機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-二軸式變速器設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙全套)
機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-二軸式變速器設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙全套),機(jī)械,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),二軸式,變速器,設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,全套
沈陽化工大學(xué)科亞學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述
二軸式變速器設(shè)計(jì) 文獻(xiàn)綜述
姓名:黃嵩 班級:機(jī)制1101班指導(dǎo)教師:侯志敏
摘要:
汽車變速器是最重要的組成部分之一。其任務(wù)是調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)換引擎性能,有效,經(jīng)濟(jì)地向驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的動(dòng)力,從而滿足使用要求。傳輸是傳動(dòng)系任務(wù)的重要組成部分,一個(gè)是確定車輛性能的主要部件。傳輸電平的設(shè)計(jì)直接影響到車輛的動(dòng)力性能,燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性,可靠性和可移植性,變速器換擋控制的穩(wěn)定性和效率等。隨著汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展,汽車傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的趨勢是增加發(fā)送功率和的比率的重量,并需要傳輸可以有一個(gè)更小的尺寸和良好的性能。這種設(shè)計(jì)與現(xiàn)有企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)是生產(chǎn)汽車圣安娜傳輸,在給定的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩,速度和最大速度,最大爬坡等條件,著眼于傳動(dòng)齒輪,軸的尺寸等結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算;同時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)了傳輸方案和傳輸形式結(jié)構(gòu);與操作機(jī)構(gòu)和同步器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì);為了更好地提高汽車的整體性能。汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)在國內(nèi)外近幾年的快速發(fā)展,車型的多樣化,個(gè)性化和智能化已成為汽車的發(fā)展趨勢。但傳輸設(shè)計(jì)一向在汽車的設(shè)計(jì)中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一,傳輸是用來改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速,目的是開始在原地,爬坡,轉(zhuǎn)彎,加速在各種行駛條件下,如汽車得到不同的牽引力和速度,同時(shí)使最強(qiáng)大的工作條件的范圍內(nèi),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作。因此,傳輸性能影響的指標(biāo),汽車的動(dòng)力性能和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。傳輸可以使汽車駕駛穩(wěn)定在非常低的速度,并在內(nèi)燃機(jī)的低轉(zhuǎn)速單獨(dú)最低穩(wěn)定速度很難達(dá)到。反向回力車的變速器可以帶動(dòng);間隙在啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí),停車場和滑行可以分離發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器系統(tǒng)很長一段時(shí)間。
傳輸結(jié)構(gòu)除了對汽車的性能,燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性和車輛操縱和便于攜帶,可靠性產(chǎn)生影響諸如穩(wěn)定性和傳輸?shù)男视兄苯佑绊?。變速器和主減速器和優(yōu)化發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)匹配做,能獲得良好的性能和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的參數(shù);采用自鎖和聯(lián)鎖裝置,轉(zhuǎn)向安全裝置,倒錐齒面及其他措施的聯(lián)合牙齒,可以使可靠的操控,不產(chǎn)生跳躍齒輪,齒輪,自動(dòng)不對稱,逆向選擇錯(cuò)誤;同步器可以使轉(zhuǎn)向燈,無沖擊噪音;使用高擋,修改和參數(shù)的優(yōu)化措施可以使齒輪運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),噪音低,低噪音水平已成為一個(gè)更高的傳輸質(zhì)量和設(shè)計(jì),工藝水平是關(guān)鍵。
正文:
隨著汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,多樣化和個(gè)性化模式已經(jīng)成為汽車發(fā)展的趨勢。和傳輸設(shè)計(jì)是在汽車設(shè)計(jì)的全過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。它被用來改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的扭矩和旋轉(zhuǎn)速度,目的是各種行駛條件下,使車得到不同的牽引力和速度,同時(shí),使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在范圍內(nèi)的最有利的條件工作。因此,它影響的指標(biāo),汽車的動(dòng)力性能和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性能,適用于汽車,其設(shè)計(jì)的意義更為明顯。在當(dāng)今的汽車性能的要求越來越高,車輛的舒適性也為車輛評價(jià)的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),并且變速器的設(shè)計(jì)不夠合理,將會(huì)使落下的舒適性,使運(yùn)行噪音增大車,影響的完整性車上。汽車變速器系統(tǒng)的核心部分。其任務(wù)是調(diào)整,有效地變換引擎的性能,功率和經(jīng)濟(jì)上以驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪,以滿足汽車的使用的要求。傳輸是傳動(dòng)系任務(wù)的重要組成部分,一個(gè)是確定車輛性能的主要部件。的汽車動(dòng)力性,燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性,可靠性和可移植性,變速器換檔控制的穩(wěn)定性和效率的傳輸要求結(jié)構(gòu)有直接的影響。隨著汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展,汽車傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的趨勢是增加發(fā)射功率和重量的比值,并要求其尺寸更小,性能良好。的自動(dòng)變速器設(shè)計(jì)工作開始之前,必須先根據(jù)用于選擇一些主要參數(shù)齒輪箱的實(shí)際情況。的主要參數(shù)包括中心距,傳輸軸向尺寸的直徑,軸,齒輪參數(shù),如齒輪的齒數(shù)。傳輸?shù)幕驹O(shè)計(jì)要求:確保必要的汽車動(dòng)力性能和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性;設(shè)置間隙,切斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力向驅(qū)動(dòng)輪傳輸;設(shè)置反向,汽車行駛撤退;移位迅速,節(jié)能環(huán)保,方便快捷;可靠地工作,在汽車的過程中,發(fā)送應(yīng)跳躍齒輪,齒輪和變速?zèng)_擊現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn);效率高,噪音低;結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,合理的解決方案;在滿負(fù)荷和沖擊載荷,使用壽命長的狀況。此外,該傳輸也應(yīng)滿足尺寸和小,制造成本低,維護(hù)方便等的質(zhì)量。⑴根據(jù)前進(jìn)檔數(shù)分為
三檔變速器,四檔變速器,五檔變速器,多檔變速器。
⑵根據(jù)軸的形式分為
固定旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的軸。固定軸被分為:二軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),中間軸類型變速器,雙中間軸類型變速器,三中間軸變速器。廣泛使用的固定軸的類型,前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上其中兩個(gè)以上的軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),中間軸變速器用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車的前部。旋轉(zhuǎn)型的軸線主要用于液壓機(jī)械傳動(dòng)。
國內(nèi)外目前,汽車變速器的發(fā)展非常迅速,共同研究利用電控自動(dòng)變速器,該變速器具有更好的駕駛的駕駛性能,良好的性能和駕駛的安全性越高。但司機(jī)失去了駕駛樂趣,不能更好地體驗(yàn)駕駛的樂趣所帶來的。手動(dòng)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,傳動(dòng)效率高,制造成本和可靠的工作,它被廣泛地應(yīng)用于不同類型的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛。在齒輪組而言,海外的易于操縱和齒輪的數(shù)目越來越高的要求。目前,在四齒輪的劑量尤其五速變速器有一種傾向,變得越來越多。同時(shí),六速傳輸負(fù)荷率正在上升。
本次設(shè)計(jì)的變速器是在桑塔納變速器的基礎(chǔ)上,在給定發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩、轉(zhuǎn)速及最高車速、最大爬坡度等條件下,主要完成傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),并繪制出變速器裝配圖及主要零件的零件圖。
⑴ 對變速器傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的分析與選擇。
通過比較兩軸和中間軸式變速器各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),以及所設(shè)計(jì)車輛的特點(diǎn),確定傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的布置形式。
⑵ 變速器主要參數(shù)的選擇
變速器主要參數(shù)的選擇:檔數(shù)、傳動(dòng)比、中心距、齒輪參數(shù)等。
⑶ 變速器齒輪強(qiáng)度的校核
變速器齒輪強(qiáng)度的校核主要對變速器的齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度和齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行校核。
⑷ 軸的基本尺寸的確定及強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。
對于軸的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算則是對軸的剛度和強(qiáng)度分別進(jìn)行校核。
⑸ 軸承的選擇與壽命計(jì)算。
支持傳動(dòng)軸部分采用錐形石滾子軸承,壽命計(jì)算由汽車?yán)锍檀笮?,汽車為三十萬公里。
這樣的設(shè)計(jì)主要是在國內(nèi)外大約文學(xué)的傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì),結(jié)合專業(yè)知識,在老師的正確指導(dǎo)下設(shè)計(jì)的最近幾年。通過比較不同的方案和方法來選擇最佳方案設(shè)計(jì),計(jì)算和的變速驗(yàn)算結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù);同時(shí),同步器換檔和運(yùn)行機(jī)制的分析,如結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì);此外,為改進(jìn)和完善現(xiàn)有的傳統(tǒng)傳輸結(jié)構(gòu)。有機(jī)械傳動(dòng)致動(dòng)器的布局兩種主要類型:二軸式變速器和中間軸類型變速器。其中超過兩軸傳動(dòng)用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車。與中間軸型變速器相比,它有一個(gè)軸和軸承的數(shù)量少,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,體積小,方便的優(yōu)勢來裝飾。另外,通過一對齒輪傳動(dòng),因此,傳動(dòng)效率高,噪音低的中間文件只。而是兩個(gè)軸傳動(dòng)不能直接設(shè)置,因此軸承,齒輪和軸承都在工作的工作增加噪聲和容易損壞,由它的第一齒輪比的結(jié)構(gòu)的限制無法設(shè)計(jì)出很多。其特點(diǎn)是:變速箱輸出軸和主驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪減速器使其成為一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體,縱置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)直接輸出功率。和中間軸變速器類型更多后置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪和后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車。其特點(diǎn)是:齒輪箱的軸之后,經(jīng)常一起制成最第二嚙合齒輪軸和在同一直線上的軸的解決方案的情況下,嚙合套可后直接將它們連接起來獲得的,使用直接速度傳動(dòng)齒輪和軸承和中間軸軸承,噪音低,齒輪和軸承的磨損減少。
對于不同類型的汽車,具有不同數(shù)目傳動(dòng)齒輪的,這樣做的原因是,他們使用不同的條件,車輛的性能要求,和汽車本身比的不同的功率。并與汽車的動(dòng)力性能傳動(dòng)齒輪的數(shù)量,燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性是密切相關(guān)的。在性能方面,裝備的數(shù)量,增加了機(jī)會(huì)接近最大功率高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率發(fā)揮,提高了汽車的加速和爬坡能力。更在燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性,齒輪而言,增加了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的低燃料消耗的能力較低的區(qū)域中,降低燃料消耗。為了提高生產(chǎn)效率,降低運(yùn)輸成木。然而,增加文件數(shù)量可以使復(fù)雜的傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制和質(zhì)量的提高,軸向尺寸,更高的成本和操作復(fù)雜的。綜上所述,由于雙軸傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)中檔汽車變速器,驅(qū)動(dòng)形式屬于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng),而空間的傳輸較小,可安排的需求傳輸更高,運(yùn)行噪音低,設(shè)計(jì)速度高,所以選擇二軸傳動(dòng)的傳輸方案。選擇五速變速箱和五檔超速。根據(jù)汽車使用條件的需求,采用完整的選定文件操作機(jī)制的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序和執(zhí)行移位或回的差距。傳輸控制機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)符合下列主要條件:只有轉(zhuǎn)變掛在一擋,換擋應(yīng)后點(diǎn)頭整個(gè)齒嚙合,防止非對稱或自動(dòng)換擋自動(dòng),防止反向,轉(zhuǎn)向燈。
傳輸控制機(jī)制通常送達(dá)的頂部或側(cè)蓋的內(nèi)部,有幾個(gè)被分離。第二滑動(dòng)齒輪的軸傳動(dòng)操作手法,嚙合套或同步器有不同的齒輪需要。
共同用于機(jī)械傳動(dòng)控制機(jī)構(gòu),是由變速桿,撥片,叉,變速叉軸和聯(lián)鎖,自鎖和反向裝置,例如主要部件,并依靠駕駛員的手來完成所選擇的文件,輪班工作或推間隙,叫手動(dòng)換檔變速箱。
當(dāng)傳輸布置在靠近駕駛員座位,變速桿可直接在發(fā)送安裝,并依靠駕駛員的手,并直接通過手動(dòng)變速變速器的變速桿換擋功能,稱為直接操縱變速器的完成。這種控制結(jié)構(gòu)用最簡單的,已被廣泛使用。近年來應(yīng)用,單一類型的操作機(jī)構(gòu)是比較,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是減少了傳輸撥叉軸,具有一組自鎖裝置的齒輪,從而簡化了操作機(jī)構(gòu),但它需要換擋進(jìn)度是相等的。平板型汽車或后置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)轎車變速器,限制了整體布局,傳輸遠(yuǎn)離駕駛座,然后被安排在變速桿和叉幾個(gè)傳動(dòng)件,換擋手改造后這些機(jī)構(gòu)來完成移之間功能。這種手動(dòng)換檔變速器,稱為遠(yuǎn)程操作手動(dòng)換檔變速箱。
自從20世紀(jì)80年代,基于所述固定軸的機(jī)械傳動(dòng),通過計(jì)算機(jī)和電子控制技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換檔,并取消變速桿以及離合器踏板。司機(jī)需要控制油門踏板,汽車可以自動(dòng)完成換檔在行駛過程中,發(fā)送的電自動(dòng)換檔變速器[10]。
因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)軸變速裝置的變速,由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的,傳動(dòng)靠近駕駛員座位,所以用直接操作型手動(dòng)換檔變速器。
操縱機(jī)構(gòu)還應(yīng)設(shè)有保證不能誤掛倒檔的機(jī)構(gòu)。通常是在倒檔叉或叉頭上裝有彈簧機(jī)構(gòu),使司機(jī)在換檔時(shí)因有彈簧力作用,產(chǎn)生明顯的手感。
鎖止機(jī)構(gòu)還包括自鎖、倒檔鎖兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)。
是自鎖機(jī)構(gòu)滑塊鎖定在一定位置上的作用,確保所有的齒輪齒嚙合,并防止非對稱性和自動(dòng)換擋。自鎖定結(jié)構(gòu)與球形鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)和兩種類型的桿鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)。
換檔鎖功能是使駕駛員必須施加變速桿更大的力量,可以掛入倒檔,有提醒,如果選擇錯(cuò)誤造成逆向安全事故的影響。
前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車的設(shè)計(jì),通過直接操作的方式運(yùn)行機(jī)制,或鎖定全部采用,即設(shè)置鎖,互鎖,換檔鎖裝置。自鎖球被用來實(shí)現(xiàn)自鎖,聯(lián)鎖由相互鎖銷來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。通過限制彈簧移位鎖,使駕駛員的感覺,防止反向。
在最近幾年中,為了降低燃料消耗,齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置的數(shù)目有增加的傾向。目前,乘用車一般使用4?5齒輪傳動(dòng)。大排量發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)乘用車變速器的多功能5個(gè)文件。通過使用4?5個(gè)或更多的商用車傳輸。把質(zhì)量在2.0?3.5噸車采用五速變速箱,以質(zhì)量在4.0?8.0噸卡車的六速變速器。在全面質(zhì)量更采用高速傳輸大卡車和越野車。
檔數(shù)選擇的要求:
⑴ 相鄰檔位之間的傳動(dòng)比比值在1.8以下。
⑵ 高檔區(qū)相鄰檔位之間的傳動(dòng)比比值要比低檔區(qū)相鄰檔位之間的比值小。
因此,本次設(shè)計(jì)的轎車變速器為5檔變速器。
傳動(dòng)比范圍是指最高和低傳動(dòng)比變速器的比值。最高檔一般文件直接,傳動(dòng)比為1.0;某些傳輸是最高檔超速,傳動(dòng)比為0.7?0.8。選擇低傳輸率的影響因素包括:驅(qū)動(dòng)輪和路面,主減速比與驅(qū)動(dòng)輪滾動(dòng)半徑和所需之間的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩和由汽車最大爬坡所需的最低速度穩(wěn)定,粘附達(dá)到最小穩(wěn)定的驅(qū)動(dòng)速度等之間3.0?4.5的乘用車的傳動(dòng)比范圍,一些商業(yè)車輛之間5.0?8.0,其它商業(yè)車輛是較大的總重量。 本設(shè)計(jì)最高檔傳動(dòng)比為0.8。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速與汽車行駛速度之間的關(guān)系式為:
(3.1)
式中:
——汽車行駛速度(km/h);
——發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min);
——車輪滾動(dòng)半徑(m);
——變速器傳動(dòng)比;
——主減速器傳動(dòng)比。
已知:最高車速==172 km/h;最高檔為超速檔,傳動(dòng)比=0.8;車輪滾動(dòng)半徑由所選用的輪胎規(guī)格195/60R14得到=29(mm);發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速=(1.4~2.0)n=5000(r/min);由公式(3.1)得到主減速器傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算公式:
8
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2] 高維山.變速器[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1990.
[3] 李君,張建武,馮金芝,雷雨龍,葛安林.電控機(jī)械式自動(dòng)變速器的發(fā)展、現(xiàn)狀和展望[J].汽車技術(shù),2000(03).
[4] 曉青.汽車變速器的百年變遷[J].汽車運(yùn)用,2003(12).
[5] Yolaro Halamura et al.Actual conceptual design process for an intelligent machining center[J].Annals of the CIRP, 1995(44):123-128.
[6] 劉海江,于信匯,沈 斌.汽車齒輪[M].上海:同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社,1997.
[7] 孫恒,傅則紹.機(jī)械原理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[8] 鄭四發(fā),連小珉,蔣孝煜.系列化汽車變速器設(shè)計(jì)中模型參數(shù)化的研究[J].汽車,2004(5).
[9] 謝進(jìn),丁劍飛,陳永.基于功能、約束和結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)概念設(shè)計(jì).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與研究[J],1999(2):33-55.
[10]徐海山,湯夢蕊.變速器電動(dòng)自動(dòng)換檔機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械工程師,2002(4):68-72.
[11]Jonathan S, Cohone1 al. A form verification system for the conceptual design of complex mechanical systems[J]. Engineering with computers 1994(10):33-44
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[13]蔡炳炎,徐勇,林寧.機(jī)械式汽車變速器的速比配置分析[J].機(jī)械研究與應(yīng)用 2005-04:25-26.
[14]王望予.汽車設(shè)計(jì)(第四版)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.
[15]劉惟信.汽車設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:清華人學(xué)出版社,2001.
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[18]王特典,衛(wèi)家嵋.工程材料[M].南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,1996.
[19]龔桂義.漸開線圓柱齒輪強(qiáng)度計(jì)算與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1992.
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[21]趙世琴,黃宗益,陳明.慣性式同步器的結(jié)構(gòu)分析[J].《起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械》2000 (5).
沈 陽 化 工 大 學(xué) 科 亞 學(xué) 院
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成績考核評價(jià)表
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
名 稱
二軸式變速器設(shè)計(jì)
專 業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級
1101
姓名
黃嵩
評價(jià)人
權(quán)重
評價(jià)點(diǎn)
得分
指導(dǎo)教師
10
圖紙完備、整潔,設(shè)計(jì)說明書的撰寫質(zhì)量
5
分析、計(jì)算、論證的綜合能力
5
能綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識和專業(yè)知識,獨(dú)立工作能力強(qiáng)
5
畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)表現(xiàn)、進(jìn)度表書寫情況
評閱人
10
設(shè)計(jì)的有重大改進(jìn)或獨(dú)特見解,有一定應(yīng)用價(jià)值
5
設(shè)計(jì)的難度和工作量,結(jié)合本專業(yè)情況
5
計(jì)算、圖紙、公式、符號、單位是否符合工程設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范
5
說明書的條理性、語言、書寫、圖表水平
答辯小組
10
設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格符合要求及答辯規(guī)范程度
10
答辯掛圖準(zhǔn)備情況
10
答辯中思維敏捷,知識面寬厚程度
10
回答問題的正確性,有無錯(cuò)誤
10
是否有創(chuàng)新意識,設(shè)計(jì)是否有新意
教師、評閱人和答辯小組按以上各條的相應(yīng)評價(jià)點(diǎn)給出得分,合計(jì)總分?jǐn)?shù)。
在總成績分?jǐn)?shù)中,90-100分為優(yōu)秀,80-89分為良好,70-79為中等,60-69為及格,不足60分為不及格,列入本表右側(cè)成績欄中。
注意:有嚴(yán)重抄襲現(xiàn)象的學(xué)生成績應(yīng)定為不及格,有抄襲現(xiàn)象但不嚴(yán)重的學(xué)生成績應(yīng)降檔處理。指導(dǎo)教師、評閱人及答辯小組對此應(yīng)切實(shí)注意,如有不可解決的分歧,可交于院系答辯委員會(huì)裁定。
合計(jì)分?jǐn)?shù)
成績
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年 月 日
外文翻譯資料
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究
1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展
機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微、控制、機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合,其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ),如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人;而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起,為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路,如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。
1.2 智能化
即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對話功能,設(shè)置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫,會(huì)給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多,研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)單元;具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣,在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能,利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng),使人們在家里可充分享受各種高技術(shù)帶來的好處,因此,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人,如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來愈重要,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外,還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào),使用這些產(chǎn)品,對人來說還是一種享受,如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然,也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems,簡稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的,集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號處理和控制電路,直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針,1988年美國加州大學(xué)Berkeley分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來,國內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機(jī)理方面取得了很大進(jìn)展,開發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng),如各種微型傳感器(壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺傳感器),各種微構(gòu)件(微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等)。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合,又包含在生產(chǎn)過程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化與高效率,應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次,使系統(tǒng)功能分散,并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后再通過軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來,使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。
1.8 帶源化
是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源,如太陽能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場合無法使用電能,因而對于運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,自帶動(dòng)力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來巨大變化,在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以,人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境,回歸,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境,產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí),產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵中應(yīng)用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心,把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來,采用組裝合并方式,為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件,增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面:
2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)
由于鋼鐵具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn),傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難,因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)等,智能控制技術(shù)廣泛于鋼鐵的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面,如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(DCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺中央機(jī)指揮若干臺面向控制的現(xiàn)場測控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級的、三級的或更多級的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對生產(chǎn)過程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測控技術(shù)的,分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程控制,而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能,成為一種測、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。DCS具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。DCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散,故障面小,而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能,采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動(dòng)控制操作措施,使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比,其功能更強(qiáng),具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念?!伴_放”意味著對一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識和支持,按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng),可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換,且資源共享。開放控制系統(tǒng)通過工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營、管理、決策的集成,通過現(xiàn)場總線使現(xiàn)場儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)測量與控制一體化。
2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、生產(chǎn)管理以及過程控制連成一體,用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠,生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過程自動(dòng)化,但這種“自動(dòng)化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動(dòng)化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過程的統(tǒng)一管理,難以適應(yīng)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來鋼鐵企業(yè)競爭的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn),質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉,及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫存,加速資金周轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、管理整體優(yōu)化,關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理,獲取必須的效益,提高了企業(yè)的競爭力。美國、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀(jì)80年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)(FBT)
現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)(Fied Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號傳輸技術(shù)(如4~20mA,DC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場儀表裝置與更高一級的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過現(xiàn)場總線連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場信號連接導(dǎo)線?,F(xiàn)場總線的引入導(dǎo)致DCS的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場總線化儀表,如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場總線化檢測儀表、現(xiàn)場總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動(dòng)技術(shù)
傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性,電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在不久的將來由交流傳動(dòng)全面取代直流傳動(dòng),數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn),交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過直流調(diào)速水平?,F(xiàn)在無論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎,應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。
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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
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