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Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars 【短文語法填空】 It is well known that the Chinese have great respect for their elders, and here is an occasion to show it—the Chongyang Festival. It falls 1. the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. In Chinese, nine 2. (regard) as the number of “yang”. The ninth day of the ninth month is the day that has two“yang” numbers, and “chong” in Chinese means double, which is 3. the name “Chongyang” came into being. The festival can date back to the Warring States Period. However, it was not 4. (formal) set as a festival until the Tang Dynasty. In 1989, the Chinese government 5. (declare) the ninth day of the ninth lunar month to be the Seniors’ Day—a day to respect 6. elderly and to let them enjoy 7. (they)． Traditionally, people climb mountains, drink chrysanthemum(菊花) wine, and eat Chongyang cakes. Since “cake” in Chinese is pronounced “gao” meaning “high”， people consider climbing a high mountain to be the same as eating cakes in the hope of 8. (promote) to high positions. And people often think that chrysanthemum wine can get rid of all kinds of diseases and 9. (disaster)． Today many activities are held 10. (show) respect to the seniors like organizing a trip for them, sending them gifts and more on the day of the festival. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日重陽節(jié)的歷史發(fā)展、名稱由來等。 1．on　解析：考查介詞。重陽節(jié)是在農(nóng)歷九月初九這一天。在特定的某一天用介詞on。 2．is regarded　解析：考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。在中國，九被視為陽數(shù)。主語nine和動詞regard之間是被動關(guān)系，表示“被視為”，故用被動語態(tài)；此處是對客觀情況的描述，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。 3．how　解析：考查表語從句的連接詞。九月的第九天含有兩個陽數(shù)，“重”在漢語中表示“雙倍”的意思，這就是重陽節(jié)名稱的由來。根據(jù)語境可以判斷，空處表示“重陽節(jié)名稱的由來”，故用how引導(dǎo)該表語從句。 4．formally　解析：考查副詞。根據(jù)空處后的動詞set可知，空處修飾該動詞，故用副詞形式。 5．declared　解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)該句中的時間狀語“In 1989”可知，該句陳述的是發(fā)生在1989年的事情，故用一般過去時。 6．the　解析：考查定冠詞。the＋形容詞，表示一類人。the elderly表示“老年人”。 7．themselves　解析：考查反身代詞。1989年，中國政府宣布農(nóng)歷九月初九為“敬老節(jié)”，以此來尊敬老人，并讓他們過得愉快。enjoy oneself意為“得到樂趣”。 8．being promoted　解析：考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)空處前的介詞of可知，空處用動詞的ing形式；根據(jù)語境可知，主語people和動詞promote之間是被動關(guān)系，表示“被提升”，故用being promoted。 9．disasters　解析：考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。人們常常認(rèn)為菊花酒能消除各種疾病和災(zāi)難。根據(jù)該句中“diseases and”可知，空處用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 10．to show　解析：考查動詞不定式。如今，人們舉辦許多活動如組織老人旅游、給老人送禮物以表達對老人的尊敬。根據(jù)句意可知，空處表示目的，故用動詞不定式。 一．高考單詞→識記思考運用 1．核心詞匯 ①multiply vi.&vt.乘；增加 ②crash vi.&vt.碰撞；墜落 ③exhaust vt.用盡；耗盡；使精疲力盡 ④float vt.&vi.使浮動；使漂浮n.漂浮物 ⑤puzzle vt.&vi.使迷惑；使為難n.謎；難題 ⑥exist vi.生存；存在 existence n．存在；生存 ⑦violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；強暴的 violence n．暴力 ⑧harmful adj.有害的 harm n．&vt.傷害，損害 2．?？荚~匯 ①unlike prep. 與……不同；不像 ②pull n．&vt. 拉(力)；拖；牽引力 ③gentle adj. 溫和的；文雅的 ④thus adv. 因此；于是 ⑤mass n. 質(zhì)量；團；塊；大量；(復(fù))群眾 ⑥gravity n. 萬有引力；重力 ⑦fundamental adj. 基本的；基礎(chǔ)的 fundament n. 基礎(chǔ)，根本 ⑧religion n. 宗教；宗教信仰 religious adj. 宗教的 ⑨biology n. 生物學(xué) biologist n. 生物學(xué)家 biological adj. 生物學(xué)的 ⑩physicist n. 物理學(xué)家 physics n. 物理學(xué) ?extinct adj. 滅絕的；絕種的 extinction n. 滅絕 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．What I saw was pletely unlike (like) anything I had experienced in the past.(2017全國卷Ⅰ) 2．Last October, while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled (pull) out a handful of small carrots and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江卷) 3．Rezwan is creating floating (float) connectivity (連接) to replace flooded roads and highways.(2017江蘇卷) 4．On September 11, 1933, famous physicist (physics) Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.”(2017北京卷) 5．It can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence (exist)．(2016全國卷Ⅲ) 6．I began to learn this when I had my car crashed (crash)．(2016天津卷) 7．One important biological (biology) factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women.(2016四川卷) 8．Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses (mass) of color.(2016全國卷Ⅱ) ?“推，拉”家族 ①pull n．&vt.拉(力)；拖；牽引力 ②draw vt.&vi.拖，拉 ③drag vt.&n.拖，拉，拽 ④push v．&n.推，推動(力) ?“碰、撞”家族 ①hit v．碰撞，打擊 ②crash v．碰撞；墜落 ③bump n．&v.撞；碰撞(聲) ④collide v．碰撞；相撞 ⑤collision n．撞擊；碰撞 ⑥r(nóng)un into 撞上 ⑦knock into 撞上 ⑧knock together 相撞 ?后綴-ist必備名詞薈萃 ①archaeologist 考古學(xué)家 ②biologist 生物學(xué)家 ③chemist 化學(xué)家 ④physicist 物理學(xué)家 ⑤psychologist 心理學(xué)家 ⑥specialist 專家 ⑦sociologist 社會學(xué)家 ⑧scientist 科學(xué)家 ⑨t(yī)ypist 打字員 ⑩tourist 旅游者，游客 【完形填空】 It impressed me a lot.I never thought that little help will __1__ out to be the most satisfying thing I have ever done.He was tired，and __2__ to climb further.With a broad __3__，he asked if I could help him with some money.He was paralyzed(癱瘓) in both legs and was __4__ funds for some operation.He said that if operated successfully，he could __5__ a training guaranteeing him a job.I was full of __6__ and even asked him to show his legs.I gave him the __7__ money.After a few days，he again came at my doorstep asking for more money for acmodation.This time I was more or less __8__ he was not cheating me.I gave him some and said，“This is all I have.” A year went by and I had moved to a(n) __9__ place.One fine day I got a call from an unknown number.Caller called out his name but I didnt __10__ him.Then he said he was the very paralyzed person I helped a year ago. I asked him how he was doing.He said，“What sir, you recognize me not by my name but by my __11__ state.” “With your kind help I am now able to __12__ on my legs without support.I was operated __13__.I am married to a beautiful lady and have a stable __14__.” I dont __15__ remember if I gave him my phone number.__16__，what he said next was touching.He said he wanted to return my money so that I didnt feel cheated and would continue to help people __17__ in the future.I dont know whether he read my facial expression the day I helped him but tears were __18__ down my face.That day I promised him I would continue to help people as I saw a(n) __19__—small or big.__20__ a lifechanged event of my life. 1．A.send B．break C．bring D．turn 2．A.struggling B．substituting C．playing D．walking 3．A.look B．smile C．view D．whisper 4．A.finding B．raising C．seeking D．earning 5．A.pretend B．intend C．a(chǎn)ttend D．tend 6．A.interests B．minds C．worries D．doubts 7．A.remaining B．left C．hiding D．forgotten 8．A.informed B．prepared C．convinced D．outspoken 9．A.new B．old C．systematic D．bad 10．A.remind B．recognize C．replace D．repeat 11．A.excited B．messed C．disabled D．stressed 12．A.live B．base C．focus D．stand 13．A.successfully B．surprisingly C．hopefully D．naturally 14．A.reason B．promise C．character D．job 15．A.also B．even C．a(chǎn)lready D．only 16．A.Therefore B．Otherwise C．However D．Meanwhile 17．A.in need B．in place C．in favor D．in advance 18．A.bringing B．putting C．running D．pulling 19．A.behavior B．case C．a(chǎn)ccident D．opportunity 20．A.Strangely B．Truly C．Generally D．Originally 【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。作者一次無意間的幫助改變了一位癱瘓者的一生。這件事也改變了作者的人生，讓他決定繼續(xù)幫助那些有困難的人。 1．D　考查動詞短語辨析。此處指作者從未想過一個小小的幫助最后竟成為他曾做過的最令自己滿意的一件事。四個選項都能與out組成固定短語。turn out意為“結(jié)果是，最后成為”，符合語境。send out意為“發(fā)出”；break out意為“爆發(fā)”；bring out意為“生產(chǎn)，出版”，均與語境不符。故答案選D。 2．A　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“paralyzed (癱瘓)”可知，他癱瘓了，所以此處應(yīng)指他努力往前爬。A項意為“努力，掙扎”，符合語境。B項意為“替換”；C項意為“玩”；D項意為“走”，均與語境不符。故答案選A。 3．B　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)前面的“broad”可知，此處應(yīng)指他咧嘴微笑著。B項意為“微笑”，符合語境。A項意為“表情”；C項意為“觀點”；D項意為“耳語”，均與語境不符。故答案選B。 4．B　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)上句中的“help him with some money”可知，此處應(yīng)指他在籌集手術(shù)資金。B項意為“籌集”，符合語境。A項意為“找到”；C項意為“尋找”；D項意為“掙得”，均與語境不符。故答案選B。 5．C　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處應(yīng)指如果手術(shù)成功了，他就能參加能讓他得到一份工作的培訓(xùn)。C項意為“參加”，符合語境。A項意為“假裝”；B項意為“打算”；D項意為“往往會”，均與語境不符。故答案選C。 6．D　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)本句中的“even asked him to show his legs”可知，作者要求看看他的腿，所以對他所說的話應(yīng)該是充滿了懷疑。D項意為“懷疑”，符合語境。A項意為“興趣”；B項意為“思想”；C項意為“擔(dān)心”，均與語境不符。故答案選D。 7．A　考查形容詞辨析。此處指作者把手上剩余的錢都給了他。A項意為“剩余的”，符合語境。B項意為“剩下的”，不作前置定語；C項意為“隱藏的”；D項意為“被遺忘的”，均與語境不符。故答案選A。 8．C　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)本句中的“he was not cheating me”和下句中的“gave him some”可知，作者給了他一些錢，有幾分確信他并沒有騙自己。C項意為“確信的，信服的”，符合語境。A項意為“見多識廣的”；B項意為“準(zhǔn)備好的”；D項意為“坦率的，直言不諱的”，均與語境不符。故答案選C。 9．A　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)上文的“moved to”及下文作者接到一個陌生電話可知，作者搬到了一個新地方。A項意為“新的”，符合語境。B項意為“舊的”；C項意為“系統(tǒng)化的”；D項意為“壞的”，均與語境不符。故答案選A。 10．B　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)本句中的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“but”及下文中的“you recognize me not by my name”可知，打電話的人報出了自己的名字，但作者并沒有認(rèn)出他來。B項意為“認(rèn)出”，符合語境。A項意為“提醒”；C項意為“代替”；D項意為“重復(fù)”，均與語境不符。故答案選B。 11．C　考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“Then he said he was the very paralyzed person”可知，作者不是通過他的名字而是通過他癱瘓的情況認(rèn)出了他。C項意為“殘疾的”，符合語境。A項意為“興奮的”；B項意為“混亂的”；D項意為“有壓力的”，均與語境不符。故答案選C。 12．D　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)本句中的“without support”可知，此處指他不需要支架就可以自己站起來。D項意為“站立，站起來”，符合語境。live意為“居住”；base意為“基于”；focus意為“關(guān)注”，均與語境不符。故答案選D。 13．A　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)上一句可知，他現(xiàn)在能夠站起來，所以手術(shù)成功了。A項意為“成功地”，符合語境。B項意為“令人驚奇地”；C項意為“有希望地”；D項意為“自然地”，均與語境不符。故答案選A。 14．D　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)常識及上文中提到的“guaranteeing him a job”可推斷出，他結(jié)婚了，還有了一份穩(wěn)定的工作。D項意為“工作”，符合語境。A項意為“理由”；B項意為“允諾”；C項意為“性格”，均與語境不符。故答案選D。 15．B　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)語境及上文中的“A year went by”可知，此處指作者甚至不記得是否給過他電話號碼。B項意為“甚至”，符合語境。故答案選B。 16．C　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)上下文語境可知，作者甚至不記得是否給過他電話號碼，但是他接下來說的話卻令人感動。C項意為“然而”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，符合語境。A項意為“因此”；B項意為“否則”；D項意為“與此同時”，均與語境不符。故答案選C。 17．A　考查短語辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，這位曾經(jīng)癱瘓的人想將錢還給作者，這樣作者就不會感覺到自己被騙從而以后可以放心去幫助那些有困難的人。A項意為“在危難中的”，符合語境。B項意為“在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢谩保籆項不是短語；D項意為“提前”，均與語境不符。故答案選A。 18．C　考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)語境可知，此處是指眼淚流過作者的臉龐。四個選項都能與down組成短語。run down意為“往下流”，符合語境。bring down意為“降低，打倒”；put down意為“鎮(zhèn)壓，記下”；pull down意為“拉下來，摧毀”，均與語境不符。故答案選C。 19．D　考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)語境及本句中的“small or big”可知，此處表示只要有機會，無論大小，作者都會繼續(xù)幫助他人。D項意為“機會”，符合語境。A項意為“行為”； B項意為“事例”；C項意為“事故”，均與語境不符。故答案選D。 20．B　考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容以及第一段第一句可知，此處與第一句相呼應(yīng)，指的是這的確是改變了作者一生的事情。B項意為“確實，的確”，符合語境。A項意為“奇怪地”；C項意為“大體上地”；D項意為“起初”，均與語境不符。故答案選B。 二．重點短語→識記思考運用 1．動詞＋介詞/副詞 ①cheer up 感到高興；感到振奮 ②depend on 依靠；取決于 ③break down 分解；毀掉；出問題 ④block out 擋住(光線) ⑤prevent...from 阻止；制止 ⑥watch out 小心，注意 2．動詞＋名詞(＋介詞) ①lay eggs下蛋 ②give birth to 產(chǎn)生；分娩 用左欄所給短語的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to prevent_themselves_from_being destroyed.(2017北京卷) 2．When some refuse vaccination (接種疫苗) and seek a free ride, immunity (免疫) breaks_down and everyone is in even bigger danger.(2017北京卷) 3．Cheer_up! You must believe in yourself and you will get success. 4．Watch_out_for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly while driving. ?“動詞＋from”短語一覽 ①keep/stop/prevent...from 阻止；制止 ②separate...from 把……和……分離開 ③differ from 與……不同 ④suffer from 受……苦 ⑤hear from 收到……的來信 ⑥prohibit sb. from doing sth. ⑦ban sb.from doing sth. ⑧forbid sb.from doing sth. ?表達“小心；當(dāng)心”的高頻短語薈萃 ①watch out (for) 小心；當(dāng)心 ②look out 當(dāng)心 ③take care 小心 ④be careful 小心 三．佳句選粹——在解讀中學(xué)懂，在仿寫中學(xué)通 背原句 學(xué)句型 練仿寫 1.This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop. 這就產(chǎn)生了連鎖反應(yīng)，使生命的發(fā)展成為可能。 動詞＋it＋adj./n.(賓補)＋to do。 他的決定使我們在今天下午四點以前完成工作成為可能。 His decision made_it_possible_for_us_to_finish_the_work by four o’clock this afternoon. 2.But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 但當(dāng)我試著向前邁步的時候，我發(fā)覺我被送出去很遠，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的兩倍遠，因而我摔倒了。 倍數(shù)表達法：倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.原級＋as＋其他。 杰茜卡付出的時間和精力是以前的三倍多，所以我相信她這次能成功。 Jessica devoted three_times_as__much_time_and_energy_as she did before，so I believe she will succeed this time. 3.“Oh，dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” “天哪，”我大聲說，“既然重力改變了，看來走路也的確需要練一練了?！? now that “既然；由于”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，有時 that 可以省略。 既然大家都到齊了，我們可以開始開會了。 Now_that_everybody_is_here，we can begin the meeting. 4.We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. 我們驚奇地看著，隨著地球引力的增加，宇宙飛船的外層燃燒起火。 過去分詞作狀語，說明主語的情況。 長途旅行之后，我們?nèi)嘶氐搅思?，又餓又累。 After the long journey，the three of us went back home，hungry_and_tired. 【七選五】 Think about what youve learned from a particular rumor experience，and let it help you make sure it never happens again.Here are a few tips that will help you. 1 The more private information that you make public，the more ammunition(把柄)rumors will have，so be careful who you confide in(向……吐露). Try to understand where its ing from，and why. Is the rumor meant to hurt you，or is it just a case of misinformation or exaggeration？Its important to get this information before you react to the rumor. 2 Resist the urge to dish it out. Have you heard the saying “Someone can dish it out，but he or she cant take it”？ 3 If you spread gossip and rumors about others，you might bee a person who deserves a taste of his or her own medicine. Resist the urge to take revenge. If youve been the victim of gossip and rumors and you know who started spreading them，you might want to go“an eye for an eye”． 4 And taking revenge in this way might make you feel good for a short time.But in the end，it will just keep the cycle of rumors going. 5 A．Be cautious about making friends. B．Be careful about your private information. C．Try to persuade more people to be on your side. D．So if you can，figure out how the rumor occurs. E．In other words，dont be the person to spread rumors. F．Its tending to make up lies or expose information that hurts others. G．And make you as much of a bully(恃強凌弱者)as any other rumor starter. 【語篇解讀】　本文為說明文。講述的是如何正確應(yīng)對謠言。 1．B　[根據(jù)下文的“The more private information that you make public，the more ammunition(把柄)rumors will have，so be careful who you confide in(向……吐露)．”可知，本段主要講的是“對你自己的隱私要小心謹(jǐn)慎”，故選B項。B項中的“private information”也與文中的“private information”相匹配。] 2．D　[根據(jù)本段的小標(biāo)題“Try to understand where its ing from，and why.”及空前的內(nèi)容可知，對謠言作出反應(yīng)前，弄清楚謠言很重要。所以如果你能的話，要弄清楚謠言的來源和起因，故D項符合語境。] 3．E　[根據(jù)本段的小標(biāo)題“Resist the urge to dish it out.”及空處上下文的內(nèi)容可知，空處講的應(yīng)是不要散播謠言相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，故E項符合語境。] 4．F　[根據(jù)下文的“taking revenge in this way”可知，空處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)是報復(fù)的方法，故F項符合語境。] 5．G　[根據(jù)上文的內(nèi)容可知，如果以散布謠言的方式報復(fù)別人的話，你可能會在短期內(nèi)感覺良好，但是最后，這只會使得謠言繼續(xù)被散布，故G項承接上文，進一步說明了這種報復(fù)方式的消極后果。]