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編號：
任務書
題 目： 水果清洗機設計
院 （系）：
專 業(yè)：
學生姓名：
學 號：
指導教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
題目類型：¨理論研究 ¨實驗研究 t工程設計 ¨工程技術研究 ¨軟件開發(fā)
注：1、本任務書一式兩份，一份院辦留存，一份發(fā)給學生，任務完成后附在
說明書內(nèi)。
2、任務書均要求打印，打印字體和字號按照《本科生設計（設計）統(tǒng)一格式的規(guī)定》執(zhí)行。
3、以下標題為四號仿宋體、加粗，正文中文用小四宋體，英文用小四Times New Roman，日期采用阿拉伯數(shù)字。
4、“一、設計（設計）的內(nèi)容、要求”位于頁面最頂端，“任務下達時間”位于新頁面最頂端。
5、請不要修改最后一頁（即“任務下達時間”所在頁的內(nèi)容）
一、設計（設計）的內(nèi)容
水果清洗機用于進行水果清洗的機械，是水果供應企業(yè)進行水果自動化加工的關鍵設備之一。為實現(xiàn)將水果自動清洗的功能，設計水果清洗機。具體任務如下：
1. 分析水果清洗的要求，研究系統(tǒng)的工作原理；
2. 提出水果清洗的工作原理，進行結(jié)構(gòu)設計；
3. 繪制水果清洗機的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4. 對水果清洗機的關鍵參數(shù)進行計算和校核。
二、設計（設計）的要求與數(shù)據(jù)
1. 所提出水果清洗的工作原理應能實現(xiàn)高效的水果清洗；
2. 用Solidworks建立水果清洗機的3D裝配模型；
3. 繪制水果清洗機的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4．設計說明書（設計說明書）應包含中英文摘要、設計方案比較、結(jié)構(gòu)設計等內(nèi)容。
三、設計（設計）應完成的工作
1、完成二萬字左右的設計說明書（設計）；在設計說明書（設計）中必須包括詳細的300-500個單詞的英文摘要；
2、獨立完成與課題相關，不少于四萬字符的指定英文資料翻譯（附英文原文）；
3、繪制水果清洗機的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖（所有圖紙均采用計算機繪制，折合A0圖紙3張以上）。
四、應收集的資料及主要參考文獻
[1] 孫桓, 陳作模. 機械原理[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2001.
[2] 徐灝. 機械設計手冊. 機械工業(yè)出版社, 1991.
[3] 濮良貴, 紀名剛. 機械設計[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2005
[4] 楊叔子. 機械加工工藝師手冊[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[5] 吳宗澤. 機械設計實用手冊[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社, 2002.
[6] 張云華, 劉守祥,許登旭. 噴刷式水果清洗機的設計[J]. 包裝與食品機械, 2007, 25(2): 23-24.
[7]程軍紅. 水果加工中的水果清洗提升裝置[J]. 包裝與食品機械, 2001, 19(4): 22-23.
[8]SolidWorks公司著. SolidWorks裝配體建模[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[9]胡仁喜等. SolidWorks 2005機械設計及實例解析[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.
[10] Juan G. S, José D. M, Emilio S. O, Marcelino M. S, Rafael M. B, José B. Detecting rottenness caused by Penicillium genus fungi in citrus fruits using machine learning techniques [J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2012, 39: 780-785.
五、試驗、測試、試制加工所需主要儀器設備及條件
計算機一臺
任務下達時間：
2012年 1 月12日
設計開始與完成時間：
2012年3月1日至 2012年 6 月 20 日
組織實施單位：
教研室主任意見：
簽字： 2012 年1 月 8 日
院領導小組意見：
簽字： 2012 年 1 月 11 日
編號：
外文翻譯
（原文）
學 院：
專 業(yè)：
學生姓名：
學 號：
指導教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
編號：
外文翻譯
（譯文）
院 （系）：
專 業(yè)：
學生姓名：
學 號：
指導教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
編號：
開題報告
題 目： 水果清洗機設計
院 （系）：
專 業(yè)：
學生姓名：
學 號：
指導教師單位：
姓 名：
職 稱：
題目類型：¨理論研究 ¨實驗研究 t工程設計 ¨工程技術研究 ¨軟件開發(fā)
1．設計的主要內(nèi)容、重點和難點等
主要內(nèi)容
水果清洗機用于水果清洗的機械，是水果供應企業(yè)進行水果自動化的關鍵設備之一。為實現(xiàn)將水果自動清洗的功能，設計水果清洗機。主要任務如下：
1、分析水果清洗的要求，研究系統(tǒng)的工作原理；
2、提出水果清洗的工作原理，進行結(jié)構(gòu)設計；
3、繪制水果清洗機的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
4、對水果清洗機的關鍵參數(shù)進行計算和校核。
5、了解相關的國家標準的應用。
其重點和難點在于動力傳動系統(tǒng)的設計、水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的設計、機械結(jié)構(gòu)設計及主要零部件設計與計算，對水果清洗機的關鍵參數(shù)進行計算和校核。
2．準備情況（查閱過的文獻資料及調(diào)研情況、現(xiàn)有設備、實驗條件等）
查閱過的文獻資料：
[1] 張云華, 劉守祥, 許登旭. 噴刷式水果清洗機的設計[J]. 包裝與食品機械, 2007, 25(2): 23-24.
[2] 程軍紅. 水果加工中的水果清洗提升裝置[J]. 包裝與食品機械, 2001, 19(4): 22-23.
[3] 長弓. “個性化”的水果清洗法[J]. 民防苑, 2007, 2, 37-38.
[4] 陳揚祥, 余亞白. 我國果品加工的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢[J]. 福建農(nóng)業(yè)學報, 2006, 21(4): 436~440.
[5] 梁聲記. 廣西水果加工現(xiàn)狀及其持續(xù)發(fā)展對策[J]. 中國熱作科技, 1998, 3: 5-8.
調(diào)研情況：
果品加工業(yè)是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)的重要組成部分。1980年我國果品總產(chǎn)量只有679萬噸，排名世界第10位。從1993年開始，我國果樹栽培面積和果品總產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)居世界第1位，并逐年增長。但果品中用于加工的僅占10%。而發(fā)達國家果品加工占果品產(chǎn)量的比例一般都在35%以上。而果品加工能力的提高可直接增加經(jīng)濟效益。因此，發(fā)展果品加工業(yè)，加強采后減損增值，以促進果業(yè)迅速發(fā)展,是保證農(nóng)民增產(chǎn)增收的重要措施。
水果清洗機是水果加工設備的重要組成部分之一。設計一臺水果清洗機，它主要是適合清洗柑橘、橙子等質(zhì)地比較硬的物料。其工作原理是轉(zhuǎn)動+沖洗。將原料置于清洗滾筒中，借著洗滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)動，是物料在其中不斷地翻轉(zhuǎn)，同時用水管射水來沖洗翻動的物料，達到清洗的目的。一個完整的清洗設備包含有進出料機構(gòu),滾筒式清洗系統(tǒng),烘干系統(tǒng),控制系統(tǒng),PLC控制系統(tǒng),清洗液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),機架等組成。
試驗、測試、試制加工所需主要儀器設備及條件：
計算機一臺、電腦中安裝有Solidworks三維繪圖軟件及Excel等軟件，以便及時記錄設計數(shù)據(jù)及三維模型。
3、實施方案、進度實施計劃及預期提交的設計資料
實施方案
根據(jù)設計目的及內(nèi)容，需要參考相關的文獻資料著重分析水果清洗機系統(tǒng)的工作原理，并對其進行動力和結(jié)構(gòu)設計及關鍵零部件的強度計算與校核，根據(jù)所計算的數(shù)據(jù)，借助Solidworks三維繪圖軟件及Excel 2003數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件繪制水果清洗機的典型零件圖和裝配圖，最后編寫設計說明書。
速度實施計劃
項目設計時間：3月1日至5月31日。
1、3月1日至3月20日，查閱相關資料并完成英文翻譯；
2、3月21日至3月27日，設計方案的比較分析與確定、傳動系統(tǒng)的設計；
3、3 月28日至4月18日，總體設計、動力系統(tǒng)的選擇與設計、水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)設計、繪制結(jié)構(gòu)總圖；
4、4月19日至5月2日，機械結(jié)構(gòu)設計及主要零部件設計與計算、繪制零件圖與裝配圖；
5、5月2日至5月13日，進行計算、校核、優(yōu)化、圖紙修改及設計撰寫；
6、5月14日至5月21 日，設計撰寫檢查、修改；
7、5月22日至5月27日，將設計送予指導老師審閱
8、5月28日至5月31日，完成設計，提交設計。
預期能提交設計資料
1、繪制水果清洗機的裝配圖及典型零件的零件圖；
2、包含中英文摘要、設計方案比較、結(jié)構(gòu)設計及二萬字左右的設計說明書。
指導教師意見
指導教師（簽字）：
2012年2月 日
開題小組意見
開題小組組長（簽字）：
2012年 月 日
院（系、部）意見
主管院長（系、部主任）簽字：
2012年3月 日
- 3 -
外文資料
MECHANISMS AND MACHINE THEORY
1.Introduction to Mechanism：
The function of a mechanism is to transmit or transform motion from one rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine. There are three types of common mechanical devices that can be used as basic elements of a mechanism.
1、Gear system, in which toothed members in contact transmit motion between rotating shafts.
2、Cam system, where a uniform motion of an input member is converted into a nonuniform motion of the output member.
3、Plane and spatial linkages are also useful in creating mechanical motions for a point or rigid body.
A kinematic chain is a system of links, that is, rigid bodies , which are either jointed together or are in contact with one another in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. If one of the links is fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will cause each of the other links to move to definite predictable position, the system is a constrained kinematic chain. If one of the links is held fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will not cause each of the other links to move to a definite predictable position then the system is an unconstrained kinematic chain,
A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain, and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force from a source to an output. A linkage consists of links (or bars), generally considered rigid, which are connected by joints, such as pin Cor revolute) or prismatic joints, to form open or closed chains (or loops). Such kinematic chains, with at least one link fixed, become mechanisms if at least two other links remain mobility, or structures if no mobility remains. In other words, a mechanism permits relative motion between its "rigid links"; a structure does not. Since linkages make simple mechanisms and can be designed to perform complex tasks, such as nonlinear motion and force transmission they will receive much attention in mechanism study.
Mechanisms are used in a great variety of machines and devices. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links (plus one fixed link) and four pin joints. The link that is connected to the power source or prime mover and has one moving pivot and one ground pivot is called the input link. The output link connects another moving pivot to another ground pivot. The coupler or floating link connected the two moving pivots, thereby "coupling" the input to the output link.
The four-bar linkage has some special configurations created by making one or more links infinite in length. The slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism is a four-bar chain with a slider replacing an infinitely long output link. The internal combustion engine is built based on this mechanism. Other forms of four-link mechanisms exist in which a slider is guided on a moving link rather than on a fixed link. These are called inversions of the slider-crank, produced when another link (the crank, coupler, or slider) is fixed link.
Although the four-bar linkage and slider-crank mechanism are very useful and found in thousands of applications, we can see that these linkages have limited performance level. Linkages with more members are often used in more demanding circumstances. However it is often difficult to visualize the movement of a multiloop linkage, especially when other components appear in the same diagram. The first step in the motion analyses of more complicated mechanisms is to sketch the equivalent kinematic or skeleton diagram. The skeleton diagram serves a purpose similar to that of the electrical schematic or circuit diagram .
Organization movement analysis second step: Draws a graphic chart, is must determine the organization the number of degrees of freedom. Based on degree of freedom, but Italy refers needs certain independent inputs the movement number, by determined organization all components are opposite in the ground position. The people have thousands of different types conceivably the link motion gear. You may imagine a bag containing massive link motion gear the component: Two pole groups, three pole groups, four pole groups and so on, as well as components, rotation, motion, cam follower, gear, tooth chain, chain wheel, leather belt, belt pulley and so on. (Sphere movement, screw vice-as well as the permission three dimensional relative motion other connections not yet includes, here, discusses in parallel planes merely plane motion). Moreover you conceivable put these components various types link motion gear possibility which forms in the same place. How exists helps the people to control forms these organizations the rule? In fact, the majority organization duty is requests a sole input to transmit to a sole output. Therefore the single degree of freedom organization uses most one kind of organization type. For example, namely may see by the intuition: Four pole organizations are a single degree of freedom link motion gear.
The picture motion diagram and the determination organization degree of freedom process, is the movement analysis and the synthesis process first stage. In the movement analysis, adds on its characteristic according to the organization geometry shape which possibly knew (for example input angle, speed, angle acceleration and so on) studies the determination concrete organization. On the other hand, the movement synthesis is designs an organization to complete the duty process which an institute requests. In this, chooses the new organization the type and the size is a movement synthesis part. Conceives the relative motion ability, can guess the reason that designs an organization the reason and makes the improvement to a concrete design ability is like this a successful organization scientist's symbol. Although these abilities come from the congenital creativity, however more is because has grasped the technology which enhances from the practice.
1.1The movement analysis：
simple one of most useful organizations is four pole organizations. In on following elaboration majority of content centralism discussion link motion gear, but this procedure is also suitable for the more complex link motion gear.
We already knew four pole organizations have a degree of freedom. About four pole organizations, has the useful more contents which must know? Indeed is some! These pull the Xiao husband criterion including the standard, the transformation concept, the blind spot position (divergence point), branch office, transmission angle, with theirs movement characteristic, including position, speed and acceleration.
Four pole organizations may have one kind of being called as crank rocker organization form, one kind of double rocking lever organization, one kind of double crank (tension bar) does the organization, which one form send in is called as the organization, is decided in two pole movement scopes which (fixed component) connects with the rack. The crank rocker organization input component, the crank may revolve through 360° and the continuous rotation, but outputs the component to make the undulation merely (i.e. swing member). As an exceptional case, in the parallel four pole organization, inputs the pole the length to be equal to outputs the pole the length, the go-between length and the fixed link (rack) length, also is equal. Its input and the output all may make the complete alternation rotation or transform the being called as antiparallel quadrangle organization the overlapping structure. The standard pulls the Xiao husband criterion (theorem) to indicate that,If in four pole organizations, between two poles can do willfully relatively rotates continuously, that, its longest pole length is smaller than sum of with the shortest pole length or is equal to sum of the other two pole length.
Should pay attention: The same four pole organization, may have the different form, which pole is this decided in was stipulated (i.e. makes fixed link) as the rack. The movement transformation process is in the fixed organization transmission chain different member has the different organization rate process. Besides has about the component rotation scope knowledge, but also must have how causes the organization before the manufacture on energy “the revolution” the good measure, that will be very useful. Hardenbergh (Hartenberg) speaks of: “The revolution” is terminology, its significance passes to outputs the component the movement validity. It meant the revolution is steady, in which can in output in the component to have a strength or the torque biggest force component is effective. Not only although the final output strength or the torque are the connecting rod geometric figure functions, moreover also is generally the power or the force of inertia result, that is frequently big to like static strength several times. In order to analyze the idling or in order to easy to obtain how can cause any organization “the revolution” the index, the transmission angle concept is extremely useful. In organization movement period, the transmission angle value is changing. The transmission angle 0° may occur in the special position. Will output the pole but in this special position the movement with not to exert inputs on the pole the strength many to have nothing to do with greatly. In fact, as a result of the movement vice-friction influence, the general basis practical experience, with the transmission angle planning board which is bigger than the rating. The weight link motion gear transmission movement ability matrix foundation definition already studied. A determining factor value (it includes regarding some assigns organization graph, position output movement variable to input variable derivative) is a this link motion gear in concrete position mobility criterion.
If the organization has a degree of freedom (e.g. four pole organizations), then stipulated a location parameter, if the input angle, completely determined this organization stops position (neglect branch office's possibility). We may study one about four pole organization component absolute angular position analysis expression. When analyzes certain positions and (or) certain different organization time, this will be must be much more useful than the geometric figure analysis program, because this expression will cause the automated computation easy to program. The realization organization speed analysis relative velocity law is the speed polygon is one of several effective methods. This end (goes against) the spot to represent on the organization all spots, has the zero speed. From this the line which stipples respectively to the speed polygon in is representing the absolute speed which this organization photograph well should select respectively. In a line connection speed polygon random two points represents is taking on this organization two corresponding spot relative velocity.
Other method is the instantaneous center law, namely the instantaneous center law, this method is extremely useful moreover is frequently when the complex link motion gear analysis quick method. The instantaneous center is a spot, this spot in that flash, on between the organization two components does not have the relative motion. In order to discover known organization certain instantaneous centers the position, Kennedy the (Kennedy) three center theories extremely are useful. It is said that,Each other relative motion three object three instantaneous centers are surely in a straight line.
The organization various components acceleration is makes one be interested, because it affects the force of inertia, subsequently affects the machine part the stress, the bearing load, the vibration and the noise. Because the final goal is the machine and the organization force of inertia analysis, the all acceleration various components all should the disposable picture - - in the organization fixed component inertial coordinate system express in the identical coordinate system.
Should pay attention: Is opposite in rotates on the vice-rotation rigid body an acceleration component usually to have two fixedly. A force component direction cuts in this path, its direction is same with this object angle acceleration direction, and is called the tangential acceleration. Its existence is completely because the angular speed rate of change causes.
Another component, always aims at the object the center of rotation, is called the standard the centripetal acceleration, because this component the velocity vector direction has the change to exist. The movement comprehensive
Ganization is forms many mechanisms the basic geometry structural units, these mechanisms including automatic packaging, printer, mechanical toy, textile machinery and other machineries and so on. The typical organization must design causes the movement which the rigid component relative datum component produces hoped. The organization movement design is the movement synthesis, first step frequently designs the entire machine first. When consideration stress, must ask dynamics aspect question, the bearing load, the stress, the lubrication and so on the similar question, but the major problem is the machine structure question..
The movement scientist defines the kinematics as “the development facility movement and the foundation organization method”. This definition first part involves the kinematic analysis. The known organization, its constitution state of motion determined by the kinematic analysis. The narration movement analysis duty contains the organization between the main dimension, the component links mutually with the input movement technical characteristic or the actuation method. The goal is must discover the displacement, the speed, the acceleration, the impact or the beat (two step accelerations), with various components higher order acceleration which possibly occurs as well as describes the diameter mark and the movement which realizes by certain components. The definition second part of available following two aspect explained ：
1. research produces with the aid of the organization assigns the movement the method.
2. research construction to be able to produce assigns the motion the method, but in two plans, the movement is assigns the organization is the foundation. This is the movement synthesis essence. Such movement synthesis involves to for assigns the performance the organization system design. The movement synthesis aspect may sum up as following two kinds:
1. types are comprehensive. The stipulation requests the performance, how is one kind of type organization appropriate? (Tooth gear train, link motion gear? Cam gear?)How many components but should the organization have? How many degrees of freedom needs? How outline structure is hoped? . About the member number and the degree of freedom consideration was usually considered is in the type synthesis is been called as for a quantity synthesis branch domain.
2. sizes are comprehensive. The movement synthesis second predominant type is the best method which determined through the goal law. The size synthesis attempts to determine the organization the important size and the starting position, this organization is conceives beforehand for the realization stipulation duty and the anticipated performance.
Of the so-called important size meanings are refer about two poles, three poles and so on between the length or the pole are away from, angle between number of articles and spool thread, cam contour size, cam follower diameter, eccentricity, gear quota and so on. Expected the organization type possibly is the crank slide organization, four pole organizations, the tape reel from the moving parts cam gear, but or is non-has some kind of structure shape more complex link motion gear because by the analysis situs method which the inferior analytic method determined. Is comprehensive regarding the movement, in the convention has three duties: Function production, path production and movement production..
Inputs and outputs the component in the function production organization the rotation or the migration must be the interdependence. Regarding arbitrary function y=f(x), a movement synthesis duty possibly is designs a link motion gear to cause the input and the output establishes the relations in order to cause in the xo
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