支架。 銑床主軸由電動機通過安裝在立柱里的一系列齒輪驅(qū)動。普通銑床的工作臺只能沿垂直于主軸的方向運動，而萬能銑床在銑削輪齒、螺紋等時，工作臺可以在橫向滑板上 轉(zhuǎn)動。銑床上所用的各種附件增加了銑床的加工范圍。 分度頭是一種在工件圓周方向上進行等分，以及切削時把工件夾持在所需位置的裝置。銑床用各種虎鉗來夾持工件，最常見的是平口鉗及旋轉(zhuǎn)座虎鉗。龍 門 刨 床龍門刨床是用于往復切削運動的最大的機床之一。它在一連竄的直線切削過程中加 工平面或成形面。龍門刨床的加工效率高于牛頭刨床。龍門刨床上的工件裝在工作臺上，并在刨刀下面做往復運動，刨刀裝在橫軌上。龍 門刨床的床身一定要比工作臺長一倍左右，以便工作臺在行程中的每一個位置都得到支 承。雙立柱龍門刨床有兩根立柱，用來支承橫軌的兩端。單立柱龍門刨床只在一邊有立 柱。單立柱龍門刨床適用于那些寬度超過兩立柱間距離的工件。然而，雙立柱龍門刨床 剛性較高。有一些以前用龍門刨床加工的工件，現(xiàn)在可用龍門銑床加工，因為前者的效率不如 后者高。不過，還是有許多工件在龍門刨床上加工比在其它機床上加工更為有利和經(jīng)濟。 例如，斜面通常在龍門銑床上加工較為容易。狹長表面的加工用龍門刨床也最為有效。 此外，龍門刨床常用來在表面粗糙的鍛件和鑄件上進行重要的初切，以便為后面的加工 建立一個基準面。磨 床磨削，或研磨加工，是制造業(yè)發(fā)展最快的金屬切削方法。很多以前由傳統(tǒng)銑床，車 床和刨床作的機械加工作業(yè)，現(xiàn)在由各種磨床來完成。磨床的總類很多。常見的有刀具磨床、普通磨床、無心磨床、外圓磨床、內(nèi)圓磨床 及工具磨床。在磨床上可進行五種類型的磨削：（1）平面磨削。平面磨削是用于加工平面，角平面和不規(guī)則的表面。在平面磨削過 程中，砂輪在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)，工件安裝在一個往復移動或轉(zhuǎn)動的工作臺上，工件被帶動與砂 輪互相接觸。（2）外圓磨削。外圓磨削是磨削圓柱體的外表面的過程。這些表面可以是圓柱面的， 圓錐形的和外輪廓曲面。外圓磨削操作類似車床車削的操作。當工件是很硬或當需要極 高精度和較高光潔度時，外圓磨削可代替車床。工件旋轉(zhuǎn)，砂輪與工件旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相反且 轉(zhuǎn)速更快，被帶到與工件接觸的部件。工件與工作臺往復運動，當與砂輪接觸就對材料 進行磨削。（3）無心外圓磨削。無心外圓磨床運行不需要中心孔或夾緊裝置。在無心外圓磨 床上，工件停在靜止的刀形托板上，且被另一個稱為導輪的輪子支撐著。在刀形支撐上， 砂輪推動工件向下，且靠在調(diào)節(jié)輪上。調(diào)節(jié)輪經(jīng)常用橡膠結(jié)合耐磨材料做成，旋轉(zhuǎn)的方 向與主動輪相同，同時當實質(zhì)一個微小的傾斜角度時，能控制工件的縱向進給。改變這 個角度和砂輪的速度，工件的進給速度也能改變。（4）內(nèi)圓磨床。內(nèi)圓磨床是被用于完成精準的圓柱形的，圓錐形的和成形孔的加 工。大多數(shù)通用的內(nèi)圓磨床的操作與車床上的鏜孔操作非常相似。工件是被工件夾具所 夾持，工件夾具通常是卡盤或套爪卡盤夾緊由主軸箱驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)。一臺單獨的電動機與工 件同一個方向驅(qū)動砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。它能進退工件也能調(diào)整切削深度。（5）特種磨削加工。特種磨床是加工特殊類型的工件及具有特殊操作功能的磨削 設備。比較常見的特殊種類概括如下：工具和刀具磨床：人們設計這些磨削機床以鋒利銑刀，絞床，絲攻和其他的機械切 割刀具。一般的刀具磨床是最通用萬能的刀具磨削機床。其各種配件能使絕大多數(shù)的切割刀 具變得鋒利。坐標磨床：坐標磨床機開發(fā)是用來定位和精確磨削錐形和圓柱