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理工科類本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目齒輪泵體零件的機(jī)械加工工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化作者所在班級(jí)B13113作 者 姓 名于婷婷作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)20134011329指導(dǎo)教師姓名丁紅軍指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制說(shuō) 明1根據(jù)學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定,學(xué)生必須撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。開(kāi)題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2開(kāi)題報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開(kāi)題報(bào)告不合格者需重做。3畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是,逐條認(rèn)真填寫(xiě)。其中的文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言通順,外來(lái)語(yǔ)要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫(xiě)詞,須注出全稱。4開(kāi)題報(bào)告中除最后一頁(yè)外均由學(xué)生填寫(xiě),填寫(xiě)各欄目時(shí)可根據(jù)內(nèi)容另加附頁(yè)。5閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上(土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減),其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。6參考文獻(xiàn)的書(shū)寫(xiě)應(yīng)遵循畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范要求。7開(kāi)題報(bào)告應(yīng)與文獻(xiàn)綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復(fù)印件同時(shí)提交,文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫(xiě)格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范的要求,字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。0畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名于婷婷專 業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班 級(jí)B13113指導(dǎo)教師姓名丁紅軍職 稱講師工作單位機(jī)電工程學(xué)院課題來(lái)源教師自擬課題課題性質(zhì)應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)課題名稱齒輪泵體零件的機(jī)械加工工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)本設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)依據(jù)(科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況,目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等)至今為止,夾具仍是機(jī)電產(chǎn)品制造中必不可缺的四大工具(刀具、夾具、量具、模具)之一。夾具設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)夾具在國(guó)內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成一個(gè)依附于機(jī)床業(yè)或獨(dú)立的小行業(yè)。夾具是在切削加工中,用以準(zhǔn)確地確定工件位置,并將其牢固地夾緊的工藝裝備。它的主要作用是:可靠的保證工件的加工精度,提高加工效率,減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,充分發(fā)揮和擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝性能。因此,夾具在機(jī)械制造中占有重要的地位。近些年來(lái),隨著數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、柔性制造單元、柔性制造系統(tǒng)等現(xiàn)代或加工設(shè)備的廣泛應(yīng)用,使傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工的指導(dǎo)方法發(fā)生了重大變革,夾具的功能已經(jīng)從過(guò)去的裝夾、定位、引導(dǎo)刀具,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檠b夾、定位。而數(shù)字化的設(shè)備加工功能的廣大化。給今后夾具的快速定位、快速裝夾提出了更高的要求。 對(duì)于國(guó)內(nèi)外的夾具發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來(lái)說(shuō),夾具是機(jī)械加工不可缺少的部件,在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下,夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。高精 隨著機(jī)床加工精度的提高,為了降低定位誤差,提高加工精度,對(duì)夾具的制造精度要求更高。 現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代,以適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。然而,一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具,一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠,約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬(wàn)套專用夾具;另一方面,在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中,每隔34年就要更新5080左右專用夾具,而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量?jī)H為1020左右。特別是近年來(lái),數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)、(FMS)等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,對(duì)機(jī)床夾具更是有了新一層面的要求。設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果(具體設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)解決的技術(shù)問(wèn)題、預(yù)期成果和提供的形式)一、工作內(nèi)容 1、進(jìn)行課題調(diào)研,完成開(kāi)題、外文資料翻譯、文獻(xiàn)綜述;工件加工工藝規(guī)程; 2、進(jìn)行理論分析,完成加工工藝過(guò)程的方案設(shè)計(jì); 3、進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算和分析; 4、撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文,進(jìn)行畢業(yè)答辯。二、最終成果 1、工件機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程 2、兩套機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖。 3、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文。 4、一套夾具非標(biāo)零件圖擬采取設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)支持(設(shè)計(jì)方案、技術(shù)要求、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和步驟、可能遇到的問(wèn)題和解決辦法等)對(duì)于此次泵體的夾具設(shè)計(jì),需要擬定出的設(shè)計(jì)方案,首先是制定機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程,確定各表面的加工方案,確定定位基準(zhǔn),劃分工序。接下來(lái)是對(duì)切削余量及工時(shí)的計(jì)算。最后是夾具的設(shè)計(jì),定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇,切削力以及夾緊力的計(jì)算,定位誤差的分析。柱塞泵的技術(shù)要求:其加工主要是孔的加工,上下端面的加工及左端面的加工。對(duì)于加工工藝的過(guò)程:泵體零件的主要加工表面是平面及孔系。一般來(lái)說(shuō),保證平面的加工精度要比保證孔系的加工精度容易。因此,對(duì)于臥式柱塞泵來(lái)說(shuō),加工過(guò)程中的主要問(wèn)題是保證孔的尺寸精度及位置精度,處理好孔和平面之間的相互關(guān)系。但是也面臨一定的問(wèn)題:柱塞泵的尺寸精度,形狀精度以及位置精度要求都很高,就給加工帶來(lái)了困難,必須要重視。還有,在選擇表面和孔的加工方法的時(shí)候,要綜合考慮多方面因素:(1)要考慮加工表面的精度和表面質(zhì)量要求。(2)根據(jù)生產(chǎn)類型選擇,在大批量生產(chǎn)中可專用高效率的設(shè)備。在單 件小批量生產(chǎn)中則常用通用設(shè)備和一般的加工方法。(3)要考慮被加工材料的性質(zhì)。(4)考慮不斷改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有加工方法和設(shè)備,推廣新技術(shù),提高工藝水平。 (5)此外,還要考慮一些其它因素,如加工表面物理機(jī)械性能的特殊要 求,工件形狀和重量等。實(shí)現(xiàn)本項(xiàng)目預(yù)期目標(biāo)和已具備的條件(包括過(guò)去學(xué)習(xí)、研究工作基礎(chǔ),現(xiàn)有主要儀器設(shè)備、設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等)預(yù)期目標(biāo): 1.泵體加工工藝規(guī)程。 2.專用夾具零件圖。 3.夾具設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖。 4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文。已具備條件: 1.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的學(xué)習(xí)。 2.夾具拆裝實(shí)習(xí)、機(jī)加工工藝生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)和工廠生產(chǎn)參觀實(shí)習(xí)。 3.圖書(shū)館及網(wǎng)上查閱的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。 4.工廠現(xiàn)有各種車(chē)床、銑床、鉆床、磨床等機(jī)床,以及數(shù)控車(chē)床、加工中心等設(shè)備。 5、指導(dǎo)老師給定的原始數(shù)據(jù)及任務(wù)書(shū);基本的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及個(gè)人分析能力;相關(guān)繪圖軟件(Solidworks、CAXA電子圖版)等。 6、夾具設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)手冊(cè)。 7、借閱相關(guān)書(shū)籍雜志,充分利用數(shù)字圖書(shū)館;充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源。 各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度(以周為單位) 查閱資料,撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述,并翻譯外文資料; 12周 撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告,完成開(kāi)題; 34周 準(zhǔn)備各類設(shè)計(jì)資料,熟悉零件圖,并繪制零件圖: 5周 繪制毛坯圖; 6周 完成機(jī)械加工工藝卡片的編制; 79周 根據(jù)給定工序,設(shè)計(jì)專用夾具; 1012周 設(shè)計(jì)并繪制整套零件圖; 1314周 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份; 15周 其它時(shí)間:機(jī)動(dòng)處理,比如臨時(shí)放假、整理打印圖紙、打印裝訂分析報(bào)告,答辯準(zhǔn)備等。 16周開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告 審 定 紀(jì) 要時(shí) 間地點(diǎn)主持人參會(huì)教師姓 名職 務(wù)(職 稱)姓 名職 務(wù)(職 稱)論證情況摘要 記錄人:指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn)教研室主任簽名: 年 月 日5 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述設(shè)計(jì) (論文)題目齒輪泵體零件的機(jī)械加工工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化作者所在班級(jí)B13113作 者 姓 名于婷婷作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)20134011329指導(dǎo)教師姓名丁紅軍指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制說(shuō) 明1根據(jù)學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定,學(xué)生必須撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述。文獻(xiàn)綜述作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)并經(jīng)所在專業(yè)教研室審查。3文獻(xiàn)綜述各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是,文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言通順,外來(lái)語(yǔ)要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫(xiě)詞,須注出全稱。4學(xué)生撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述,閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上(土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減),其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。5文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫(xiě)格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范的要求,字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)與開(kāi)題報(bào)告同時(shí)提交。0畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述泵體零件機(jī)械加工工藝和專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述 摘要:本次設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容涉及了機(jī)械制造工藝及機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)、金屬切削機(jī)床、公差配合與測(cè)量等多方面的知識(shí)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)學(xué)生整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié),是對(duì)知識(shí)的掌握和提煉程度的一個(gè)檢驗(yàn),它是進(jìn)一步提高學(xué)生進(jìn)入工作崗位之前崗位能力的有效措施。 制造工藝是制造技術(shù)的靈魂、核心和關(guān)鍵,是生產(chǎn)中最活躍的因素。夾具的使用可以有效的保證加工質(zhì)量,提高生產(chǎn)效率,降低生產(chǎn)成本,擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍,減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,保證安全生產(chǎn)等,因此,夾具在機(jī)械制造中占有重要的地位。本文介紹了機(jī)械制造業(yè)泵體工藝及夾具研究的意義,通過(guò)查閱資料對(duì)機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀并闡述了一些新的工藝方法,還分析了機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和發(fā)展方向。 關(guān)鍵詞:泵體工藝 夾具設(shè)計(jì) 發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) Development and casting technology of pump parts Abstract:This design content has involved the machine manufacture craft and the engine bed jig design, the metal-cutting machine tool, the common difference coordination and the survey and so on the various knowledge.Graduation is a college student learning the content of the summary and conclusion, Students master the knowledge level of a test and refine, It is to further enhance students ability to enter the job before the job of effective measures, More students through graduation positions close to the actual post-employment.The manufacturing process is the manufacturing technology of the soul, the core and key, is the most active factor in production. The use of fixture can guarantee the machining quality, improve productivity, reduce production costs, expand the scope of machine process, reduce the labor intensity of workers, to ensure safety in production, therefore, the fixture occupies an important position in the machinery manufacturing. This paper introduces the process and fixture of machinery manufacturing industry pump significance, access to information through the analysis of the mechanical processing technology and fixture design development status at home and abroad and expounds some new technical methods, also analyzed the trend and current situation of the development of mechanical processing technology and fixture. Keywords: Pump Techhology Fixture Design Development Status Development Trend1、研究的目的和意義機(jī)械制造過(guò)程中用來(lái)固定加工對(duì)象,使之占有正確的位置,以接受施工或檢測(cè)的裝置。又稱夾具。從廣義上說(shuō),在工藝過(guò)程中的任何工序,用來(lái)迅速、方便、安全地安裝工件的裝置,都可稱為夾具。機(jī)械制造業(yè)是制造業(yè)的最主要的組成部分,是為用戶創(chuàng)造和提供機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的行業(yè),包括機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、流通和售后服務(wù)全過(guò)程。國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展速度,在很大程度上取決于機(jī)械制造工業(yè)技術(shù)水平的高低和發(fā)展速度。隨著我國(guó)現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對(duì)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置的技術(shù)性能和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)提出了越來(lái)越高的要求,普通夾具已經(jīng)不能滿足現(xiàn)代工業(yè)大批量高效生產(chǎn)的需要,而研制新型夾具是機(jī)械行業(yè)中重要的課題之一。2、國(guó)內(nèi)外夾具的現(xiàn)狀這幾年來(lái),隨著數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、柔性制造單元、柔性制造系統(tǒng)等現(xiàn)代或加工設(shè)備的廣泛應(yīng)用,使傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工的指導(dǎo)方法發(fā)生了重大變革,夾具的功能已經(jīng)從過(guò)去的裝夾、定位、引導(dǎo)刀具,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檠b夾、定位。而數(shù)字化的設(shè)備加工功能也廣大化,給今后夾具的快速定位、快速裝夾提出了更高的要求。夾具是機(jī)械加工不可缺少的部件,在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下,夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。隨著工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的不斷深入,尤其是汽車(chē)行業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,我國(guó)當(dāng)前在泵體中常用的夾具有組合夾具、成組夾具、自動(dòng)化夾具、數(shù)控機(jī)床夾具等,每種夾具都有各自的特點(diǎn),隨著汽車(chē)制造業(yè)對(duì)加工精度、加工速度等的要求越來(lái)越高,使得泵體夾具也面臨更新?lián)Q代的要求,因此設(shè)計(jì)先進(jìn)的泵體夾具以使之可以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代加工的需要,成為當(dāng)前機(jī)械加工行業(yè)關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。夾具的現(xiàn)狀:隨著我國(guó)加工業(yè)的發(fā)展,夾具也在不斷改進(jìn),然而在通用性以及精度方面還有待改進(jìn),這在一定程度上阻礙了泵體加工的發(fā)展,為提高夾具的通用性,很多企業(yè)正在不斷和優(yōu)化,目前常用的夾具有四種: 組合夾具、成組夾具、自動(dòng)化夾具、數(shù)控機(jī)床夾具。透過(guò)中國(guó)制造看中國(guó)機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,中國(guó)制造的身影已無(wú)處不在了。這折射了我國(guó)以機(jī)械、汽車(chē)等為代表的裝備制造業(yè)的快速發(fā)展。如果沒(méi)有機(jī)械等重工業(yè)的發(fā)展,生產(chǎn)各類消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品的輕工業(yè)就失去了最基本的生產(chǎn)工具,中國(guó)也不可能成為世界工廠。從這些年來(lái)機(jī)床的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭,我們可以看到機(jī)床發(fā)展的整個(gè)趨勢(shì)曲線,機(jī)加工的效率、生產(chǎn)率和靈活性都在不斷提高。生產(chǎn)率、靈活性的提高,是隨著我們對(duì)新的領(lǐng)域的開(kāi)拓而出現(xiàn)的。刀具本身起到的作用并不像技術(shù)創(chuàng)新起到的作用那么大,因此基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備、制造工藝、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)管理、核心技術(shù)都將成為人們迫切的需求。一些新的領(lǐng)域也開(kāi)始受到人們的關(guān)注,人們將注意力集中在能源、資源的提供,效率的提高,以及在環(huán)境友好等方面,這將成為未來(lái)金屬加工的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3 機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)與發(fā)展方向 隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的快速發(fā)展,加工控制和測(cè)量技術(shù)在不斷進(jìn)步,國(guó)外先進(jìn)的制造工藝是將泵體和泵蓋分別加工,然后組合到一起進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的總裝,在保證精度的前提下,大大提高了加工效率,降低了成本。在大型泵體部件的加工工藝中,采用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備、工裝和檢測(cè)手段確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,是泵體行業(yè)不斷追求工藝技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和突破的努力方向。 現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是自動(dòng)化、信息化。所謂自動(dòng)化就是指機(jī)器在無(wú)人干預(yù)的狀況下,自動(dòng)按照規(guī)定的程序和指令完成一定的生產(chǎn)加工過(guò)程。成組技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)及其他先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的結(jié)合,可以研究和創(chuàng)立具有現(xiàn)代意義的成組技術(shù)其功能可能超越任何一項(xiàng)其他先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。 現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展方向。(1)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與通用化是相互聯(lián)系的兩個(gè)方面。目前我國(guó)已有夾具零件及部件的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T2148T225991以及各類通用夾具、組合夾具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化有利于夾具的商品化生產(chǎn),有利于縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期,降低生產(chǎn)總成本。(2)精密化,隨著機(jī)械產(chǎn)品精度的日益提高,勢(shì)必相應(yīng)提高了對(duì)夾具的精度要求。(3)高效化,高效化夾具主要用來(lái)減少工件加工的基本時(shí)間和輔助時(shí)間,以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,減輕公認(rèn)的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。常見(jiàn)的高效化夾具有自動(dòng)化夾具、高速化夾具和具有夾緊力裝置的夾具等。目前,除了在生產(chǎn)流水線、自動(dòng)線配置相應(yīng)的高效、自動(dòng)化夾具外,在數(shù)控機(jī)床上,尤其是在加工中心上出現(xiàn)了各種自動(dòng)裝夾工件的夾具以及自動(dòng)更換夾具的裝置,充分發(fā)揮了數(shù)控機(jī)床的效率。(4)柔性化,機(jī)床夾具的柔性化與機(jī)床的柔性化相似,它是指機(jī)床夾具通過(guò)調(diào)整、組合等方式,以適應(yīng)工藝可變因素的能力。具有柔性化特征的新型夾具種類主要有:組合夾具、通用可調(diào)夾具、成組夾具、模塊化夾具、數(shù)控夾具等。為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工業(yè)多品種、中小批量生產(chǎn)的需要,擴(kuò)大夾具的柔性化程度,改變專用夾具的不可拆結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)展可調(diào)夾具,將是當(dāng)前夾具發(fā)展的主要方向。 綜上所述,夾具在機(jī)械加工生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中起著重大的作用。夾具的發(fā)展是為了滿足當(dāng)代機(jī)械加工工藝的需要,可以說(shuō)是社會(huì)發(fā)展、生產(chǎn)的需要帶動(dòng)著夾具的發(fā)展,其發(fā)展過(guò)程是必然的。4 總結(jié) 綜上所述,在泵體零件機(jī)械加工工藝和專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)方面的研究,主要是從采用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備、工裝和檢測(cè)手段以及對(duì)機(jī)床夾具的要求等方面入手。盡量使工序集中,提高生產(chǎn)率,提高加工精度,減少輔助工序,降低成本,使生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃組織工作得以簡(jiǎn)化。但是由于工序高度集中容易造成單機(jī)瓶頸,這是一個(gè)需要解決的問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)在機(jī)床的穩(wěn)定性、可靠性,對(duì)設(shè)備的使用維護(hù)以及刀具的制造管理上。所以,對(duì)泵體零件機(jī)械加工工藝和專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)的研究仍要不斷進(jìn)行。 參考文獻(xiàn)1劉新亞.BQ型噴油泵泵體加工工藝的研究.航空制造技術(shù),1996,(2):17182何世斌,沈惠山,朱心伍.VE泵泵體加工新工藝.現(xiàn)代車(chē)用動(dòng)力,2002,(3):32-353梅軍.泵體的工藝改進(jìn).機(jī)械工程師,2009,(3):44454夏國(guó)峰.泵體的先進(jìn)加工方法.現(xiàn)代制造工程,2002,(1):31-325彭學(xué)斌,張永泉.泵體部件的加工工藝探討與實(shí)踐,金屬加工,2010,(6):35-36.6張永泉,彭學(xué)斌.大型雙吸泵泵體的加工工藝及誤差分析.通用機(jī)械,2009,(8):82-847趙冉,張業(yè)民,張峰. 外嚙合齒輪泵泵體孔加工工藝改進(jìn)及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì). 中國(guó)科技信息,2008,(22):151-1538陳立德.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).高等教育出版社,2007:152-160.9嚴(yán)敬,楊小林,國(guó)外水泵研究現(xiàn)狀概述.排灌機(jī)械,2003,(05):1-3.10徐發(fā)仁.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì).重慶大學(xué)出版社,1993:32-41. 11張勝文,趙良才.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝CAPP系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì).第二版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010:18-21. 12S Gopalakrishnan. Pump Research and Development. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1996,(2):237-247. 13Peter H Hergt. Pump Research and Development:Past,Present and Future. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1997, (2):248-253. 14Valenti. CFD Software Improves Pump Design. Mechanical Engineering, 1996, (11):24-26. 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師: 年 月 日專業(yè)教研室審查意見(jiàn) 負(fù)責(zé)人: 年 月 日7北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)(理工類)學(xué)生姓名: 于婷婷 專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí): B13113 學(xué) 號(hào):20134011329 指導(dǎo)教師: 丁紅軍 職 稱: 講師 完成時(shí)間: 2017.6 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:曲軸箱泵體的加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計(jì)題目來(lái)源教師科研課 題縱向課題()題目類型理論研究()注:請(qǐng)直接在所屬項(xiàng)目括號(hào)內(nèi)打“”橫向課題()應(yīng)用研究()教師自擬課題( )應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)()學(xué)生自擬課題()其 他()總體設(shè)計(jì)要求及技術(shù)要點(diǎn):1繪制零件圖一張(要求計(jì)算機(jī)繪制平面及實(shí)體圖)2工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì):機(jī)械加工工藝卡片一套1)擬定加工工藝路線,確定定位基準(zhǔn),加工方法,加工階段,加工順序等。2)編寫(xiě)加工工藝規(guī)程,有完整的工序及工步內(nèi)容,繪制加工工序簡(jiǎn)圖,確定檢驗(yàn)方法,技術(shù)要求,機(jī)床及工藝裝備。3)確定加工余量,進(jìn)行必要的尺寸鏈計(jì)算。選擇合適的刀量具,查表和計(jì)算切削用量(不少于10道工序)。3夾具設(shè)計(jì):專用夾具2套 (不同工序種類的完整裝配圖,要求計(jì)算機(jī)繪制)1)要求定位正確、結(jié)構(gòu)合理,尺寸完整,尺寸精度及技術(shù)要求合理,并具有較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性和工藝性。2)拆畫(huà)夾具的全部零件圖(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件除外)(至少1套),要求畫(huà)圖正確,合理標(biāo)注加工尺寸、形狀精度和位置精度,注明材料及熱處理要求。說(shuō)明:總設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的圖量之和原則上應(yīng)不少于2.5張0號(hào)圖紙。4編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份(約2030頁(yè))內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括:封皮、目錄、前言、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)、零件圖分析、加工路線、機(jī)加工工藝規(guī)程分析與計(jì)算及補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,夾具定位方案和夾緊方案的選擇和確定、定位誤差分析與計(jì)算、夾具的操作說(shuō)明、設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)、參考文獻(xiàn)、后記等。工作環(huán)境及技術(shù)條件:室內(nèi)無(wú)特殊技術(shù)條件工作內(nèi)容及最終成果:1. 繪制一張零件圖2. 編制一套機(jī)械加工工序卡片,并按照表格中所涉及的內(nèi)容詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì);成果形式:機(jī)械加工工序卡片3. 根據(jù)工序內(nèi)容選擇不同種類工序設(shè)計(jì)2套專用夾具,并繪制夾具完整裝配圖及零件圖; 成果形式:2套夾具裝配圖各一張;2套夾具全部零件圖(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件除外)。4. 編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 成果形式:設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 時(shí)間進(jìn)度安排:12周 熟悉零件、對(duì)零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性和技術(shù)要求進(jìn)行分析,并完成零件圖;35周 完成零件工藝規(guī)程的設(shè)計(jì),填寫(xiě)好相應(yīng)的表格,并裝訂成冊(cè);6,1013周 完成兩套夾具的設(shè)計(jì)并完成裝配圖;1314周 完成夾具拆零件工作并繪制零件圖;15周 完成說(shuō)明書(shū)、對(duì)所有的資料和設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行最后檢查;16周末 上交所有設(shè)計(jì)資料,準(zhǔn)備答辯;16 周 答辯指導(dǎo)教師簽字: 年 月 日教研室主任意見(jiàn):教研室主任簽字: 年 月 日 密 級(jí)分類號(hào)編 號(hào)成 績(jī)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標(biāo) 題 Current mechanical design and development trend譯 文 標(biāo) 題當(dāng)前機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)概述及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)作者所在系別機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化作者所在班級(jí)B13113作 者 姓 名于婷婷作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)20134011329指導(dǎo)教師姓名丁紅軍指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制譯文標(biāo)題當(dāng)前機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)概述及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)原文標(biāo)題Mechanical design and development trend作 者Richard GBudynas& J Keith Niabell譯 名理查德G巴基納斯.J基斯.尼斯比特國(guó) 籍美國(guó)原文出處Mechanical Engineering Design當(dāng)前機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)概述及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它是一個(gè)廣闊的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,不僅要研究產(chǎn)品在尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本構(gòu)思,還要考慮產(chǎn)品在制造、銷(xiāo)售和使用等方面的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。 進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知 識(shí)。 以材料的選擇為例。近些年來(lái),工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得非常重要。此外,選擇過(guò)程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn),而一些原有的材料的可以被利用的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。新的加工方法的出現(xiàn),通常會(huì)促使人們對(duì)被加工材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果,設(shè)計(jì)工程師和制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。 在機(jī)械加工方面,銑削和磨削加工是設(shè)計(jì)人員經(jīng)常要考慮的機(jī)械加工方法。除了車(chē)削和鉆削,銑削無(wú)疑是應(yīng)用最廣泛的金屬切削方法。銑削非常適合于而且也易于應(yīng)用在任何數(shù)量的零件的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)中。在產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程中,許許多多種類的銑削加工是值得設(shè)計(jì)人員認(rèn)真考慮和選擇的。 磨削是一種應(yīng)用最廣泛的零件精加工方法,用來(lái)獲得非常小的公差和非常低的表面粗糙度。目前,幾乎存在著適合于各種磨削工序的磨床。零件的設(shè)計(jì)特征在很大程度上決定了需要采用的磨床的種類。當(dāng)加工成本太高時(shí),就值得對(duì)零件進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計(jì),使其能夠通過(guò)采用即便宜又具有高生產(chǎn)率的磨削方法加工出來(lái)。例如,在有可能的時(shí)候,可以通過(guò)對(duì)零件的適當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì),盡量用無(wú)心磨削加工,以獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 盡管通常認(rèn)為磨削適用于精加工工序,對(duì)那些適合于采用磨削來(lái)完成粗、精加工工序的工件,也經(jīng)常采用磨削方法完成全部加工作,而不采用車(chē)削或其他加工方法,因此,許多種類的鍛件和其他零件,可以采用磨削的的方法完成其從毛坯到成品的全部加工,這可以顯著地節(jié)約時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。此外,對(duì)特種加工工藝的運(yùn)用,也將使設(shè)計(jì)工作變得更大膽和具有創(chuàng)新性。在目前采用的常規(guī)工藝中,材料的去除是依賴于電動(dòng)機(jī)和硬的刀具材料進(jìn)行的,諸如鋸斷、鉆孔和拉削。常規(guī)的成型加工時(shí)利用電動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓和重力所提供的能量進(jìn)行的。同樣,材料連接的常規(guī)做法是采用諸如燃燒的氣體和電弧等熱能進(jìn)行的。與之相比,特種加工工藝采用按照以前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)說(shuō)不是常規(guī)的能源。現(xiàn)在材料的去除可以利用電化學(xué)反應(yīng)、高溫等離子、高速液體和磨料射流。過(guò)去非常難進(jìn)行成型加工的材料,現(xiàn)在可以利用大功率的電火花所產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng),爆炸和沖擊潑進(jìn)行成型加工。采用高頻聲波和電子束可以使材料的聯(lián)接能力有很大的提高。 在過(guò)去的50年間,人們發(fā)明了20多種特種加工工藝,并且將其成功的應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)之中。這么多特種加工工藝存在的原因與許多種常規(guī)加工工藝存在的原因是一樣的。每一種工藝都有它自己的特點(diǎn)和局限性。因而,不存在一種對(duì)任何只在環(huán)境來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好的工藝方法。 采用特種加工工藝或者可以通過(guò)增加重復(fù)精度,減少已損壞工件在加工過(guò)程中的損傷,或者減少對(duì)工件性能的有害影響來(lái)減少采用原來(lái)加工工藝產(chǎn)生的廢品數(shù)量。 如前面所述,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人帶來(lái)益處,只有當(dāng)它們被用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制訂產(chǎn)品的制造工藝的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí),就恢復(fù)采用原來(lái)的方法。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心,因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),要求拋棄許多陳舊的,為人們所知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的辦法,在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理,將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。 在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員不受各種約束,充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法,也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期,即繪制生產(chǎn)圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不至于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 另一個(gè)應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到的重要問(wèn)題是,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通。在開(kāi)始階段,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般式通過(guò)口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了有效地進(jìn)行交流,需要解決一些問(wèn)題:(1)所要設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要(2)此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(3)生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)(4)產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便(5)產(chǎn)品有無(wú)銷(xiāo)路是否可以盈利。 另外,對(duì)于許多產(chǎn)品的制造管理人員來(lái)說(shuō),機(jī)電一體化具有如下一些優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1) 主要設(shè)備的利用率提高,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)中的一組機(jī)器的總產(chǎn)量,通??梢赃_(dá)到同類型機(jī)器單獨(dú)工作環(huán)境下產(chǎn)量的三倍。(2) 減少了主要設(shè)備的費(fèi)用,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)中,因?yàn)樵O(shè)備的利用率高,所以用更少的機(jī)床就可以完成傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的工作量。(3) 減少了直接勞動(dòng)力費(fèi)用,由于每一臺(tái)機(jī)器都完全在計(jì)算機(jī)控制下運(yùn)行,所以就不需要進(jìn)行全程監(jiān)視。(4) 減少了在制工件的庫(kù)存和時(shí)間差距,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)與傳統(tǒng)車(chē)間相比,在制工件數(shù)明顯減少。(5) 對(duì)改變生產(chǎn)需求的響應(yīng),一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)固有的靈活性使其能生產(chǎn)不同的產(chǎn)品,這些不同的產(chǎn)品是由于市場(chǎng)需求的改變或工藝設(shè)計(jì)的變化而提出的。(6) 有維持生產(chǎn)的能力,當(dāng)一臺(tái)或多臺(tái)機(jī)床出故障時(shí),設(shè)計(jì)許多機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)來(lái)合理地降低加工精度等級(jí)。(7) 提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。有時(shí)候,與一個(gè)還沒(méi)有組成協(xié)作系統(tǒng)的機(jī)床比較時(shí),機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)被忽視了,那就是它能改善產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。(8) 操作的靈活性,操作的靈活性使生產(chǎn)力明顯提高。(9) 生產(chǎn)能力的靈活性,由于對(duì)可利用的占地面積,做了正確的計(jì)劃,一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)最初可為低產(chǎn)量而設(shè)計(jì),也可以提供需要的附加生產(chǎn)力。 只有時(shí)間才能對(duì)上述問(wèn)題給出正確的答案。但是,產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷(xiāo)售只能在對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過(guò)零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門(mén)一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行溝通。 通常,在制造過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問(wèn)題??赡軙?huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差做一些改進(jìn),使零件更容易生產(chǎn)。但是,工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí),在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的實(shí)驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)室一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉?lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)工作,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。 一個(gè)有能力的工程師不應(yīng)該害怕再提出自己的方案時(shí)遭到失敗的可能性。事實(shí)上,偶然失敗是肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的,因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)真正有創(chuàng)意的設(shè)想似乎總是有失敗或者批評(píng)伴隨著它。從一次失敗中可以學(xué)到很多東西,只有不怕遭受失敗的人們才能夠取得最大的收獲。總之不把方案提交出來(lái),才是真正的失敗。 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)品功能要求的增加,特別是產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜性增加,更新?lián)Q代速度加快致使壽命期縮短,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)要求越來(lái)越高。 現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)的特點(diǎn)是面向市場(chǎng)和用戶的設(shè)計(jì),現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)不僅要實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的基本功能,更應(yīng)體現(xiàn)人性化和環(huán)境保護(hù)的設(shè)計(jì)理念。下面就機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法以及機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)加以論述。一、機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法1、智能化 智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)理論,借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),以及多媒體等工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。2、系統(tǒng)化 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng),每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素既具有獨(dú)立性又存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系,并具有層次性,所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后,即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。3、模塊化 模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:視具有某種功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)為一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)模塊,通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)模塊的組合,實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。4、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí) 基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是:用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語(yǔ)言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)<业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)及推理機(jī),再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。二、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)1、優(yōu)良性能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 優(yōu)良性能設(shè)計(jì)是以提高機(jī)械產(chǎn)品綜合性能為目的的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù),在對(duì)機(jī)械及其零件進(jìn)行材料、結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸設(shè)計(jì)的前提下,運(yùn)用摩擦學(xué)及斷裂力學(xué)等一系列科研成果,從個(gè)體設(shè)計(jì)到系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),并從深度和廣度上拓展此項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的內(nèi)涵和外延。優(yōu)良性能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)包括以下幾種設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù):可靠性設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)、防疲勞斷裂設(shè)計(jì)、摩擦學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、防腐蝕設(shè)計(jì)、狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)補(bǔ)償與控制技術(shù)等等。這是綜合眾多學(xué)科成果以提高產(chǎn)品優(yōu)良性能為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的一門(mén)應(yīng)用工程技術(shù)。它研究的問(wèn)題是:產(chǎn)品和系統(tǒng)的故障原因、消除和預(yù)防等問(wèn)題;對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)特性,如固有頻率、振型、動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性等進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)價(jià)與設(shè)計(jì),以謀求結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)在工作過(guò)程中受到各種預(yù)期可能的瞬變載荷及環(huán)境作用時(shí),仍然保持良好的動(dòng)態(tài)性能與工作狀態(tài),并具有足夠的穩(wěn)定性;產(chǎn)品的防腐蝕結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)度及方法設(shè)計(jì),材料的選擇及其加工制造工藝的制訂,設(shè)備預(yù)期壽命概率和可靠性分析等;對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在運(yùn)行狀態(tài)下各種參數(shù)進(jìn)行定量檢測(cè)和分析,從而作出故障產(chǎn)生原因和部位的正確判斷等等問(wèn)題。2、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)創(chuàng)建設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制和供求關(guān)系是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩大特點(diǎn),在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下要求生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)人員要用新觀點(diǎn)、新原理和新功能來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)不斷滿足顧客需要的新產(chǎn)品,使企業(yè)在激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中始終處于不敗之地。 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)創(chuàng)建設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)包括以下幾種設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù):產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)、降低成本設(shè)計(jì)、快速設(shè)計(jì)、仿真與虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、智能設(shè)計(jì)、廣義優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、造型色彩設(shè)計(jì)。它研究的問(wèn)題是:產(chǎn)品的不斷更新;在保證功能和質(zhì)量的前提下,通過(guò)降低成本來(lái)提高產(chǎn)品經(jīng)濟(jì)性以加強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì);縮短產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期使產(chǎn)品投放市場(chǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)提高產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力;利用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)系統(tǒng)建立實(shí)際或聯(lián)想的系統(tǒng)模型,并在不同條件下,對(duì)模型進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)運(yùn)行;使用智能 ICAD系統(tǒng)既具有數(shù)值計(jì)算和圖形處理能力,又具有知識(shí)處理能力,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的全過(guò)程提供智能化的計(jì)算機(jī)支持;構(gòu)思與表達(dá)由計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)效果圖及電子模型和由快速成型方式完成精確效果模型。3、全壽命周期設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品時(shí)不僅要考慮產(chǎn)品的功能和結(jié)構(gòu),而且要設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品的全壽命周期,即要設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、運(yùn)行、使用、維修保養(yǎng),直到回收再處置的全過(guò)程。全壽命周期設(shè)計(jì)意味著:在設(shè)計(jì)階段就要考慮到產(chǎn)品生命歷程的所有環(huán)節(jié),以求產(chǎn)品全壽命周期設(shè)計(jì)的綜合優(yōu)化。 全壽命周期設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)包括以下三種設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù):并行設(shè)計(jì)、面向制造的新技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理技術(shù)。它研究的問(wèn)題是:在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的初始階段,即規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)階段,就以并行的方式綜合考慮其生命周期中所有后續(xù)階段,包括工藝規(guī)劃、制造、裝配、試驗(yàn)、檢驗(yàn)、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、運(yùn)輸、使用、維修、保養(yǎng),直至回收處置等環(huán)節(jié),降低產(chǎn)品成本,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量;根據(jù)制造方法全面評(píng)價(jià)和及時(shí)改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì),可以得到綜合目標(biāo)較優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)方案,并可爭(zhēng)取產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造的一次成功;管理在產(chǎn)品生命鏈各環(huán)節(jié)中產(chǎn)生的或者所需要的大量數(shù)據(jù)和信息,包括工程規(guī)范、文檔、圖紙、CAE/CAD/CAM 文件、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)模型、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果、產(chǎn)品訂單、供應(yīng)商狀況以及產(chǎn)品工作流程等,做到將正確的數(shù)據(jù)或信息在適當(dāng)時(shí)間傳遞到正確的位置或傳遞給相應(yīng)的人,這是產(chǎn)品全壽命周期數(shù)據(jù)管理技術(shù)研究的根本內(nèi)容。4、綠色產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 綠色產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)是在產(chǎn)品生命周期中,按符合環(huán)境保護(hù)、資源利用率最高、能源消耗最低的要求進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)。 它包括以下幾種技術(shù):面向環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)、面向能源設(shè)計(jì)、面向材料設(shè)計(jì)、人機(jī)工程設(shè)計(jì)等。它研究的問(wèn)題是:在產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi),考慮產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境屬性即可拆性、可回收性、可維護(hù)性、可重復(fù)利用性和人身健康及安全性等,并將其作為設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo),使產(chǎn)品滿足環(huán)境目標(biāo)的要求;用對(duì)環(huán)境影響最小和資源消耗最少的能源供給方式來(lái)支持產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)生命周期,并以最小的代價(jià)來(lái)獲得能量的可靠回收和重新利用;合理選用材料,在產(chǎn)品整個(gè)壽命周期中的每一階段,以材料對(duì)環(huán)境的影響有效利用作為控制目標(biāo);依據(jù)人的心理和生理特征,利用科學(xué)技術(shù)成果和數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng),使之符合人的使用要求,改善環(huán)境和優(yōu)化人機(jī)系統(tǒng),隨之達(dá)到最佳配合,以最小的勞動(dòng)代價(jià)換取最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)成果。 隨著微電子技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等迅猛發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)不斷與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)相結(jié)合。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,給現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)注入了新的生機(jī)和活力,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)逐漸向數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。不同專業(yè)的技術(shù)人員可以不受地域的限制,實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的交流和共享,進(jìn)而快速開(kāi)發(fā)出所需產(chǎn)品,提高產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的一次成功率。Mechanical design and development trend The first step in the manufacture of any product is design. Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture ,marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. Here we take the selection of materials as an example. During recent years the selection of engineering materials has assumed great importance. Moreover, the process should be one of continual reevaluation. New materials often become available and there may be a decreasing availability of others. Concerns regarding environment pollution, recycling and worker health and safety often impose new constraints. The desire for weight reduction or energy savings may dictate the use of different materials. Pressures from domestic and international competition, increased serviceability requirements, and customer feedback may all promote materials reevaluation. The extent of product liability actions, often the result of improper material use, has had a marked impact. In addition, the interdependence between material and their processing has become better recognized. The development of new processes often forces reevaluation of the material being processed. Therefore, it is imperative that design and manufacturing engineers exercise considerable care in selecting, specifying, and utilizing materials if they are to achieve satisfactory results at reasonable cost and still assure quality. In mechanics processing,milling and grinding are always under the consideration of the designers. With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of the milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product. Grinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and low surface roughness. Currently, there are grinders for almost every type of grinding operation. Particular design features of a part dictate to a large degree the type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the production economy of center less grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration. Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down form rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Besides, the application of nontraditional manufacturing processes will bring more bold and innovative design. The conventional manufacturing processes in use today for material removal primarily rely on electric motors and hard tool materials to perform tasks such as sawing, drilling, and broaching. Conventional forming operations are performed with the energy from electric motors, hydraulics, and gravity. Likewise, material joining is conventionally accomplished with thermal energy sources such as burning gases and electric arcs. In contrast, nontraditional manufacturing processes harness energy sources considered unconventional by yesterdays standards. Material removal can now be accomplished with electrochemical reactions, high-velocity jets of liquids and abrasives. Materials that in the past have been extremely difficult to form, are now formed with magnetic fields, explosives, and the shock waves from powerful electric sparks. Material-joining capabilities have been expanded with the use of high-frequency sound waves and beams of electrons. In the past 50 years, over 20 different nontraditional manufacturing processes have been invented and successfully implemented into production. The reason there are such a large number of nontraditional processes is the same reason there are such a large number of conventional processes ; each process has its own characteristic attributes and limitations, hence no one process is best for all manufacturing situations. In other cases, nontraditional processes are used to reduce the number of rejects experienced by the old manufacturing method by increasing repeatability, reducing in-process breakage of fragile work pieces, or by minimizing detrimental effects on work piece properties. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discovery and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. Good design require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Initially, the designer must communicate a preliminary design to get management approval. This is usually done by verbal discussions in conjunction with drawing layouts and written material. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered :(1) Does the design really serve a human need(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies(3) Is it economical to produce(4) Can it be readily maintained(5)Will it sell and make a profit. Besides, for the producers and administrative personnel of the products, mechatronics has many advantages as follows:(1) High Capital Equipment Utilization Typically, the throughput for a set of machines in a mechatronics system will be up to three times that for the same machines in a stand-alone job shop environment. (2) Reduced Capital Equipment Costs, the high utilization of equipment results in the need for fewer machines in the mechatronic system to do the same work as in a conventional system. (3) Reduced Direct Labor Costs ,Since each machine is completely under computer control, full-time oversight is not required. (4) Reduced Work-in-Process Inventory and Lead Time , The reduction of work-in-process in a is quite dramatic when compared to a job-shop environment. (5) Responsiveness to Changing Production Requirements ,A mechatronic system has the inherent flexibility to manufacture different products as the demands of the marketplace change or as engineering design changes are introduced.(6) Ability to Maintain Production , Many mechatronic systems are designed to degrade rationally when one or more machines fail. (7) High Product Quality , Sometimes, an over looked advantage of a mechatronic system especially when compared to machines that have not been federated into a cooperative system, is improved product quality. (8) Operational Flexibility, Operational flexibility offers a significant of productivity. (9) Capacity Flexibility, With reasonable planning for available floor, a mechatronic system initially can be designed for low production, and provide necessary additional productivity as well. Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marked only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerance of part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned form a failure and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. With the development of science and technology, increase product functional requirements, especially the increasing complexity of products, upgrading speed in life is shortened, the design of products, especially for mechanical product design scheme is more and more high. The characteristics of modern design is the design for the market and users, not only to achieve the basic functions of modern design products, should embody the humanized design concept and environmental protection. The development trend of the modern design method of machinery and mechanical design technology are discussed.一,Modern design method of mechanical products1, Intelligent The main characteristics of intelligent design method is: according to the design theory, with the help of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, design and development of products and multimedia tools such as the expression of the product concept, structure description of the product.2, Systematic The main characteristics of the design method of the system is: the design as a system composed of several design elements, each design elements of both independent and are closely related to, and has the hierarchy, with all the design elements, design system can achieve the required tasks.3, Modular The main features of the modular design method are as follows: the realization of a certain function as a structural module, through the combination of structural modules, to achieve product design4, Based on product feature knowledge The main characteristics of the product design method based on the characteristics of knowledge are: using computer to describe the characteristics and design experts in the field of product knowledge and experience to identify the language knowledge base and establish the corresponding reasoningmachine to use the storage areas have established knowledge and reasoning machine design and Realization of product solutions.二, The development trend of mechanical design technology1, Excellent performance design technology Excellent performance design is a design technology to improve the comprehensive performance of mechanical products, the materials of machinery and parts, structure and size of the design under the premise of the tribology and fracture mechanics and a series of research results, from the individual design to system design, and expand the connotation and extension of this design technology in depth and breadth the. Excellent performance design technology includes the foll
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