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選修6　Unit 4　Global warming 一、閱讀理解 A Some pigs tend to be optimistic while others are pessimistic, according to a new research that is meaningful to animal welfare. The study, published in the journal Biology Letters, is the first to show that mood and personality interact in an animal, influencing judgment. Asher, a researcher at the University of Newcastles Institute of Neuroscience, and her team housed groups of pigs in two types of environment. One reflected standard mercial conditions and the other was cushier with more space and plenty of soft, deep straw. After the pigs got accustomed to these new homes over a few weeks, the researchers picked 18 pigs from each type to train and test their judgment. “To do this, we trained each pig. In one corner of a training room there would be a bowl with chocolate sweets — pigs love them — and at the opposite side of the room there would be a bowl containing coffee beans, which pigs find bittertasting，” a researcher said. Over a number of training trials, pigs learned to go to the bowl reliably when it was in the corner where they had figured out to expect chocolate sweets. On the contrary, they quickly learned to avoid the bowl when it was in the corner where they would expect to find the coffee beans. The researchers next placed an unfamiliar bowl in different locations, to see how the pigs would react. Some gaily dashed to the bowl no matter what was inside, showing optimism that it would contain their favorite sweets. Others, however, behaved as though they expected it to contain coffee beans, displaying pessimism. The findings suggest that a onesizefitsall answer to animal welfare issues does not exist. Even if pigs are just equal to bacon or other meat for some people, there is still cause for concern. Studies have suggested that how an animal is treated during its lifetime can directly affect meat quality and taste. 【文章大意】　本文是一篇研究報告，講述情緒和性格在動物中的相互作用。 1. What was the study trying to figure out? A．How to make pigs happier. B．The similarities between humans and pigs. C．How living environment affected pigs mood. D．How pigs mood and personality affected their judgment. 答案與解析：D考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“The study, published in the journal Biology Letters, is the first to show that mood and personality interact in an animal, influencing judgment.”可知，選項D的概括符合題意。所以選項D正確。 2. What does the underlined word “cushier” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Simple. B．More fortable. C．Unpractical. D．Less free. 答案與解析：B考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“more space and plenty of soft, deep straw”可知，另一個環(huán)境很舒適。所以選項B正確。 3. Which bowl can test whether a pig is optimistic or pessimistic? A．The bowl with chocolate sweets. B．The bowl containing coffee beans. C. The bowl full of both sweets and beans. D．The bowl unfamiliar to two types of pigs. 答案與解析：D考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段第一句“The researchers next placed an unfamiliar bowl in different locations, to see how the pigs would react.”以及該段后兩句的對比描述可知，D選項與第五段內(nèi)容一致。所以選項D正確。 4. What do the findings of the new research imply? A．People should treat pigs equally. B．Peoples health relies on meat quality. C．People should meet pigs various needs. D．Peoples attitude toward pigs is totally wrong. 答案與解析：C考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段尤其是最后一句可推知，要想獲得高質(zhì)量和口感好的豬肉，人們應當滿足豬的多種需要。所以選項C正確。 B Its generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brule latte because they like expensive coffee drinks. Its undeniable that behavior es from our inner dispositions(性情),but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem, by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are. Moreover, we dont just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character — we infer characters that werent there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize.Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didnt.Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition. Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people bee what they do, though it may not be in pliance(符合) with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonneguts advice: "We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be." 1.According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are monly believed to　　　. A. determine ones behavior B. reflect ones taste C. influence ones surroundings D. result from ones habits 2.Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with? A. The return of a wallet can indicate ones honesty. B.A kind person will offer his seat to the old. C. One recycles plastics to protect the environment. D. One buys latte out of true love of coffee. 3.What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage? A. We fail to realize our inner dispositions. B. We can be influenced by outside pressures. C. Our behavior is the result of our true desires. D. Our characters can shape our social relationships. 4.What does the author mainly discuss in the passage? A. Personalities and attitudes. B. Preferences and habits. C. Behavior and personalities. D. Attitudes and preferences. 【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。觀其行知其人，那么行為又是由什么來決定的呢? 1.A 【解析】考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段的第一句話可知答案。人們通常認為性格和態(tài)度決定一個人的行為。故選A。 3.B 【解析】考查推理判斷。畫線部分實際上是一個例子，例子前面往往是觀點,因此根據(jù)畫線部分前一句可知答案。我們有時候會受到外界壓力的影響。故選B。 4.C 【解析】考查主旨大意。全文主要闡述的是人的行為和性格的關系，所以選擇C項。 二、七選五 (2018沈陽市下學期高三第二次模擬) Most people would never even consider quitting without having another job lined up, and even fewer would remend it. __1__ And someone dear to me is also going to quit. Its definitely not a solution for everyone. But it is an option that requires a lot of strength, determination, and preparation. Three things you must have before being deliberately unemployed： ※A solid support system. Surround yourself with people who will encourage you and accept your decision even if they dont agree with it 100 percent. __2__. Youre already scared enough. Also you should know who not to tell. Not everyone needs to know every detail about your life, especially if you know youll receive a lot of negative ments. ※Money. __3__. You need enough money to support you in two to three months of life or a way to earn money on a parttime or contract basis. ※Confidence. You need to know — and I mean，really believe — that youre going to make great achievements. Chances are that you will experience emotional ups and downs once youre deliberately unemployed. __4__ At the same time anxiety and fear will appear. Trust and constantly remind yourself that you have done the right thing and that you will be okay and happier than ever. __5__ A．But I quit, and my best friend did too. B．They should be honest with you but not in a trying toscareyou kind of way. C．The risk is worth the reward. D．Quitting needs great courage. E．Doubt will gradually destroy your selfconfidence. F．At this time, confidence is of vital importance. G．This is when your emergency fund es in handy. 【文章大意】本文是說明文，主要說明決定辭職前有三件事是你必須做好的。 1．答案與解析：A　該空前面講的是大多數(shù)人在沒有找到下一份工作時決不考慮辭職，更少人會建議別人還沒有找到下一份工作就辭職，該空后面講的是“我”珍視的某人也正打算辭職，由句意可見前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關系，A項中的“But”一詞表明轉(zhuǎn)折，且A項表示具體的人的辭職，與空后句子一致，符合語境。所以選A項。 2．答案與解析：B　根據(jù)空前的“Surround yourself with...even if they dont agree with it 100 percent”以及下文的“Also you should know who not to tell”可知，選B項，B項中的“They”和空前的“they”一樣，都是指代空前的“people who will encourage you and accept your decision”。 3．答案與解析：G　根據(jù)空前的“Money”和本段整體內(nèi)容可知，空處與money有關，只有G項與money有關，表示“此時就是你的應急基金派上用場的時候了”，故選G。 4．答案與解析：E　根據(jù)該段主題“Confidence”和前后句可知，空處講的應是辭職給心理帶來的負面影響，空后的“At the same time anxiety and fear will appear”也是暗示，所以選E項“懷疑會逐漸毀掉你的自信”。 5．答案與解析：C　空處位于該段的最后，是總結(jié)句，空處前一句講的是“你要相信自己，不斷提醒自己，你做了正確的事，你會好起來的，甚至比以前更快樂”，C項符合語境，所以選C項。 三、短文改錯 (2018西寧三校檢測) Since I am a little child, I have been dreaming of being a teacher. In my eyes, teachers not only help students acquire knowledges but guide them on how to be a real man. This is how I want to be a teacher. When I bee a teacher in the future, and I will prepare my lessons well and make my classes lively and interested. Besides, I will be strict in my students, and love me very much. I will treat them kind. In this way, they will enjoy learn at school. In word, if I can bee a teacher, I will try my best to be a good teacher. 答案： Since I a little child, I have been dreaming of being a teacher. In my eyes, teachers not only help students acquire but guide them on how to be a real man. This is I want to be a teacher. When I bee a teacher in the future, I will prepare my lessons well and make my classes lively and . Besides, I will be strict my students, and love very much. I will treat them . In this way, they will enjoy at school. In word, if I can bee a teacher, I will try my best to be a good teacher. 四、語法填空 Scientists have discovered that __1__ (stay) in the cold could help us lose weight.Researchers at the University of California found that exposure to the cold increases levels of a protein that helps form brown fat — the type of fat that produces heat and keeps us warm.Brown fat burns energy, __2__ helps us lose weight.White fat stores extra energy, which results __3__ weight gain.The researchers said that because air conditioning and heating give us constant, __4__ (fort) temperatures, our body’s need for brown fat has decreased.They found that: “Outdoor workers in northern Finland who __5__ (expose) to cold temperature have a significant amount of brown fat when __6__ (pare) to sameaged indoor workers.” The research was conducted on two different control groups of mice.__7__ group was injected with the protein that helps create brown fat.This group later gained 30% less weight after both groups were fed highfat diets.The researchers say this could be good news in the fight against obesity.People who are obese have __8__ (low) levels of brown fat than thinner people.Head researcher Hei Sook Sul said, “This protein could bee an important target for research into the treatment and __9__ (prevent) of obesity and obesityrelated diseases.” She added, “If you can somehow increase levels of this protein, you could __10__ (possible) lose more weight even if eating the same amount of food.” 語篇解讀：要美麗，先“凍”人——美國研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，適度寒冷有助于減肥。這項發(fā)現(xiàn)對研究治療和阻止肥胖癥及相關疾病有重要意義。 1．staying　空格處在that引導的賓語從句中作主語，所以要用動名詞形式，故填staying。 2．which　分析句子結(jié)構可知，空格處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面一整句話，故用which引導該定語從句。 3．in　result in為固定短語，意為“造成，導致”。 4．fortable　空格處同constant并列，修飾名詞temperatures，故用形容詞形式，因此填fortable，意為“使人舒服的，感到舒服的”。 5．a(chǎn)re exposed　expose ...to ...為固定短語，意為“使……暴露于……”。當該結(jié)構中的賓語提前作主語時，要用被動形式be exposed to；此處be的形式應與前面的主語workers一致，且本文主體時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，故填are exposed。 6．pared　此處是when引導的時間狀語從句的省略形式，pare與其邏輯主語outdoor workers之間為邏輯上的動賓關系，故用過去分詞形式。完整的從句為when they are pared to ...。 7．One　根據(jù)語境可知，有一組老鼠被注射了促進褐色脂肪生長的蛋白質(zhì)。此處表示“……其中之一”，故填One。 8．lower　than是比較級的標志詞，故填lower。 9．prevention　空格處與treatment并列，且前有定冠詞the限定，后有介詞of，所以要用prevent的名詞形式，故填prevention。 10．possibly　空格處修飾動詞lose，要用副詞，故填possibly。